Preposition im in German. German prepositions (general information)

Prepositions- one of the most important aspects of German grammar. It is the knowledge of prepositions that makes speech more literate. It is to them that the next few lessons will be devoted. In this lesson, we will talk about prepositions that require accusative and dative cases after them.

It should be noted that in German there are prepositions, after which a certain case is required. For example, a suggestion "mit" always requires the dative case, and "fur"- accusative:
Ich komme mit dir.- I will go with you.
Danke fur deine Antwort.- Thank you for your answer.

Dative prepositions

The following prepositions always take the dative case:
mit- with, through;
nach- to (direction); for, after;
aus- from;
zu- to, in (direction);
von- from, from;
bei- at, at;
seat from (about time), from;
ausser- Besides;
entgegen- towards;
gegenüber against.

As a rule, suggestions gegenüber and entgegen placed after a noun or pronoun.

Prepositions zu, von and bei and the masculine or neuter article following them are contracted into one preposition:
zu + dem = zum
von + dem = vom
bei + dem = beim
Pretext zur can also merge with the feminine article:
zu + der = zur

Let's look at some examples of the use of prepositions:
Ergeht zur Arbeit.- He goes to work.
Ich wohne bei meinen Eltern.- I live with parents.
Sie kommen aus Deutschland.- They are from Germany.
Wir fahren nach Russland.- We're going to Russia.

Use a preposition mit when talking about transport and means of transportation: Ich fahre mit dem Auto. — I drive a car.

You should also remember the following stable combinations:
zur Arbeit- to work
nach house- home
zu Hause- Houses

Accusative prepositions

The following prepositions always appear in the accusative case:
durch- through, through;
fur- for, for;
Ohne- without;
gegen- against, about (about time);
um- about, around; v; about (about time);
bis- before;
entlang- along.

Pretext Ohne always used without an article. A preposition entang often placed after the noun.

Consider a few examples with prepositions that require the accusative case after them:
Wirgehen durch den Wald. We are going through the forest.
Alles ist gegen meine Plane. Everything is against my plans.
Du sollst diesen Prospekt entlang gehen. You need to walk along this avenue.

Please note that the suggestion bis often combined with another preposition, usually this combination bis zu: Ich habe dieses Buch bis zum Ende. — I have read this book to the end.

Accusative or dative?

Also in German there are prepositions that require different cases depending on the context of the sentence - such prepositions can be combined with both the dative and the accusative case:
Erist in der Schule.- He (where?) At school.
Ergeht in die Schule.— He goes (where?) to school.

As you can see, it all depends on the question - "where?" responsible for the dative case, "where?"- for the accusative. Here are the prepositions that can change case depending on the question:

in- v
an- on, at
auf- on the
hinter- per
neben- beside, beside
uber- above
unter- under
vor- front
zwischen- between

As you noticed, all these prepositions indicate the location of things and objects in space. The case depends on whether you are talking about location or direction. So remember: "wo?"- where? requires the dative case, "wohin?"- where? requires accusative.

Prepositions in and an merge with the masculine and neuter articles:
in + dem = im
in + das = ins
an + dem = am
an + das = ans

Also remember that the preposition auf denotes a horizontal surface, for example auf den Tisch- on the table. Pretext an denotes a vertical surface: an der Wand- on the wall.

Also a preposition an used with more abstract concepts, not denoting vertical surfaces: am Meer- on the sea, am Fenster- near the window.

You should also be aware of some differences in the use of prepositions. in and an. Remember:
im Institute- at the institute, but an der University- in the University.

Tasks for the lesson

Exercise 1. Open the brackets using the dative or accusative case.
1. Ich gehe mit (du). 2. Danke fur (der Rat). 3. Sie gehen jeden Tag durch (der Park). 4. Nach (die Arbeit) gehe ich in den Supemarkt. 5. Wir fahren zu (unsere Mutter). 6. Ohne (du) kann ich das nicht machen. 7. Du findest den Blumenladen um (die Ecke). 8. Der Bus fährt bis zu (der Bahnhof). 9. Er hat den Text ohne (das Wörterbuch) übersetzt. 10. Monika kommt heute nicht zu (diese Stunde).

Exercise 2. Open parenthesis. Don't forget about merging the article and the preposition.
1. Ich gehe in (das Kino). 2. Erist in (das Institut). 3. Ich stehe auf (der Berg). 4. Ich bin in (der Wald). 5. Wir sind an (die Universität). 6. Sie sind an (der Meer). 7. Sie sind in (die Bibliothek). 8. Jetzt ist sie in (der Flughafen). 9. Die Mutter geht in (der Park) spazieren. 10. Der Ball ist unter (der Tisch).

Answer 1.
1. dir. 2. den Rat. 3. den Park 4. der Arbeit 5. unserer Mutter. 6. ohne dich. 7. die Ecke 8. bis zum Bahnhof. 9. ohne Wörterbuch 10. zu dieser Stunde

Answer 2.
1. ins Kino 2. im Institut 3. auf dem Berg 4. im Wald 5. an der Universität 6. am Meer 7. in der Bibliothek 8. im Flughafen 9. im Park 10. dem Tisch

This lesson covers the following topics: Prepositions in expressions for time and place, demonstrative pronouns. This course is designed to help you learn grammar and vocabulary. Try to concentrate on the following examples as they are very important for learning the language.

Prepositions

Grammar Tips:
Prepositions in expressions for time and place, demonstrative pronouns are very important to study because they are used in everyday communication. Try to memorize the available new words. Try also to write down words that you do not understand or expressions that you are not familiar with.

The following table shows some examples, please read them carefully and see if you can understand them.

You are done with the first table. Did you notice any grammatical patterns? Try to use the same words in different sentences.

Prepositions - Expressions

The following table will help you understand this topic in more depth. It is important to memorize any new words you come across because you will need them later.

We hope this lesson helped you with grammar and vocabulary.

Prepositions in German have the same purpose as in Russian. They help unite words or phrases into a single semantic unit, that is, into a sentence. Prepositions in German are usually placed before the object to which they are directly related.

Classification

The use of prepositions in relation to cases

It is interesting that for some prepositions one of the existing cases is necessarily constant. The second one can be found only in some cases. It is better to show everything with a good example. Let's say this sentence: Trotz dem Schneefall (Dativ) wollte Mark mit dem Auto in die Berge fahren. It translates as follows: "Despite the snowfall, Mark wanted to go by car to the mountains." This sentence clearly shows the use of the dative case. And this, it must be said, is quite rare in German, or rather, in colloquial speech. What can be said about other cases? for example, it is used in rare cases of control with the preposition des (“in”), in sentences where this occurs, des comes after the noun.

Nominativ and Akkusativ

There are also such prepositions with which it is not necessary to use objects in any strictly defined case. To be more specific, these are als and wie. The nouns that come after these prepositions are declined in the same way as the members of the sentence that correspond to them. This can be seen in the following example: Mario kannte ihren Schwester als Schüler (this is Nominativ). This sentence is translated as follows: “Mario knew her sister as a schoolgirl.” In another way, using Akkusativ, the phrase can be constructed as follows: Mario kannte ihren schwester als Schüler. It translates almost the same: "Mario knew her sister, even when she was a schoolgirl." Both examples are directly related to each other. But in the first case, the subject is correlated with the noun after als” (respectively, it is Nominativ that should be used), but in the second, Akkusativ is used, since there is an addition. In general, the prepositions of control in German are not difficult, the main thing here is to learn the purpose of the cases and the translation of the words themselves.

Universal application of prepositions

This is a rather interesting topic, and you should also know it in order to be able to correctly express your thoughts. If you want, for example, to say: “I'm going to Germany,” then it would be correct to use nach here. This preposition indicates a direction, and in this case the sentence would look like this: Ich fahre nach Deutschland. By the way, nach is used in relation to countries that do not have. These are neuter states, such as Russia, Italy, Germany, France, etc. This preposition is also used if you need to answer the question of what time it is now . For example: zwanzig Minuten nach fünf (twenty past five). Only in this case the preposition is translated as “after” (if literally). I would also like to pay special attention to the frequently encountered Für. Usually used in relation to someone. Für dich, Für mich, Für alle da (for you, for me, for everyone), etc. That is, it indicates the purpose, purpose, addressee. But often this preposition is used as a substitute for the meaning "for someone." For example: Sie hat schon für mich bezahlt (she already paid for me).

What are the suggestions

Finally, I would like to list all the existing prepositions in the German language. The table in which they are most often presented is not very large, and remembering everything is much easier than it seems. People who study this language memorize them by comparison. An - translates as "above" or "on", depending on the use of the case. Auf locates a person, object, or even phenomenon: Alles was auf der Bühnepassiert, ist Wahnsinn (translation: “Everything that happens on the stage is madness”). Hinter is a translation of our preposition “for”, and the German in is the absolute analogue of the same word in English. That is, it is translated as “in”: Ich bin jetzt in der Kneipe (translation: “I am in the pub now”). There are also prepositions über (through, over) and vor (before, before, before).

As a matter of fact, these and the prepositions listed earlier are the most used and frequently encountered in the German language. This topic is not as difficult as, for example, the use of verbs. Prepositions in German have the same meaning and translation as in Russian, and this determines the relative ease of mastering them. And if you practice their use, then very soon the result will be visible, and the person will no longer hesitate to competently build a sentence.

Prepositions in German, as in Russian, as a rule, very polysemantic. Wed- translation of German prepositions über, in:

uber
above – Das Bild hängt uber der Tafel.
oh, oh - Er erzählt uber sein Studentenleben.

in
v - In unserer Gruppe gibt es viele Sportier.
across (about future) – In 5 Jahren komme ich zurück.
on the - In der Deutschstunde sprechen wir Deutsch.
for, during In 20 Tagen soll man 5 Prüfungen ablegen.

Russian prepositions have almost no exact matches among German prepositions and vice versa. We can name only the main correspondences according to the main, most commonly used meanings.

a) Translation German prepositions, the most common polysemantic,:

an
on the (vertical surfaces)– Die Karte hangt an der Wand.
at (close, near)– Er sitt am Tisch.
v - Am Sonntag fahre ich nach Hause.
does not translate (time interval) – Am Abendlese ich gern.

auf
on the (horizontal surfaces)– Das Buch liegt auf dem Tisch.
before (before number)– Die Milchproduktion steigt auf 5000l.

durch
thanks to, through, through Durch bessere Technologie erhöht man die Arbeitsproduktivität.
on (space bounded on the sides)– Wirgehen durch die Strabe.

fur
for - Fur mich gibt es hier viel Interessantes.
per - Fur seine gute Arbeit bekam er einen Orden.

in
v (inside)– Wir wohnen im studentenheim.
across (length of time in the future) – In 5 Jahren werde ich Agronom.
on (academic discipline)– Bald haben wir ein Seminar in Botanik.

mit
With (jointly)– Ich gehe ins Kino mit meinen Freunden.
on the (means of transport)– Erfahrt mit dem Schnellzug.
does not translate (tool)– Ich schreibe mit dem Blaistift.

nach
after - Nach dem Unterricht gehen wir oft spazieren.
across (length of time in the past) – Nach 2 Jahren kam er zurück.
v (direction of travel)– Ich fahre bald nach Saratow.
on (according to, according to) – Nach seinem Diplom ist er Gärtner.

uber
above – Die Karte hängt uber dem Tisch.
about, about – Er erzählt uber sein Studentenleben.

um
around - um unsere Hochschule liegt ein alter Park.
v (when indicating time) – um 2 Uhr ist die Stunde zu Ende.
on the (with difference in quantity)– Wir produzieren jetzt um 20% mehr Traktoren.

unter
under – Die Felder liegen unter der Schneedecke.
among (with plural animate them. noun) – unter Student en gibt es viele Sportler.

von
from – Ich weiβ das von meinem Freund.
oh, oh - Wir sprechen von einem neuen Film.
from (with plural) – Von allen Boden ist die Schwarzerde am besten.
does not translate (transfers the meaning of the parent case)– Die Arbeit von Nina S. ist besonders gut.

vor
before, before vor den Prüfungen fuhr ich nach Hause.
ago - vor 300 Jahren gab es noch keinen Mikroskop.

zu
to, on (direction of travel)– Ich gehe zu meinem alten Schulfreund. Wirgehen zusammen zoom Konzert.
for (target) - Zur Verbesserung der Technologie braucht man neue Maschinen.

b) Other prepositions in German more or less unambiguous. Translation of the most common of them:

aus- from - Kommen Sie aus Moscow?

bei- at, at - Er wohnt bei seinen Freunden.

Ohne- without - Er übersetzt fast Ohne Worterbuch.

gegen- against - Wir haben nichts gegen die Excursion.

bis- before - Ich arbeite im Lesesaal bis 10 Uhr.

zwischen- between - Meine Heimatstadt liegt zwischen Kiev and Odessa.

Wegen- due to - Wegen seiner Krankheit treibt mein Bruder keinen Sport.

hinter- behind, behind - Hinter dem Lehrgebäude 12 liegt ein Park.

neben- next to, along with - Neben dem Studium interessiert er sich für Musik.

seat- With (a certain moment in the past); during - Seit 1990 lebt meine Mutter in Omsk. Seit 2 Jahren arbeite ich an diem Thema.

auβer- Besides - Auβer Petrow braucht niemand eine Consultation.

wahrend- in time - Wahrend der Prüfungen arbeiten viele im Lesesaal.

trotz- despite - Trotz des schlechten Wetters ist die Ernte gut.

gegenüber- on the contrary, in comparison with - Gegenüber 1995 hat unser Betrieb (um) dreimal mehr Maschinen.

je- from each, from each, to each - Wir haben jetzt 5000 l Milch je Kuh und Jahr.

c) Some prepositions in German can merge with the definite article into one word, for example: in + dem = im; zu + dem = zum; an + das = ans etc.

So, due to the ambiguity of most German prepositions and the frequent mismatch of their meanings with the meanings of Russian prepositions it is necessary, when used in speech, to know which German preposition is required in this case. For instance, when you specify at what time the preposition um (um 3 Uhr) is used, when indicating what day- preposition an (am Sonntag), when indicating what month and season- preposition in (im Juni; im Winter).

Prepositions refer to the service parts of speech, the task of which is to link words in a sentence by controlling these words. Prepositions can have the most different meanings, which can, in particular, have a temporal and spatial coloring. Based on this, such prepositions designate time and place and, connecting with controlled words, answer the questions “when? – wann?”, “Where? – wo?”, “Where? — wohin?”, “Where from? – woher? and others.

Prepositions of place and time in German represent two large groups, along with the third, which includes prepositions whose semantics contain abstract connections.

Prepositions of place in German

Prepositions with different controls can be distinguished by asking questions to the corresponding phrases: to the question “where? – wo? will answer the dative (Dativ), and the question “where? - wohin? – accusative (Akkusativ) case. For instance:

• Du must richtig andeinemTisch sitzen! You must sit properly at your table! (Here the circumstance answers the question "where? - wo?", and, accordingly, Dativ is used).
• Setz dich an den Tisch und iss dein Abendbrot in Ruhe! “Sit down at the table and eat your dinner in peace!” (In this case, the circumstance answers the question "where? - wohin?", and, accordingly, Akkusativ is used).

The preposition "opposite - gegenüber" always comes after the pronoun, and when used with a noun, it can either precede it or follow it. For instance:

• Gegenüber unserem Buro hat man eine moderne Schwimmhalle gebaut. = Unserem Buro gegenüber hat man eine moderne Schwimmhalle gebaut. – A modern swimming pool was built in front of our office.
• Ihm gegenuber ist ein schöner Wald. Opposite it is a beautiful forest.

The preposition "along - entlang" is quite special: perhaps this is the only German preposition that has not double, but triple control (Genitiv - Dativ - Akkusativ), for example:

• Sie ging schnell den Fluss entlang(Ack.). She walked quickly along the river bank.
• Diese Eisenbahn geht entlang dem Tunnel(D.). – This Railway was laid along the tunnel.
• Diese Eisenbahn geht entlang des Tunnels(G.). - This railway was laid along the tunnel.

Prepositions of place in German, using which you can answer the question “where? -wohin?»

Prepositions of place in German, using which you can answer the question “where? -wo?»

Prepositions of place in German, using which you can answer the question where from? -woher?