Changes in everyday life under Peter 1 briefly. Everyday life and life under Peter I

Introduction

The goal of Peter's reforms was to create the appearance of a new Russia, which was impossible to achieve without serious changes in the spheres of culture, science, and education.

It was thanks to his efforts that the opinion began to be established in Russia that in the field of education, science, culture, and everyday life, what has already stood the test of time in advanced Western countries and brought them to leading positions in the world is progressive and useful. But Peter began to adopt not only truly necessary and useful scientific and technical achievements, knowledge, lifestyle and even way of thinking, but also what for Russia, which was in many ways not ready for European innovations, was meaningless, harmful and even destructive.

1. Innovations in culture and life

When Peter I, upon returning from Europe in 1698, began cutting the beards of the boyars and shortening their long-skirted caftans, people initially perceived this as the extravagance of the young monarch. But they were wrong. Peter indeed began a broad program of cultural change. Beards and caftans became flowers, but so did berries. Already in 1700, mannequins with samples of new clothes were exhibited at the Kremlin gates. Toughly and decisively, the king began to change the appearance of people.

Not only clothes and shoes of European designs (Polish, Hungarian, French, German) but also wigs began to be introduced into the lives of nobles and townspeople.

At the end of December 1699, the tsar issued a decree changing the calendar in Russia. Previously, according to the old Russian custom that came from Byzantium, years were counted from the mythical creation of the world. The New Year began on September 1. Peter I ordered to count the years, as in Christian Orthodox Europe (Julian calendar) - from the Nativity of Christ, and to open the new year on January 1. On January 1, 1700, Russia began to live according to a new calendar. But for the church, Peter allowed the old calendar to be preserved. The Christmas tree, Santa Claus, and the January New Year holidays came to Russia.

Soon after the capital was moved to St. Petersburg, the royal family, the court, the guard, and the entire population of the city began to participate in these holidays. Solemn church services were held, and Christmas trees, merry festivities, and fireworks were held on the streets; Feasts began in the houses of the townspeople, in which the king often took part.

This was followed by a change in the counting of hours. Previously, the day was divided from morning to evening. Peter introduced a new, European division - dividing the day into equal 24 hours. All clocks in Russia, including those on the Spassky Gate of the Kremlin, began to be remade. The chimes of the Spasskaya Tower struck 9 a.m. for the first time on December 9, 1706.

Peter sought to ensure that the communication of the people around him was free and uninhibited, so that the rigid old Moscow rituals and complex ceremonies that emphasized the importance and nobility of the princely and boyar families would become a thing of the past. Peter himself was the first to give an example of new ways of communication. He easily communicated both with his associates and with ordinary townspeople and even soldiers. He entered their houses, sat down at the table, and often became the godfather of the children of not only the nobility, but also commoners. Friendly feasts became frequent in the king’s chambers and in the houses of his associates.

Since 1718, the tsar introduced the so-called assemblies - meetings - into the practice of communication. They were periodically held in the winter in the evenings in the houses of rich and noble nobles and townspeople. They attracted the entire St. Petersburg society of that time. No guests were greeted or seen off here. Everyone, including the tsar, could easily stop by for a cup of tea or play a game of checkers or chess, which were becoming increasingly fashionable. The youth danced and had fun playing games. Statesmen had serious conversations, decided on pressing matters, merchants and entrepreneurs discussed professional problems. Women certainly participated in the assemblies. They left such assemblies “in English” without saying goodbye.

The manners of Russian nobles and townspeople also became different; the so-called “polites”, the rules of good manners, appeared. Peter in every possible way encouraged the ability to dance, speak fluently in foreign languages, fencing, and master the art of speech and writing. All this changed the appearance of the upper strata of society. The book “An Honest Mirror of Youth”, published in 1717 (it was written on the instructions of Peter), became a set of rules of good manners - the rules of external culture and behavior of a nobleman in society. It condemned what had recently been common for the youngest king and his friends when they first went abroad. There, in particular, it was said about behavior at the table: “sit up straight and don’t grab the first thing in the dish, don’t eat like a pig and don’t blow into your ear (from the word ear) so that it splashes everywhere, don’t sniffle every time you eat (when you eat)… Don’t lick your fingers and do not gnaw the bones, but cut them with a knife.”

Under Peter, Russian life shone with a series of new holidays and amusements. In addition to the traditional celebrations associated with the names and birthdays of the tsar, queen, and their children, new ones appeared - the day of the coronation of Peter I, the day of the royal wedding, as well as annual holidays dedicated to the Battle of Poltava (June 27), victories at Gangut and Grenham ( July 27), the capture of Narva (August 9), the conclusion of the Peace of Nystad (August 30). A special holiday was held in honor of the establishment of the first and highest Russian Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (November 30).

Part of the general cultural turn in society was the increase in literacy of the population, the widespread development of book printing, printing and publishing, and the emergence of the first Russian public libraries.

With the active participation of Peter, a new civil alphabet was published in Russia - instead of the outdated Church Slavonic one. This greatly simplified book publishing. The new alphabet existed for more than two centuries

Old Russian letter designations for numbers were replaced by Arabic numerals. Now the unit was denoted by “1”, and not by the letter “A”, as before.

New printing houses have appeared. They published Russian and translation) textbooks, books on history, natural science and technology, translations of literary and historical works of ancient authors, including Julius Caesar, the ancient Greek fabulist Aesop, and the Roman poet Ovid. The first public and free libraries appeared in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

In 1702, a remarkable event occurred in the cultural life of the country: getting up one morning in December, Muscovites discovered that some outlandish printed sheets were being sold near the Moscow printing house. Thus, the first mass newspaper in Russia, Vedomosti, was published. It was intended not only for the royal family and high dignitaries, like the “Chimes” under Alexei Mikhailovich. She was taken outside. The circulation of Vedomosti reached 2,500 copies.

But along with these innovations and successes of Russian culture, the first signs of an excessive and sometimes thoughtless passion for everything foreign appeared, for which the Tsar himself set an example. Suffice it to say that the Russian language at this time was replenished with more than 4 thousand new and foreign words. Many of them were not at all necessary. The tsar's letters are full of German and Dutch words and terms. The real contamination of the Russian language has begun.

Imitation of Western fashion led to the fact that people were sometimes forced to exchange clothes that were comfortable and well adapted to the Russian climate for completely European, but inconvenient and impractical outfits for Russia. Indeed, what is the use of short trousers, silk stockings, and felt hats in the twenty-degree frosts of St. Petersburg!

Thousands of workers, townspeople, and state peasants were mobilized for the construction of St. Petersburg. Day and night to the city on carts in winter - building stone, roofing material, and boards were carried on sleighs. Italian and French architects, engineers, and craftsmen were invited to design and build streets, palaces, and public buildings. Wonderful architectural ensembles began to be created - the Admiralty, the Peter and Paul Fortress with a new cathedral, the building of the colleges, the Menshikov Palace, the building of the Kunstkamera, etc.

.“I am in the rank of those who are taught”

This is what Peter, who studied all his life, said about himself. He demanded the same from the entire country.

In the first quarter of the 18th century. in Russia, essentially, a network of secular schools and other educational institutions appeared. “Digital schools” have opened in many cities across the country. The children of nobles, officials, and lower clergy studied there. The network of diocesan schools where children of clergy were trained has expanded, and separate schools are being created for the children of soldiers and sailors.

But the development of the economy, trade, and urban planning required more and more cadres of literate and intelligent people. This was also required by the increasingly complex system of state - central and local - government. Well-trained governors, vice-governors, governors, officials, and diplomats were needed.

In response to these demands of the time, mining schools and a school of translators were created in Russia, where students mastered European and Eastern sciences. Education at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy is expanding, at which schools are being formed - Slavic-Latin, Slavic-Greek, and Slavic-Russian.

Under Peter I, technical educational institutions appeared in Russia for the first time. Navigation schools, following Moscow, are being created in Novgorod, Narva and other cities, and on their basis the Maritime Academy is opening in St. Petersburg. The main subject in it is shipbuilding. It is worth mentioning once again the opening of engineering schools in Moscow and St. Petersburg and the emergence of the first medical schools. Mostly the children of nobles studied here. Peter himself was involved in the selection of students, strictly monitored the training, examined students, praised the diligent, reproached and even punished the careless. By a special decree, he prohibited young nobles from marrying if they did not have an education. Essentially, the tsar forcibly dragged Russia into enlightenment.

.Development of science

reform peter culture science

While still in Europe during the great embassy, Peter I paid a lot of attention to familiarizing himself with European science. He met with outstanding scientists and inventors. The reformer Tsar perfectly understood the role of science in the development of civilization. But how did he transfer scientific knowledge to Russia, how to give a powerful impetus to scientific thought in a backward country? The first thing he did was invite European scientific luminaries to serve. Peter did not skimp on expenses. He provided them with good salaries, comfortable housing, and various benefits. This is how the Swiss mathematician and mechanic Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782), the French astronomer and cartographer Joseph Delisle (1688-1768) and some others appeared in Russia. Secondly, the tsar helped talented Russian geniuses to advance in science. Many of them, with his support, were trained in European countries. Thirdly, he contributed in every possible way to the development of scientific and technical knowledge, as well as those areas of science that were of great practical interest for the development of Russian industry and the development of natural resources. Geological expeditions were sent throughout the country, which discovered deposits of coal, iron and copper ores, silver, and sulfur. For the first time in Peter's time, oil fields began to be developed.

The discovery of new lands and the annexation of Siberia led to a real boom in new expeditions to the east. Russian people appeared in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. The purpose of these expeditions was not only to explore and develop new lands rich in fur and minerals, but also to scientifically study the spaces of Russia and neighboring countries, and compile geographic maps. A special expedition was sent to the Chukotka Peninsula, before which the tsar set the goal of exploring “whether America has come together with Asia.” Three weeks before his death, Peter drew up instructions for the Danish captain Vitus Bering, who was in Russian service. He was heading on his first Kamchatka expedition to find a route across the Arctic Ocean to China and India. After the death of Peter, Bering reached the shores of Alaska and opened a strait between Asia and America, named after him.

Another expedition made its way to India through the Central Asian khanates of Khiva and Bukhara. Cossack atamans were tasked with exploring and describing the lands along the Amu Darya, in the area of Lake Issyk-Kul. Expeditions to the North Caucasus became permanent. As a result, by the beginning of the 20s. maps of individual parts of Russia appeared.

The general rise of the economy and education in the country led to shifts in the field of technical innovations. The inventions of Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov appeared in mechanics, who created a series of original turning and screw-cutting machines. Gun barrels were forged and processed in new, more economical and efficient ways. Domestic optics was born. Russian craftsmen began to make microscopes and telescopes, which were previously bought abroad.

On Peter's initiative, an astronomical observatory and a Botanical Garden were opened, the collection of ancient manuscripts began, and new historical works appeared. Peter himself, in his spare time, worked as an author on the “History of the Swedish (i.e., Swedish) War.” But there was not enough time, and his work remained unfinished.

4.Literature and art

The era of Peter 1 could not but leave its mark on literature and art.

The “Petrine” theme powerfully invades traditional folk literary genres.

Journalism became a new phenomenon in literature - works created by Peter's associates and glorifying the deeds of the tsar-reformer.

First quarter of the 18th century Russia is marked by new phenomena in the field of art.

The theater was again revived in Moscow. Amateur theaters were organized by students of various secondary and higher educational institutions.

The first realist artists appeared. Having appreciated their talent, Peter sent some of them abroad for training. The most prominent portrait painter of his time was Ivan Nikitich Nikitin, who created a gallery of portraits of famous people of that era. The painting “Peter I on his deathbed” also belongs to his brush. Another famous Russian portrait artist was Andrei Matveevich Matveev. Both of them were trained in Holland.

There have also been changes in music. Along with traditional choral works and folk songs, military drill music was sounded. During parades and triumphs, regiments marched to Russian and foreign marches. The inhabitants looked with delight at the military musical spectacles.

Having ascended the throne, Peter I decided to change the appearance of the country. He was not satisfied with the existing order and Russia's position in the international arena. That is why he so wanted to bring the state to a leading position in all respects. However, when planning reforms, I had to take an example from somewhere. Progressive Europe served as a model. Today we will talk about what the cultural changes were under Peter 1.

Grand Embassy

Reforms of culture and life under Peter 1 had a positive impact on the future of the country. What prompted the change to begin? In 1697, Russia undertook a diplomatic mission to European countries. It consisted of diplomats and volunteers who were traveling to learn new technologies in construction. The Tsar himself rode among their number, despite the fact that he remained incognito under the pseudonym “Peter Mikhailov.” Due to his extraordinary appearance (Peter I was more than two meters tall, and his arms and legs were disproportionately long) he was soon exposed. Also taking part in the campaign were doctors, a small detachment of guards and soldiers, and servants. The embassy was even accompanied by personal chefs and jesters.

The real reasons for the embassy

The official task of the diplomatic mission was a kind of “reconnaissance” of the plans of the rulers of other countries, as well as rapprochement with potential allies against the Ottoman Empire. Peter I wanted to find as many friends as possible among the Europeans, so that together with him, side by side, they could fight Turkey, which was encroaching on Russian territory at that time. However, this strategic goal was not the only one. The king wanted to look at the way of life of people in foreign countries. He wanted to adopt their technologies and knowledge in order to later introduce these innovations in his state. Indeed, culture and life under Peter 1 underwent many changes. More on this later.

What did Pyotr Mikhailov study?

Comparing foreigners with his compatriots, Peter saw a large gap between them. In addition to the obvious lag in military-technical fields, one could see a huge difference in the cultural and educational level of people. Volunteers of the “Great Embassy” were assigned to special places where they studied construction and navigation. Peter himself was both a carpenter and a sailor. He went to lectures on anatomy. There he met the best doctors. I even saw the dissected corpse of a child in one of the offices and was surprised at how alive and excellent the dead man looked. As biographies tell, Peter even kissed the dead smile.

The culture of Russia under Peter 1 underwent dramatic changes due to the fact that the tsar visited many court houses and social balls, where he saw the elite interact with each other. He would like his subordinates not to be afraid to express their thoughts, as those close to the English king did. This is where the king saw the difference between his country and foreign ones. Peter's diplomatic mission came to gain learning, but few of them paid due attention to the customs, morals and rules that reigned in that society. After living in rented houses, they left devastation behind them, for which they were later presented with huge bills, even by the standards of that time. But the king noticed and remembered everything, and he wanted to eradicate these shortcomings.

First reforms

Upon arrival in Moscow, Peter immediately began to issue a decree changing existing orders throughout the country. Naturally, the reforms first affected the military sphere. The financial and judicial systems were subject to changes. The field of education soon had its turn.

Education of specialists

Culture in the era of Peter 1 reached a completely new level. Just two years after the end of the “Great Embassy,” military schools began to open throughout the state. After all, in order to bring Russia to the forefront, it was necessary to train real specialists. In 1701, a Navigation School was opened in the capital of the state. Here students were taught mathematics, navigation, geometry, as well as knowledge of celestial bodies. A few months later the Artillery School was formed. A Medical School was opened for doctors in 1707, and for engineers only in 1712.

Certificate for citizens

As soon as the first specialist graduates began to appear in Russia, who were engaged in the construction of the fleet and military equipment, Peter I began to form schools in the provinces. Children of ordinary residents studied here. Graduates of special Navigation schools also entered digital schools. The basics of arithmetic and grammar were also taught here. During the entire reign of the Tsar, by 1725, 42 digital schools had already been built in Russia. 2 thousand students studied there.

Children of soldiers studied in separate institutions - in garrison institutions. Workshops were also established at the factories, where child apprentices were recruited. They were taught all the basics of craftsmanship. Diocesan schools were built to train the clergy. The only educational institution in Moscow operated only the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, which was founded back in 1687. Also, the Kyiv Theological Academy was formed for priests.

Study abroad

There was a tendency to send noble children abroad so that they could learn some skill there. Even adults were sent to other countries. Among them were, for example, the famous counts D. M. Golitsyn and P. A. Tolstoy. Pyotr Andreevich began his late studies when he was 52 years old. By this time, he already had adult grandchildren, but this did not scare away the student.

Such people were called volunteers. They were sent mainly in groups to countries such as Holland, France and England. The main areas of education were: medicine, navigation, art (painting and sculpture), engineering.

By 1725, the number of Russians trained abroad approached one thousand. However, not all of them were conscientious about their trips. Often they only spent government money. Returning to their homeland, they could not show any skills. The fate of such minors was predetermined - they were sent to the ranks or assigned as sailors on ships.

Academy of Sciences

When going abroad, Russian diplomats and ambassadors received orders to recruit at least two foreigners who were masters of some craft. Thus, the number of learned people in Russia increased. By 1725, there were so many of them that it became possible to open the country’s first Academy of Sciences. Here students studied various serious sciences. They could continue their education and fully study their industries in Europe, where they went on the orders of Peter I. This institution was financed exclusively with the country’s money. The state budget was also allocated for student travel abroad. This occurrence was quite rare.

Opening of printing houses

For a better and faster learning process, new books were printed. For this purpose, new printing houses were built in the capital. Some of them performed special functions. For example, in the St. Petersburg printing house only official decrees, orders of the authorities and Peter I were printed. The Senate printing house was also opened, at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, at the Maritime Academy and the Academy of Sciences. The first independent private institutions began to appear: the printing house of Vasily Kipriyanov.

Book innovations

Previously, existing books were difficult to understand, not only because of the great illiteracy in the country, but also because of the complexity of the alphabet and type. In 1708, by his decree, the king decided to simplify the language of books. Old Church Slavonicism in writing gave way to spoken language. Books and newspapers that testify to the popularization of foreign words have survived to the present day. Often they were used completely unjustifiably in publications and in various writings.

School textbooks have also been updated. The publication of original books on arithmetic and writing began. In addition to theoretical knowledge, one could find a lot of practical advice in them: how to measure the distance between trees, calculate the height of a well, and much more.

Journalism

Peter I carried out many reforms in the field of culture. He is the founder of journalism in Russia. It was Peter 1 who founded the first newspaper in the state, Vedomosti, in 1708. The king himself was the author of many of her notes. Many publications were edited by him. The first editions were handwritten, so the number of copies was very limited. However, with the development of technology, the circulation of Vedomosti has also increased. Basically, the pages of the newspaper published facts about the martial law, an explanation of the tsar’s reforms, in order to create sympathy and good attitude of the people towards innovations. With the help of the journalistic publication, Peter I created messages that were beneficial to him and the authorities, calming the discontent of the nobles and peasants. The newspaper was also engaged in educational activities: it shared the results of various expeditions or scientific research, and gave useful household advice. She also had information about old and new holidays.

Printed calendars gained popularity under Peter. In addition to listing dates and months, they also contained other interesting information. Buyers could find out by reading the calendar when the sun would rise and set, notes and guesses about weather conditions, and the approach of festivals.

Fiction

The transformations of Peter 1 in the field of culture also affected fiction. New literary directions and trends appeared. Now the authors raised new problems in their works of art. It became interesting to raise problems that would not come into contact with the old Moscow consciousness and realities. An example of this was the stories about ordinary soldiers and sailors who fulfilled their duty, and also moved up the career ladder through diligence and hard work.

Also, to educate children and instill in them the rules of behavior in society or in the family, foreign books were translated. One of these was “The Honest Mirror of Youth.”

Cultural opposition

As literacy increased, opposition began to arise. After all, many of the decrees and reforms of Peter 1 in culture completely changed the established way of life of the nobles. Notebooks were circulating all over the country. Naturally, these works had no authors, because they contained criticism of Peter’s domestic and foreign policies. Anonymous people usually left them in public places so that as many people as possible could familiarize themselves with their contents and learn the “true” facts about the “indecent behavior” of the ruler. Historians believe that these journalistic sheets were mainly written by people from the Old Believer sphere.

Construction of the Northern Capital

Peter I founded and built a new city. By his decree of 1703, he announced the construction of a fortress and the city of the same name - St. Petersburg. Thousands of craftsmen were involved in the construction, half of whom died during the difficult years of hard work. Already by 1712, the tsar's associates moved with their courts and families to the new city, which became the military and cultural capital of the Russian Empire for several centuries.

The project of the entire city was initially developed and planned. The streets had to run strictly parallel to each other and intersect at an angle of 90°. The arteries of St. Petersburg began to be called Nevsky Prospekt. Monumental buildings that were famous for their architecture began to appear in the city. Many buildings were made in the Baroque style, decorated with gold and carved ornaments. All efforts were devoted to ensuring that the new city’s beauty surpassed the old capital of Russia hundreds of times. After all, all historians know the tsar’s sincere dislike for Moscow.

The emergence of painting

The list of cultural transformations under Peter 1 would not be complete without something as significant as the appearance of painting. If even the 17th century Russia did not know the art of painting, then with the advent of Peter, truly truly Russian painting arose. Portrait painters and engraving masters began to appear. Among my favorite subjects were fights and battles, naval battles and, of course, the beautiful city of St. Petersburg. Artistic culture flourished under Peter 1. Famous artists - A. Matveev, I. Nikitin, Zubovs, A. Rostovtsev were engaged in painting art books and drawing up geographical maps for school textbooks. Many painters came from Europe and, already opening their workshops, taught the Russians artistic techniques. Their contribution to Russian art cannot be underestimated.

Theater life

Peter the Great's reforms in the cultural sphere also affected theatrical life. After the “Great Embassy” a theater appeared in Moscow. There were no actors in Russia at that time, so the characters in all plays and productions were played by Europeans. Dramatic art was also not developed, so translators translated foreign plays, which then ended up on the stage of theaters. However, the theater was not popular among the people. Even the tsar himself soon lost his interest in theatrical performances. He always wanted to be an active hero, and not a passive spectator, as happened in the auditorium. However, in Moscow, non-professional, amateur performances prepared by students of the academies were successful.

Assembly

Another innovation for society was the introduction of assemblies - the harbingers of future social balls. At these events, the nobles found a lot of entertainment for themselves. Only noble people gathered here. The common people are not allowed to attend such evenings. Winter was considered the season for holding assemblies. Mostly they were arranged for princes or counts, but cases were not uncommon when Peter I himself could become its owner.

At such an event it was necessary to present a rich, delicious table and a large room for dancing. Special corners were set up for playing chess. Smoking of tobacco and pipes was encouraged.

The emergence of assemblies radically changed the lives of Russian women. For the first time, the door to society was opened for them. Loneliness and seclusion came to an end, now they were given the opportunity to show themselves. Dancing becomes a favorite pastime. Women always attended such events in rich attire. If at the first assemblies the ladies' costumes were funny and awkward, then over time they honed their taste and appeared in interesting outfits that attracted everyone's attention. And each tried to outdo the other lady. There was a competitive spirit.

New fashion

The reforms of culture and life of Peter 1 also affected the appearance of the nobles and boyars. The king had a strong dislike for long, floor-length dresses and wide sleeves. Therefore, at one of the comic feasts, he flew into a rage and rushed with scissors at the people around him and began to cut off their sleeves. A few months later, sheets were already hung on the main pillars, indicating that it was now forbidden to wear Russian dresses. Nobles must wear Hungarian caftans. To prevent this decree from being disrupted by an angry public, guards were assigned to the pillars.

History also knows another incident with scissors. Upon his arrival in Moscow in 1698, the Tsar, when meeting with his boyars, personally cut off the beard of each of them. Only representatives of the white clergy were not affected by the haircut. Hair shaving was met negatively in Russia, since for many years it was a kind of symbol of prosperity and decency. Therefore, subsequently it becomes an image of bygone antiquity and protest against innovation.

Not only the noble class submitted to this cultural reform of Peter 1. This decision affected all residents of the state. Those who did not want to part with their hair could pay a tax for wearing a beard. However, its price was so high that not even all noble princes could afford to give a round sum annually. Those “lucky ones” who dared to leave their beards for a fee wore a specially cast beard badge on their chest. On one side of the plaque there was an image of a mustache, and on the other there was the inscription: “The money was taken.”

Calculation

The next reform of Peter 1 in the field of culture, which influenced the entire history of Russia, is a new chronology. The king announced in his decree that the calculation of years should be done differently. The new year was supposed to begin on January 1. And the years were counted from the Nativity of Christ. Thus, a new holiday has taken hold in the country, which in the modern world is considered one of the most beloved among the residents of Russia.

Celebrating the New Year, Peter also introduced the tradition of setting off fireworks and organizing folk festivals. City residents had to decorate their houses with coniferous branches, and also, if possible, fireworks in honor of the New Year.

Thus, thanks to the reforms of culture and life, Peter I not only won respect for the country among European states, but also raised the cultural level of Russia. His innovations, which were initially met negatively, have survived to this day. Without the reforms of Peter 1 in the field of culture, the history of the state and modern life in it would have been completely different.

Convenient navigation through the article:

Manners and life under Emperor Peter I

The era of the reign of Emperor Peter the Great is considered one of the most controversial. On the one hand, the state regularly fought for the right to access ice-free seas, on the other, new reforms were introduced. Russia's acquisition of sea trade routes with developed countries allowed not only to restore the country's economy, but also to enrich its culture, making the life of a Russian person similar to that of a European.

Military service

During the reign of Peter the Great, young nobles who reached the age of sixteen or seventeen were supposed to serve for life. Typically, they began their careers as privates in dragoon or infantry regiments. Quite often they were also taken as sailors on ships. It is worth noting that by order of the tsar, privates and sailors had to wear “German” uniforms.

Like the sovereign himself, the nobleman had to be knowledgeable in engineering and artillery. At the same time, in Russia there was no general unified system for conveying knowledge. In addition, nobles going abroad were required to master one of the sciences in a foreign language: navigation or mathematics. And Pyotr Alekseevich himself took the exams.

If a nobleman wanted to resign from military service, he was appointed to “state service,” where he performed the duties of a governor in villages or provincial towns, a poll tax collector, or an official in one of the many institutions opening at that time.

Appearance of the nobles under Peter I

But what exactly became the reason for the discontent of both the common people and representatives of the nobility were changes in the wearing of clothes. It was during this historical period, or more precisely, on the twenty-ninth of August 1699, that the king ordered all wide-sleeved traditional dresses to be replaced with dresses of overseas cut. A couple of years later, the sovereign gave a new order, according to which the nobility had to wear French dress on holidays, and German dress on weekdays.

Another change that shocked the inhabitants of the Russian Empire was the tsar’s decree to shave beards, for violation of which the culprit was fined and beaten in public with batogs. Also, from 1701, all women were required to wear exclusively European-cut dresses. At this time, a lot of jewelry came into fashion: frill, lace, etc. The cocked hat became the most popular headdress in Russia. A little later, narrow-toed shoes were introduced, as well as wide skirts, corsets and wigs.

Shaving beards under Peter I

Interior decoration

In addition, thanks to the developed Western trade and the opening of new manufactories, luxury items such as glass and tin tableware, silver sets, cabinets for important papers, as well as armchairs, stools, tables, beds, engravings and mirrors appeared in the homes of nobles. It all cost a lot of money.

Also, all nobles were required to learn manners. Captured women and officers from the German settlement taught the ladies popular dances at that time (grosvatera, minuet and polonaise).

New chronology

According to the royal decrees of the nineteenth and twentieth of December 1699, chronology was introduced in Rus' from the Nativity of Christ, and the beginning of the year was moved to the first of January, as was practiced by developed Western powers. New Year's celebrations lasted a whole week - from the first to the seventh of January. The wealthy inhabitants of the empire decorated the gates of their yards with juniper and pine branches, and the common people - with ordinary branches. Fireworks were set off in the capital all seven days.

Every year, Tsar Peter Alekseevich introduced new holidays, organized balls and masquerades. Beginning in 1718, the emperor organized assemblies to which men had to come with their wives and adult daughters. In the eighteenth century, games of chess and cards became popular, and skating along the Neva River was organized for members of the upper classes.

But the life of ordinary peasants during the reign of Peter the Great did not undergo significant changes. They worked six days for their landowner, and on holidays and Sundays they were allowed to do their own farming. Children were accustomed to physical labor from the age of eight or nine, raising them according to their own unwritten rules, which were supposed to help the child feed his family in the future.

All land issues were still in charge of the community, which monitored the observance of order, as well as sorted out the quarrels of fellow villagers and distributed duties. Local affairs were decided by the so-called meeting of married men.

At the same time, a fairly strong influence of customs and traditions has been preserved in everyday life. Clothes were made from cheap materials (most often canvas), and European fashion came into everyday life only at the end of the eighteenth century.

Among the main entertainments of ordinary peasants were round dances on the most significant holidays and mass games, and the traditional food was flour products, cabbage soup and stew. Some peasants could afford to smoke.

Table: Life under Peter I

Cultural reforms

Introduction of a new calendar

New Year celebration

Wearing European clothes

Changing the appearance of subjects

The appearance of the first museum (Kuntskamera)

The appearance of the first newspaper “Vedomosti”

Video lecture on the topic: Life under Peter I

Holidays

During the time of Peter I, many festivals were held, which were celebrated magnificently, on a grand scale, with fireworks, illuminations, and cannon fire. There were many reasons for celebrations: these were the troubles in the Northern War, the celebration of the New Year, the launching of a new ship, the name day of the sovereign.

Decree of Peter I on the New Year

Peter I issued a decree according to which the new year began on January 1, and not on September 1, as it was before, and the years were counted from the Nativity of Christ, as in the West, and not from the Creation of the world, as was the case in Russia. The decree was issued in December 1699 and, thus, from January 1, a new year, 1700, began in the country, and did not last 7208 from the Creation of the world.

The first New Year was celebrated like this. A special decree was issued, according to which the tsar ordered on January 1, 1700, 200 cannons to be placed on Red Square in Moscow, from which they fired for six days in a row. They set off a magnificent fireworks display. Each house owner was ordered to decorate his gates with pine, spruce or juniper branches. And those owners who had firearms had to salute in honor of the New Year. Material from the site http://wikiwhat.ru

Peter's Assemblies

Tsar Peter I also introduced assemblies. The decree stated that this word was French. It implied receptions in some rich house, where not only men, but also women were present. There they danced, had small talk and friendly conversations, exchanged opinions, drank a previously unknown drink in Russia - coffee, smoked pipes with tobacco according to European custom, played checkers and chess.

Every St. Petersburg nobleman at least once a year (or even more often) had to organize an assembly in his house, provide refreshments, provide a hall for dancing, rooms for relaxation, games and conversations. Most of the assemblies were held in winter.

Pictures (photos, drawings)

Life and clothing in the time of Peter 1
Changes in everyday life under Peter 1 briefly
How did the peasants live under Peter 1?
Peasant life and life under Peter 1
Life in the time of Peter 1

Questions for this article:

§ 11. DAILY LIFE AND LIFE UNDER PETER I

Why did Peter I strive to change traditions and everyday life of people?

Title page of “The Youth of the Honest Mirror...”.

1. Noble lifestyle

Under Peter I, young nobles, as before, had to carry out lifelong service from the age of 16-17. In the first half of the 18th century.

they often served as privates in infantry and dragoon regiments or as sailors on ships - along with yesterday's peasants and townspeople.

Service in the 17th century. was not easy. But now, in addition to the usual battle and marching hardships, the nobleman had to put on a “German” uniform, learn the techniques of “regimental formation” according to the new regulations, deal with company and regimental management, and teach soldiers.

They themselves had to study artillery or engineering and, in accordance with the royal decrees, try to educate their children.

It was very difficult for a nobleman of the Petrine era to study - there was no teaching system, no professional teachers, no textbooks.

The young teenager had to deal with “wisdom” in an unintelligible scientific language, endure floggings, cold in unheated rooms and hunger, since the pittance salary was issued irregularly. Guards soldiers on duty in the classrooms of the Naval Academy beat students regardless of their origin for disturbing the order. The noble offspring who went abroad by order of Peter had to (knowing only how to read and write in Russian) study mathematics or “navigation” in a foreign language.

What educational institutions existed in Russia before Peter I?

Which ones were created during his reign?

“Resignation” - due to illness or injury - under Peter I and his successors did not mean free life on the estate.

A nobleman resigned from military service and was immediately appointed to “civil service” - a governor in a provincial city, an official in a new institution, or a poll tax collector.

There was no peace at home either.

It was necessary to wear a “German” caftan and shave the beard - the royal decree forbade even retired nobles, under pain of a fine and beating with batogs, to go “with beards and in old dress.” And I also had to celebrate new holidays, attend a masquerade, and learn manners.

Peter also ordered assemblies to be held, where men were obliged to come with their wives and adult daughters. Captured Swedish officers and residents of the German settlement taught the Russians the polonaise, the minuet, and Peter’s favorite dance, the Grosvater.

Sheremetev Palace on the Fontanka in St. Petersburg.

Church literature was replaced by domestic and translated books on mathematics, mechanics, and fortification; guides on writing letters and acquiring secular skills (“An honest mirror of youth...”).

The reading circle of people of that era included the works of ancient authors Quintus Curtius, Julius Caesar, Josephus and entertaining stories about brave and gallant heroes (“The History of the Russian sailor Vasily Koriotsky” or “About Alexander the Russian nobleman”).

Ladies swapped Russian sundresses for fluffy dresses with bare shoulders and mastered fashionable hairstyles. New habits appeared, such as smoking tobacco, and new entertainments, such as playing cards and chess.

The Summer Garden, decorated with ancient sculptures of gods and heroes, became the place for festivities of the St. Petersburg public.

For the tsar, Europeanization meant, first of all, the mastery of applied knowledge and technology. And the noble minors preferred a less difficult path for getting closer to “peoples trained in morals” - acquaintance with fashion, secular entertainment, etc.

Thus, the reforms contributed to the alienation of the upper classes of society from the lower classes. In addition, new cultural demands were expensive: in order to live “in a European way” (to have a good house, fashionable clothes, a carriage, teachers for children), it was necessary to have at least 100 serf souls.

Peasants.

XVIII century. Artist F. Lerier

2. In the peasant and urban “world”

Village life, in contrast to noble life, continued as before, according to centuries-old customs and the cycle of agricultural work that was repeated from year to year. Peter I, however, tried with his decrees to teach the peasants to harvest rye with scythes and weave wide canvases. But in practice, nothing changed: work methods were determined by local conditions, and wide canvas could not be made on a regular loom.

From the age of 8-9, a peasant boy was accustomed to peasant labor, and girls were taught to spin, embroider, weave, milk a cow, and cook.

In traditional society, the son took the place of the father and raised his children in the same way. The “world” community regulated the use of the land, sorted out quarrels among fellow villagers, and dealt with the distribution of duties, i.e., it determined who would pay how much and who would go to repair the road and bridge across the river. Mutual responsibility forced the peasants themselves to persecute those who shied away from common affairs.

All the most important matters were decided at a meeting of married men - heads of households, as a rule, unanimously - the views of people who grew up in a close peasant “world” were close.

The entire life of the “world” was built on the basis of custom: how to pray, how to get married, how to celebrate funerals, how to sow, how to celebrate - all this was determined by tradition and took place in full view and under the control of fellow villagers. Anyone who violated the accepted order would face general condemnation and even expulsion.

City dwellers were in many ways similar to peasants. They lived in estates - closed little worlds surrounded by a fence. The townspeople kept horses, cows, pigs, and poultry; cultivated their gardens; walked at Christmas and Maslenitsa, danced in circles at Trinity and had fun with fist fights.

Among the peasants and townspeople, news of unprecedented innovations - “German” dress, the abolition of the patriarchate, new holidays with the participation of women - were perceived with condemnation, as a violation of “antiquity” and Orthodox piety.

Moreover, their introduction was accompanied by an increase in taxes, recruitment, and sending for the construction of St. Petersburg, fortresses or canals.

3. Innovation in everyday life

It is now difficult for us to imagine the shock of a traditionally raised person of the Peter the Great era, when, finding himself in the capital, he saw unusually straight streets, houses built according to European models, and in the Summer Garden he could encounter Peter Alekseevich himself - in “dog form” (shaven), in wearing a “German” caftan, with a pipe in his teeth, communicating in Dutch with the guests.

But over time, new fashions and habits entered everyday life.

The European costume came into use among nobles and wealthy townspeople: for men - short pants, a camisole and caftan with a tie, shoes, hat, and wig; for the ladies - corsets and dresses with skirts on frames - hoops, scarves, fans, lace, gloves.

Mirrors and engravings, new furniture appeared in the furnishings of the houses - beds, tables, stools, armchairs, cabinets for papers; silver, pewter and glassware.

Muscovites bought imported cane “Canary” sugar and coffee for 60 kopecks per pound; tea was still expensive (a pound cost 6 rubles) and incommensurate in price with caviar (5 kopecks per pound). Assemblies were held in the Faceted Chamber, you could go to a “coffee house” on the street, and news from London, Paris, Vienna and even Lisbon (albeit a month late) could be read in the newspaper arriving from St. Petersburg.

LET'S SUM UP

Peter's reforms contributed to the formation of a secular way of life and secular culture in Russia, without which the type of European-style educated intelligent person and citizen could not have subsequently appeared - the main cultural achievement of the 18th century.

Questions and tasks for working with the text of a paragraph

What changed in the noble service in the era of Peter I compared to previous times? 2. What changes took place in the appearance of the nobles? 3. Describe peasant life at the beginning of the 18th century. Note how he was affected by the changes taking place in the country. 4. What changed in the lives of townspeople at the beginning of the 18th century, and what remained the same?

5. What goods that appeared in Russia under Peter I were unknown to the inhabitants of the country before?

Studying the document

FROM AN ARTICLE BY HISTORIAN M. P. POGODINA

We are waking up. What day is it today? September 18, 1863. Peter the Great ordered to count the years from the Nativity of Christ, Peter the Great ordered to count the months from January.

It's time to get dressed - our dress is made according to the style originally given by Peter I, the uniform is according to his uniform. The cloth was woven in the factory that he started, the wool was sheared from the sheep that he raised. A book catches your eye - Peter the Great introduced this font into use and cut out the letters himself. You will begin to read it - this language under Peter I became written, literary, displacing the previous, church one. They bring you newspapers - Peter the Great began publishing them... At dinner, from salted herrings to potatoes, which he ordered to sow by Senate decree, to the grape wine he diluted, all the dishes will tell you about Peter the Great.

After lunch you go to visit the Assembly of Peter the Great. You meet ladies there who were allowed into the men's company at the request of Peter the Great. Let's go to university - the first secular school was founded by Peter the Great. You receive a rank according to the Table of Ranks of Peter the Great. The rank gives me nobility: this is how Peter the Great established it. I need to file a complaint: Peter the Great determined its form. They will receive her in front of the mirror of Peter the Great. They will judge according to its general regulations.

You decide to travel - following the example of Peter the Great; you will be received well - Peter the Great placed Russia among the European states and began to inspire respect for it.

What innovations of the Peter the Great era are not mentioned in the document? 2. Make a list of Peter’s innovations that remain relevant for residents of modern Russia.

We think, compare, reflect

2. Using the Internet, prepare a presentation on the topic “Fashion of the Petrine era.”

Describe in the form of a letter to your relatives the impressions of a poor provincial nobleman who attended the assembly for the first time.

Prove (using the text of the paragraph) that Peter's modernization also changed people's daily lives.

OPINION OF A HISTORIAN

Changes in everyday life under Peter

E.I. Kirichenko (from the book “Russian Style”): The cultural turning point in Russia at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries is not a turn, but a revolution. The transition from the Middle Ages to the New Age became for her at the same time a transition to accelerated development (the backlog had to be caught up).

Most importantly, the radicality of perhaps the greatest staged coup in the entire history of Russia was aggravated by another coup that accompanied it. Namely: going beyond the framework of Byzantine-type culture associated with Orthodoxy and the forced imposition of European culture, genetically related and developed in the context of other variants of Christianity.

Culture under Peter 1

The sage avoids all extremes.

Culture under Peter 1 in Russia is a very important topic, since it is generally accepted that Peter 1 became a great reformer precisely thanks to cultural changes in Russia.

In fact, it is necessary to separate the concepts: Peter the Great rather than reformed and created, but rather destroyed the old.

And the reforms of Peter 1 in culture once again emphasize this. Today I propose to talk in detail about what Peter’s culture was, what changes took place in the country and what consequences these changes had.

How massive were the changes?

Let's open any history textbook and it will be written there that under Peter 1 Russia eliminated backwardness by adopting the European way of life, they stopped wearing beards, began to wear European clothes, drink coffee, smoke tobacco, learn foreign languages, read books, invite scientists, and so on. .

All this is a lie, and these cultural changes were not widespread or systematic.

There are two things you need to understand about the culture of Peter the Great’s era:

Peter 1 never allowed or allowed anything. He ordered and forced. Therefore, when they say that he will allow you to read, study or drink coffee, you need to understand that Peter 1 forced you to read, study and drink coffee. The difference between the concepts is gigantic. He made it the same as a soldier with a stick at school, who beat children and “pounded” knowledge into them (it was on this principle that Peter’s schools worked).
As the historian Klyuchevsky wrote, despite all the transformations of Peter the Great’s era, the population of Russia was and remains the same.
We are told that Peter completely changed the culture of the country, and one of the most prominent historians of our Motherland writes that from the point of view of the people and society, little has changed.

Klyuchevsky summed up what was happening with his phrase, but in my opinion, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin spoke much more eloquently about the events of that era.

The people, with stubborn constancy, maintained their beard and Russian caftan. The people were sincerely satisfied with their victory and were already indifferent to the German way of life of their shaved boyars.

The reforms of Peter 1 in the field of culture affected at best 2% of the population - the nobility. The remaining 98% were practically unaffected by innovations. As a result, Peter dealt a blow to Russian society - he forever divided the nobles from everyone else. If earlier Russian society was united, but with different classes, now it was 2 different societies: with different traditions, customs, culture, and so on.

New calendar

Under Peter, the European calendar was introduced in Russia.

It was introduced on January 1, 1700 (January 1, 7208 according to the church calendar). Before this, there was a calendar in which chronology was calculated from the Creation of the world, and not from the birth of Christ, and the new year began on September 1. After the transition to the new calendar in Russia, by order of Peter, they began to celebrate the New Year holiday on a large scale and on a grand scale. The Tsar ordered to decorate houses with Christmas trees, fire guns, light candles and arrange various fun events. As a result, the state and the church moved further and further away from each other.

Now the state had one calendar, the church another.

The first New Year was celebrated like this. 200 cannons were installed on Moscow's Red Square and they were ordered to fire them for 6 days in a row. For the first time, fireworks were used at the festival. Each resident of the houses was ordered to decorate their houses and gates with pine and spruce branches. All firearms owners were ordered to fire into the air. Please note - everyone was ordered.

Introduction of new alphabet and fonts

At the time Peter came to power in Russia, the alphabet created by Cyril and Methodius was in force.

It was considered the church alphabet, and its fonts were used in all scriptures. The lettering itself was done in the Greek manner and was very difficult to read.

In 1708, a new civil alphabet was introduced in Russia, or, more simply put, new typographic fonts were approved. For culture under Peter 1 this was a serious step.

Previously, all books were published exclusively in church fonts, which were very massive and extremely difficult to read.

This transformation of the Peter the Great era seems insignificant, but it was one of the few reforms, thanks to which culture in Russia under Peter 1 really began to move in a positive direction.

Under Peter the Great, not only the boyars and noblewomen, but also the Russians threw off their wide fur coats and dressed up in summer clothes.

Mikhail Lomonosov

At the same time, Arabic numerals were introduced into use.

Previously, all numbers were designated by letters.

On the other hand, we again see that the reforms of Peter 1 in culture constantly create division: the state is separate, the church is separate.

Speaking about the creation of the Russian alphabet of the Peter the Great era, many historians forget to clarify that the changes affected not only the appearance of letters and numbers, but also their content:

Peter 1 introduced the letter “ E“They say that the letter was already in use and therefore Peter simply “legalized” it.
But this letter began to be used precisely in the era of Peter the Great, when hundreds of foreign words began to be used in the Russian language, where the letter E is important.
Peter removed the letter “Izhitsa” from the alphabet; in 1710 this letter was returned and it existed until the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917.
The alphabet removed doublet letters (these are 2 letters used to represent 1 sound).
These were letters such as “DZ”, “SHT” and “EYA”. The latter was replaced by the letter I, which is classical today, the style of which was developed personally by Peter.

Shaving beards

Shaving beards is one of the innovations that culture brought under Peter 1. By decree of 1698, everyone was ordered to shave their beards. Again, let’s open any history textbook and it will be written there that everyone shaved their beards, stories will be told of how careless townspeople had their beards pulled out hair by hair, how beards were burned right on their faces, and so on.

This, of course, happened, but these were exceptional cases. In fact, the decree of 1698, on the one hand, prohibited beards, and on the other hand, provided for the purchase of the right not to shave the beard:

Merchants paid 100 rubles a year
Boyars were paid 60 rubles a year
Other townspeople paid 30 rubles a year.
Peasants paid 1 kopeck for entering and leaving the city.

After paying the “beard tax,” a person received a special copper badge, which was worn under his beard, and there were no more questions for this person.

I draw attention to the peasants - while they lived in villages, they could wear beards without any problems at all. Problems arose only when crossing the soldier's checkpoint at the entrance (exit) to the city. But again, by paying 1 kopeck, they received the right to travel further with a beard.

Architecture of the era

The architecture of the era of Peter 1 is best understood in St. Petersburg. The emperor himself called this city in the Western manner “Paradise”, that is, “paradise”.

In many ways, the development, including architectural, of this city was reflected in other cities. Thus, by decree of 1714, Peter banned stone construction in Russia everywhere except St. Petersburg. All stone from all over the country had to be transported to this city, where large-scale construction was taking place. For the first time, the city was built strictly according to plan, and its architect was the Italian Trezzini. The style he used today is commonly called Russian Baroque.

Trezzini developed 2 types of houses for the city:

For “eminent” people, two-story stone buildings were offered.
For “mean” people, one-story buildings were offered.

Only administrative buildings and palaces of people around Peter the Great were distinguished by their architectural delights.

The tsar himself was indifferent to luxury. To understand this, just look at the photograph of the Peter 1 Summer Palace in the Summer Garden of St. Petersburg (a simple two-story building) and the Menshikov Palace on Vasilyevsky Island (a real palace).

As for architecture outside St. Petersburg, we can highlight the Moscow Church of the Archangel Gabriel (Menshikov Tower).

It was built according to the design of the architect Zarudny.

Culture and life of Russia under Peter I

Innovations in culture and life

Already in 1700, mannequins with samples of new clothes were exhibited at the Kremlin gates. Toughly and decisively, the king began to change the appearance of people.

Not only clothes and shoes of European designs (Polish, Hungarian, French, German) but also wigs began to be introduced into the lives of nobles and townspeople.

The New Year began on September 1. Peter I ordered to count the years, as in Christian Orthodox Europe (Julian calendar) - from the Nativity of Christ, and to open the new year on January 1. On January 1, 1700, Russia began to live according to a new calendar. But for the church, Peter allowed the old calendar to be preserved. The Christmas tree, Santa Claus, and the January New Year holidays came to Russia.

Soon after the capital was moved to St. Petersburg, the royal family, the court, the guard, and the entire population of the city began to participate in these holidays.

Solemn church services were held, and Christmas trees, merry festivities, and fireworks were held on the streets; Feasts began in the houses of the townspeople, in which the king often took part.

This was followed by a change in the counting of hours. Previously, the day was divided from morning to evening.

Peter introduced a new, European division - dividing the day into equal 24 hours. All clocks in Russia, including those on the Spassky Gate of the Kremlin, began to be remade. The chimes of the Spasskaya Tower struck 9 a.m. for the first time on December 9, 1706.

Peter himself was the first to give an example of new ways of communication. He easily communicated both with his associates and with ordinary townspeople and even soldiers. He entered their houses, sat down at the table, and often became the godfather of the children of not only the nobility, but also commoners.

Friendly feasts became frequent in the king’s chambers and in the houses of his associates.

Since 1718, the tsar introduced the so-called assemblies - meetings - into the practice of communication.

They were periodically held in the winter in the evenings in the houses of rich and noble nobles and townspeople. They attracted the entire St. Petersburg society of that time. No guests were greeted or seen off here. Everyone, including the tsar, could easily stop by for a cup of tea or play a game of checkers or chess, which were becoming increasingly fashionable. The youth danced and had fun playing games.

Statesmen had serious conversations, decided on pressing matters, merchants and entrepreneurs discussed professional problems. Women certainly participated in the assemblies. They left such assemblies “in English” without saying goodbye.

The manners of Russian nobles and townspeople also became different; the so-called “polites”, the rules of good manners, appeared.

Peter in every possible way encouraged the ability to dance, speak fluently in foreign languages, fencing, and master the art of speech and writing. All this changed the appearance of the upper strata of society. Published in 1717

The book “An Honest Mirror of Youth” (written on the instructions of Peter) became a set of rules of good manners - the rules of external culture and the behavior of a nobleman in society. It condemned what had recently been common for the youngest king and his friends when they first went abroad. There, in particular, it was said about behavior at the table: “sit up straight and don’t grab the first thing in the dish, don’t eat like a pig and don’t blow into your ear (from the word ear) so that it splashes everywhere, don’t sniffle every time you eat (when you eat)… Don’t lick your fingers and do not gnaw the bones, but cut them with a knife.”

Under Peter, Russian life shone with a series of new holidays and amusements.

In addition to the traditional celebrations associated with the names and birthdays of the tsar, queen, and their children, new ones appeared - the day of the coronation of Peter I, the day of the royal wedding, as well as annual holidays dedicated to the Battle of Poltava (June 27), victories at Gangut and Grenham ( July 27), the capture of Narva (August 9), the conclusion of the Peace of Nystad (August 30). A special holiday was held in honor of the establishment of the first and highest Russian Order of St.

Old Russian letter designations for numbers were replaced by Arabic numerals.

Now the unit was denoted by “1”, and not by the letter “A”, as before.

New printing houses have appeared.

They published Russian and translation) textbooks, books on history, natural science and technology, translations of literary and historical works of ancient authors, including Julius Caesar, the ancient Greek fabulist Aesop, and the Roman poet Ovid. The first public and free libraries appeared in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Thus, the first mass newspaper in Russia, Vedomosti, was published. It was intended not only for the royal family and high dignitaries, like the “Chimes” under Alexei Mikhailovich. She was taken outside.

The circulation of Vedomosti reached 2,500 copies.

Indeed, what is the use of short trousers, silk stockings, and felt hats in the twenty-degree frosts of St. Petersburg!

Changes in the cultural appearance of Russia have also affected the appearance of Russian cities.

Peter forced the city authorities to build modern buildings and pave the streets with paving stones, like in European cities. In his decrees, he ordered to introduce elements of “correctness” into existing cities - to move residential buildings beyond the “red line”, “to build them not in the middle of their courtyards,” thereby creating straight streets, and achieving a symmetrical layout of building facades. Under him, street lights came on for the first time in Russia. Of course, it was in St. Petersburg.

And previously in Europe, only seven cities - Hamburg, The Hague, Berlin, Copenhagen, Vienna, London and Hanover (the capital of Saxony) - had lighting.

Italian and French architects, engineers, and craftsmen were invited to design and build streets, palaces, and public buildings. Wonderful architectural ensembles began to be created - the Admiralty, the Peter and Paul Fortress with a new cathedral, the building of the colleges, the Menshikov Palace, the building of the Kunstkamera, etc.

“I am in the rank of those who are taught”

This is what Peter, who studied all his life, said about himself.

He demanded the same from the entire country.

The network of diocesan schools where children of clergy were trained has expanded, and separate schools are being created for the children of soldiers and sailors.

In response to these demands of the time, mining schools and a school of translators were created in Russia, where students mastered European and Eastern sciences.

Education at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy is expanding, at which schools are being formed - Slavic-Latin, Slavic-Greek, and Slavic-Russian.

Mostly the children of nobles studied here. Peter himself was involved in the selection of students, strictly monitored the training, examined students, praised the diligent, reproached and even punished the careless.

By a special decree, he prohibited young nobles from marrying if they did not have an education. Essentially, the tsar forcibly dragged Russia into enlightenment.

Development of science

While still in Europe during the great embassy, Peter I paid a lot of attention to familiarizing himself with European science.

He met with outstanding scientists and inventors. The reformer Tsar perfectly understood the role of science in the development of civilization. But how did he transfer scientific knowledge to Russia, how to give a powerful impetus to scientific thought in a backward country? The first thing he did was invite European scientific luminaries to serve. Peter did not skimp on expenses. He provided them with good salaries, comfortable housing, and various benefits.

This is how the Swiss mathematician and mechanic Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782), the French astronomer and cartographer Joseph Delisle (1688-1768) and some others appeared in Russia. Secondly, the tsar helped talented Russian geniuses to advance in science.

Many of them, with his support, were trained in European countries. Thirdly, he contributed in every possible way to the development of scientific and technical knowledge, as well as those areas of science that were of great practical interest for the development of Russian industry and the development of natural resources. Geological expeditions were sent throughout the country, which discovered deposits of coal, iron and copper ores, silver, and sulfur.

For the first time in Peter's time, oil fields began to be developed.

A special expedition was sent to the Chukotka Peninsula, before which the tsar set the goal of exploring “whether America has come together with Asia.” Three weeks before his death, Peter drew up instructions for the Danish captain Vitus Bering, who was in Russian service.

He was heading on his first Kamchatka expedition to find a route across the Arctic Ocean to China and India. After the death of Peter, Bering reached the shores of Alaska and opened a strait between Asia and America, named after him.

Another expedition made its way to India through the Central Asian khanates of Khiva and Bukhara.

Cossack atamans were tasked with exploring and describing the lands along the Amu Darya, in the area of Lake Issyk-Kul. Expeditions to the North Caucasus became permanent. As a result, by the beginning of the 20s. maps of individual parts of Russia appeared.

The general rise of the economy and education in the country led to shifts in the field of technical innovations.

The inventions of Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov appeared in mechanics, who created a series of original turning and screw-cutting machines. Gun barrels were forged and processed in new, more economical and efficient ways. Domestic optics was born. Russian craftsmen began to make microscopes and telescopes, which were previously bought abroad.

On Peter's initiative, an astronomical observatory and a Botanical Garden were opened, the collection of ancient manuscripts began, and new historical works appeared.

Literature and art

The era of Peter 1 could not but leave its mark on literature and art.

The “Petrine” theme powerfully invades traditional folk literary genres.

Journalism became a new phenomenon in literature - works created by Peter's associates and glorifying the deeds of the tsar-reformer.

First quarter of the 18th century

Russia is marked by new phenomena in the field of art.

The theater was again revived in Moscow. Amateur theaters were organized by students of various secondary and higher educational institutions.

Significant changes have occurred in painting, and the main one is the development of secular realistic painting along with traditional icon painting.

This primarily applies to portraiture.

Both of them were trained in Holland.

Cloth

In the capital, and especially at official receptions and institutions, it was required to appear in “European dress.” For Russians it was unusually short. Russian people are accustomed to long-length clothing with wide sleeves. Those who disobeyed had their clothing cut off and exposed to public ridicule.

Holidays

During the time of Peter I, many festivals were held, which were celebrated magnificently, on a grand scale, with fireworks, illuminations, and cannon fire.

There were many reasons for celebrations: these were the troubles in the Northern War, the celebration of the New Year, the launching of a new ship, the name day of the sovereign.

Decree of Peter I on the New Year

The decree was issued in December 1699 and, thus, from January 1, a new year, 1700, began in the country, and did not last 7208 from the Creation of the world.

And those owners who had firearms had to salute in honor of the New Year. Material from the site http://wikiwhat.ru

Peter's Assemblies

Tsar Peter I also introduced assemblies.

The decree stated that this word was French. It implied receptions in some rich house, where not only men, but also women were present. There they danced, had small talk and friendly conversations, exchanged opinions, drank a previously unknown drink in Russia - coffee, smoked pipes with tobacco according to European custom, played checkers and chess.

Most of the assemblies were held in winter.

They had different attitudes towards this idea of Peter I. Some welcomed it, others did not approve, but obeyed.

Pictures (photos, drawings)

On this page there is material on the following topics:

Life of people in petre 1
Scientific knowledge in the period of Peter 1
Changes in everyday life under Peter 1 pictures
Society under Peter 1 report
Changes in everyday life under Peter I

Questions for this article:

For what purpose were assemblies established in the capital?
Who could and was obliged to attend the assemblies?

Material from the site http://WikiWhat.ru

Changes in culture and life in the Petrine era

Education and school

The creation of a secular education system, which was based on the principle of educating the nobility.

Studying was equivalent to public service.

The Petrovskaya school was created as a technical school, the exact sciences predominated among the disciplines

Appearance:

"digital" schools for the education of children of nobles and officials
"garrison" and "admiralty" schools for training children of soldiers and sailors, working people
Technical special schools in Moscow and St. Petersburg
Sending noble minors to study abroad

1702

– publication of the first periodical newspaper "Vedomosti"

1703 – introduction Arabic numerals

1708 – transition to civil font – introduction of new letters "e", "i", "e", simplified spelling...

1714 – opening of the first in Russia public library in St. Petersburg

1714 - decree about the ban on getting married illiterate noblemen

Base Kunstkamera – collections of rarities based on the personal collection of Peter I.

WITH 1719– available for viewing

Creation "Model cameras" which later became the basis for the Central Naval Museum

Appear textbooks:

“Primer” by F. Polikarpov
“Arithmetic” by L. Magnitsky
“First teaching to the youths” by F. Prokopovich

Scientific knowledge

Creation the first map of the Caspian Sea and 30 maps of counties.

Discovery of many deposits:

Coal – in the Donetsk and Kuznetsk coal basins
Oil – in the Volga and Komi regions

1709 – the beginning of the Vyshnevolotsk canal system

1714

– opening of the first botanical garden in St. Petersburg

1724 – decree establishing the Academy of Sciences

IN 1712 g. famous inventor A.K. Nartov creates a lathe using a self-propelled metal tool holder. He invented a machine for drilling the muzzles of cannons, a number of original screw-cutting, gear-cutting, turning and copying machines, technology and mechanization of coin production

Theater

1702

– opening of a publicly accessible public theatre.

The troupe is German actors. The repertoire consisted of German, French, and Spanish plays. School theaters at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and the Surgical School were popular. Peter I's sister Natalya Alekseevna organized her own theater.

Journalism

Feofan Prokopovich - Vice-President of the Synod, publicist, poet, playwright - wrote:

1721
- “Spiritual Regulations”, where he substantiated the need to abolish the patriarchate and the advantage of collegial government, substantiated the subordination of spiritual authority to secular authority;
1722 – “The truth of the will of the monarchs”, where he proved that the best form of state for Russia is an absolute monarchy

I.T. Pososhkov (“The Book of Scarcity and Wealth (1724).

He advocated the development of domestic industry through state encouragement of entrepreneurial activity and rational use of subsoil, believed that the exclusive right to trade should belong to the merchants, defended measures to limit the arbitrariness of the nobles and regulate peasant duties

Architecture

Start of transition to regular development of new cities(St. Petersburg, Azov, Taganrog) with streets intersecting at right angles and alignment of house facades along the street line.

A new phenomenon in architecture was the construction triumphal arches

The secular principle in architecture began to prevail over the ecclesiastical

The dominant style is "Peter's Baroque", which is characterized by: symmetry of facades, high gable roofs, a simple compositional solution, monumentality, an abundance of decorations, wavy or broken cornices, painting the facade in two colors, most often in a combination of red and white.

In St. Petersburg:

Summer Palace of Peter I (Domenico Trezzini)
Petrovsky Gate of the Peter and Paul Fortress
Building of the Twelve Colleges
Annunciation Church of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, etc.

Wooden architecture developed (Church of the Transfiguration on Kizhi island)

Sculpture

Monumental and decorative sculpture, reliefs, fountain and garden sculpture developed

B.K.

Rastrelli – created busts of Peter I, A.D. Menshikov, an equestrian monument to Peter I, the sculptural group “Neptune”

Painting

Painting became predominantly secular in nature. Artists departed from icon painting traditions and sought to convey the volume of objects and the depth of the surrounding space, to depict figures in accordance with the laws of anatomy:

I.N.
Nikitin “Portrait of Peter I”, “Peter I on his deathbed”,
A.M. Matveev “Self-portrait with his wife”), portraits of I.A.
and A.P. Golitsyn

Rapid development engraving art(A.F. Zubov “Panorama of St. Petersburg”, “View of St. Petersburg”

Life of people

1700 – introduction of the Julian calendar . Years began to be counted from the Nativity of Christ, and not from the creation of the world (5508 years), New Year - January 1, 1700 (instead of September 1)

1700 - a decree obliging nobles, clerks and officials, merchants wear European clothes(Hungarian and German dress)

1705 - a decree obliging the population of the country shave mustaches and beards

1717

– introduction of rules of behavior in society - “An honest mirror of youth”

1718 – introduction of assemblies (from French - meeting) - a secular form of entertainment, when representatives of different classes, men and women, gathered, danced, played chess, had conversations

Holding public celebrations with fireworks, carnival processions, masquerades

Beard duty sign

Hermitage Museum.

Russian culture of Peter the Great's time.

Completed by: Yudenko Irina Viktorovna,

history and computer science teacher, 1st category,

MBOU "Gorodetsk Secondary School named after. Hero

Russia Alexandra Prokhorenko"

Methodological development of the lesson

“Daily life and everyday life under Peter I”, 8th grade

Section: “Russia in the era of transformations of Peter I”

Textbook: History of Russia. 8th grade: textbook. for general education organizations. At 2 p.m. Part 1 / N.M. Arsentiev, A.A. Danilov, I.V. Kurukin, A.Ya. Tokarev; edited by A.V. Torkunov. – Moscow: Education, 2016.

The purpose of the lesson

Tasks

educational – to develop students’ ability to master and apply knowledge about the era of Peter I on the basis of existing knowledge.

develop the ability to analyze and evaluate historical events, the ability to work in a group, and develop skills in working with documents.

be able to recreate a historical image;

compare the life and everyday life of Russians of different classes.

educational - determine your attitude to the events of the 17th century.

Lesson type

combined

Basic questions of learning new material

1) Noble lifestyle.

2) In the peasant and urban “world”.

3) Innovations in everyday life.

Basic concepts and terms

Everyday life,life, noble culture.

Lesson Resources

Textbook, § 12, handouts.

Lesson plan:

Organizing time;

Updating knowledge;

Goal setting;

Motivation;

Learning new material;

Consolidation of the studied material;

Reflection;

Homework;

Making marks.

During the classes:

1. Organizing time:

Teacher: Hello guys, sit down.

2 . Updating knowledge:

On January 28, 1725, the first Russian Emperor Peter Alekseevich Romanov died. “...Who are we burying?...We are burying Peter the Great. The sun of the Russian land has set,” these words were spoken by Feofan Prokopovich, one of the most devoted associates of Peter I.

“The Sun of the Russian Land”, “Earthly God” - such the highest ratings were given to Peter as a person. But, already during Peter’s life, however, completely different judgments were expressed. There were people who considered the tsar to be the culprit of many of Russia's troubles. So, for almost 300 years, disputes began around the personality of Peter I and his activities. These disputes continue to this day. Some admire Peter I:

Now an academician, now a hero,

Either a sailor or a carpenter.

He is an all-encompassing soul

The eternal worker was on the throne.

A.S. Pushkin

For some, he was a “tsar-enlightener,” and for others, a “villain, despot, tyrant.”

Working with historical documents

Teacher: Who can name the topic of today's lesson?(students' answers).

Teacher: That's right, today we will talk about the reforms carried out by Peter I in everyday life, which caused a mixed reaction in all layers of Russian society.

Let’s open your notebooks, write down today’s date and the topic of the lesson: “Everyday life and life under Peter I”.

3. Goal setting:

Teacher: Guys, what is the purpose of the lesson?( D give an idea of the changes in the consciousness and lifestyle of high society under Peter I , V life and traditions of the Russian people).

Teacher: What will help you in studying the topic?(textbook, knowledge, presentation, etc.).

4. Motivation:

Teacher: How do you understand the words everyday life?(students' answers).

Why do historians study this area of people's lives? (students' guess )

Why did Peter I strive to change traditions and everyday life of people? ( students' guess)

5. Learning new material:

Tasks for working with the text of a paragraph (work in groups)

1. What changed in the noble service in the era of Peter 1 compared to previous times?

Nobles often served as privates in infantry or dragoon regiments or as sailors on ships - along with yesterday's peasants and townspeople. It was necessary to learn the techniques of “regimental formation” according to the new regulations, engage in company and regimental management, teach soldiers, and learn artillery or engineering ourselves.

2. What changes took place in the appearance of the nobles?

The Tsar's decree forbade even retired nobles, under pain of fines and beatings, to walk “with beards and in old dress.”

3. Describe peasant life in the early 18th century. Note how he was affected by the changes taking place in the country.

Six days a week, serfs were forced to work for the landowner. The lack of time and money determined their simple life. On Sundays and holidays, they were forced to work on their own plots of land in order to somehow provide food for their family, which often included up to 10 children. The main entertainments of the peasants were mass games and round dances on major holidays and walks in nature. The food was quite meager - stew, cabbage soup and flour products. Peasant children did not receive an education and in the future they repeated the life path of their parents. In the peasant and urban environment, news of unprecedented innovations - “German” dress, the abolition of the patriarchate, new holidays with the participation of women - were perceived with condemnation, as a violation of antiquity and Orthodox piety.

4. What changed in the lives of townspeople at the beginning of the 18th century, and what remained the same?

After returning from the “Great Embassy,” Peter I personally cut the beards of his closest boyars, and decrees soon followed on a huge tax on beards and a ban on wearing long dresses. More practical European clothing was introduced everywhere. Smoking was allowed, which previously, according to the Council Code of 1649, was regarded as a criminal offense. It sharply diverged from the rules of “Domostroy” of the 16th century. registration of marriages: bridesmaids were replaced by betrothals, forced marriage was prohibited. In 1714, a literacy qualification for the groom was introduced; marriage was not allowed without achieving a certain level of education. Much attention was paid to the dissemination of European standards of morality and etiquette in Russian society, and the study of the “Youth of the Honest Mirror” - a set of rules for community life - became mandatory. The crowning achievement of the policy of instilling European traditions was the appearance in 1718. the tsar's decree on holding “assemblies” - evenings of public communication between the nobility and the most distinguished citizens. Women were required to participate in them - the centuries-long seclusion of wives and daughters in the women's half of the house ended. Folk festivities, performances and fireworks celebrating the victories of Russian weapons became a means of powerful political influence on the urban population. Peter himself took part in organizing these celebrations. Some celebrations have become regular. These include New Year's celebrations. On January 1, 1700, Russia switched to chronology from the “Nativity of Christ,” as was customary in most European countries. From that time on, a tradition began to be established to celebrate this event by organizing Christmas trees and folk festivals.

5. What goods that appeared in Russia under Peter 1 were unknown to the inhabitants of the country before?

Coffee, silk, hats, wigs, fans, scarves, gloves, mirrors, engravings, filing cabinets, stools.

Teacher: Such noticeable innovations in everyday life affected mainly the upper layer of the capital's nobility. Little change is observed among the provincial nobles and townspeople. The life of the peasantry also changed to a very slight extent.

The changes were achieved at the cost of incredible efforts of the people. Therefore, in Peter’s time, revolts often occurred (Astrakhan uprising, Streltsy revolt, K. Bulavin’s uprising). A considerable price was paid for the reforms; according to some data, every tenth person (out of 14-17 million people) died in Russia under Peter. Peter's bright personality and his bold reform activities attracted the attention of writers, poets, and artists. But Peter and his deeds were alien to the people; It was not without reason that this monarch was seen as the culprit of all disasters.

In general, all the transformations reflected both the objective needs of the country to introduce it to the achievements of European civilization of that time, and the desire of Peter I himself to sharply separate the new Russia of the 18th century, which he created and built, from the former Russia of the 17th century.

6. Consolidation of the studied material:

Teacher: So,Is it possible to assume that an immense passion for everything foreign was inevitable during the years of Peter the Great’s reforms?

Could it have been different? Give reasons for your opinion.

Make a list of Peter’s innovations that remain relevant for residents of modern Russia.

Which of the list do you personally use?

7. Reflection:

Teacher: describe Peter the Great

Choose an expression that matches your perception of the lesson: heard out of the corner of your ear, flapping your ears, moving your brains, counting crows, etc.

8. Homework:

Teacher: Write down your homework§ eleven.

Optionally:

*Describe in the form of a letter to your relatives the impressions of a poor provincial nobleman who came to the assembly for the first time.

*Using additional literature and the Internet, prepare a presentation on the topic “Fashion of the Petrine era.”

* Select additional material and illustrations on the history of traditions and customs of your native land in the 18th century. Make a list of literature and Internet resources on this topic.

9. Grading.

Historical sources

"... In the second half of the 17th century, the Russian people clearly set out on a new path; after centuries of movement to the East, they began to turn to the West. The rapprochement itself was a people's affair, and Peter was the leader in this matter. He expressed his genius in the fact that clearly realized his position and his duty: to lead, through civilization, weak, poor, almost unknown to the world Russia from the alienation and ignorance in which it had been until now.” (S.M. Soloviev)

Assignment: Based on the text of the document, state the attitude of S.M. Solovyov to the reforms and personality of Peter I.

“The Russian land was suddenly subjected to terrible external and internal rape. By the hand of the executioner, the Russian image was stripped from the Russian person and the likeness of a common European was put on. Everything that only bore the stamp of nationality was accepted for ridicule, desecration, persecution: clothing, customs, morals, the language itself “Everything was distorted, mutilated, mutilated.” (I.S. Aksakov)

Question: What is the essence of I.S.’s position? Aksakov?

“A man who combined the incompatible: the desire for enlightenment and despotism, who built and executed with his own hands, who sowed horror and adoration among his compatriots, the one who, in the name of the “common good,” loving and serving the Fatherland, “raised Russia on its hind legs.” (V.O. Klyuchevsky)

Question: How does V.O. Klyuchevsky, personality and activities of Peter I?

Reflection

Give a description of Peter the Great (write opposite each letter an adjective that characterizes PeterI)

Also on topic

Pork ribs with potatoes

Apple pie “Weightlessness” Ingredients for ten servings

Is it profitable to take a vacation in January?

Harmony lessons Skype. Natural minor. Phrygian turnover Phrygian turnover examples

Russian poetry of the 20th century Russian poets of the 20th century list and them

Changes in everyday life under Peter 1 briefly. Everyday life and life under Peter I

Grand Embassy

The real reasons for the embassy

What did Pyotr Mikhailov study?

First reforms

Education of specialists

Certificate for citizens

Study abroad

Academy of Sciences

Opening of printing houses

Book innovations

Journalism

Fiction

Cultural opposition

Construction of the Northern Capital

The emergence of painting

Theater life

Assembly

New fashion

Calculation

Manners and life under Emperor Peter I

Military service

Appearance of the nobles under Peter I

Shaving beards under Peter I

Interior decoration

New chronology

Table: Life under Peter I

Video lecture on the topic: Life under Peter I

Holidays

Decree of Peter I on the New Year

Peter's Assemblies

Pictures (photos, drawings)

Life and clothing in the time of Peter 1