Verb moods. Imperative mood of the verb: examples

And in French there are subjunctives in some types of sentences).

In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.

Verbs in the indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change according to tenses: I am engaged (present tense), I was engaged (past tense), I will be engaged (future tense).

Verbs in conditional mood do not indicate real actions, but desired, possible ones. Forms of the conditional mood are formed from the stem of the infinitive (or the stem of the past tense) using the suffix -l- (followed by the ending with the meaning of number and in the singular - gender) and the particle would (b) (which can appear before the verb, after it, or may be torn away from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Yu. Moritz).

In the conditional mood, verbs change according to number and gender (in this mood there is no tense or person): would have passed, would have passed, would have passed, would have passed.

Verbs in the imperative mood denote an inducement to action (request, order), that is, they do not denote an actual action, but a required one. In the imperative mood, verbs change according to numbers and persons (there is also no tense in this mood).

The most common forms are the 2nd person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).

Form 2 faces unit. number is formed from the stem of the present/simple future tense using the suffix -i- or without a suffix (in this case the stem of the verb in the imperative mood coincides with the stem of the present/simple future tense): speak, look, write, hold, work (stem of the present tense - work-eat), rest (rest), remember (remember), cut (cut), stand up (will stand up).

2nd person plural form numbers are formed from the 2nd person singular form. numbers using the ending -te: speak-\te\, hold-\te\, remember-\te\, etc.

Forms 3rd person unit. and many more numbers express the motivation to action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed with the help of particles let, let, yes + forms of 3rd person units. or more numbers of the indicative mood: let him go, let him go, long live, long live, etc.: May the descendants of the Orthodox of their native land know the past fate (A. Pushkin).

1st person plural form numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, in which the speaker himself is a participant. It is formed using the particles come on, let's + the infinitive of the verbs not perfect form(come on, let's + sing, dance, play) or 4th form of 1st person plural. numbers of the indicative mood of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's compliment each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words like a garden - amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); Comrade life, let’s quickly trample, let’s trample the rest of the five-year days... (V. Mayakovsky).

Mood forms can be used not only in their literal meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, that is, in a meaning characteristic of another mood.

For example, the imperative form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and indicative (2): 1) If it weren’t for God’s will, they wouldn’t have given up Moscow (M. Lermontov); 2) Just tell him: “I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).

A verb in the indicative mood can be used in the imperative sense: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! let's go, let's go, Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, today we will stand up for Mother Empress and prove to the whole world that we are brave and sworn people” (A. Pushkin).

The form of the conditional mood can have an imperative meaning: Dad, you should talk to Alexandra, she is behaving desperately (M. Gorky).

There is also a point of view according to which in the Russian language there are only two morphological moods - imperative and non-imperative, and the phrase with the particle would synchronously is no longer an analytical construct.

In other languages

• Imperative - as in Russian, expresses a request, order, advice.
• Prohibitive - expresses the speaker’s request that the action not be implemented.
• Optative - serves to express desire “in its pure form”, exists in the languages ​​of Eurasia (for example, in Georgian, ancient Greek and Sanskrit).
• Subjunctive - reduced form subjunctive mood in French. Not used in conditional constructions. There is a special form for this - conditionalis. Conditionalis is used only in the main part of a conditional sentence. In many other languages ​​of the world, such a conditional is more common, which is used in the dependent part to indicate a condition (for example, in Tatar it replaces the conditional conjunction).
• Subjunctive is a mood in German, close in meaning to the Russian subjunctive.
• Irrealis is a form of the unreal mood in complex sentences in many Native American and Pacific languages. Sometimes used in simple sentences for a situation that near or almost realized.
• Paraphrase is a mood in the Latvian language, used to convey foreign words.

see also

Notes

Links

• Referovskaya E. A. Inclination // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: SE, 1990. - P. 321-322.

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See what “Mood (linguistics)” is in other dictionaries:

- (conjunctive, subjunctive, lat. modus conjunctivus or subjunctivus) a number of special forms of the verbal mood of most Indo-European languages, expressing through a subjective attitude possible, conjectural, desirable or ... ... Wikipedia

- (lat. modus imperativus; also imperative) a form of mood expressing expressions of will (order, request or advice). For example: let's go, let's go, talk. Contents 1 Meaning 2 Morphological characteristics ... Wikipedia

- (lat. Optativus), as an expression of the desire (more or less persistent) of the speaker, was quite common in the Proto-Indo-European language; from it it passed into later languages, in which it gradually disappeared, leaving only in some... ... Wikipedia

This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted. You can... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Modality. This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted. You can... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Taxis (meanings). Taxis is the connection between two predicative units in terms of mood, person, tense. If in a phrase the infinitive is indicated after the verb of motion, then they coincide in ... ... Wikipedia

“Rain, rain, go away! Let me wander through the puddles!” - in this children's poem we see verbs that express a request. They are called imperative.

verb in Russian

In Russian, such words are used in The forms of these verbs have a surreal meaning, which means that they are not connected with reality, because the action called in this way is possible, but does not necessarily happen in reality. Here are some examples of sentences that use imperative verbs:

• Anatoly Andreevich, allow me to submit the report within a week ( request).
• Don't wait too long on this ( advice).
• Let it be in last time (requirement).
• Be silent. Listen ( order).

Singular forms

Imperative verbs change according to numbers and persons. This table provides examples of unit forms. numbers.

Plural forms

If we address more than one person with an impulse, then we use the verb in the plural imperative form. number. They also change according to persons and, unlike the changes in previous forms, can be used in the first person. This is explained by the fact that one person cannot ask himself to do something, but he can make a request for joint action from people nearby.

Formation of verbs. imperative mood

Such verbs have the second person form and are formed from the present form. and bud. tense in which the stem is highlighted (part of a word without an ending):

• walks - move-;
• writes - write-;
• reads - reads-;
• will install - install-;
• will leave - leaving -.

The suffix -и- (-й-) or a zero suffix is ​​added to the stem:

• move + and;
• write + and;
• chita + th;
• set + and;
• leave the + zero suffix.

The endings of this verb form express the grammatical meaning of the number.

If the imperative form of a verb is singular, it will remain before the plural ending and before the suffix -sya:

• correct, correct;
• stay, stay;
• reset, reset;
• don't argue;
• don't touch
• if you please.

In business

The verb in the imperative mood is quite actively used in various fields activities. For example, in the business world we use instructions.

What should you do in case of fire?

If signs of fire are detected:

• call immediately fire department city, village or other populated area;
• evacuate people;
• take all possible measures to extinguish the fire.

Heads of the enterprise:

• duplicate the fire message to the fire department and inform superiors and the person on duty;
• organize the rescue of people using all possible means;
• check whether fire protection systems are turned on;
• turn off the power or take measures to eliminate the fire;
• stop all work at the fire site, except for those related to extinguishing the fire;
• remove workers and other persons from the danger zone, except those involved in extinguishing the fire;
• provide guidance on extinguishing the fire until the fire department arrives;
• ensure compliance with safety requirements by all workers taking part in fire extinguishing;
• organize the protection of material assets;
• meet the fire department;
• ensure the provision of necessary medical care to persons affected by the fire;
• inform the fire extinguishing manager about all the features of the fire site;
• organize the involvement of forces and resources in the implementation of measures related to eliminating the fire and preventing its development.

In educational activities

IN educational activities sentences with imperative verbs are used, for example, in algorithms.

Example - application of the spelling rule for unstressed vowels:

1. Change the word or choose a word with the same root.
2. Select the root.
3. Find the root in which the vowel is stressed.
4. Check all the remaining words using this root.

In everyday activities

In everyday life, sentences with imperative verbs are used in application manuals household appliances, conducting repair work, cooking, making clothes and the like.

Take, for example, a cooking recipe:

• Beef strips. Cut two hundred grams of beef and one onion into equal strips seven to eight centimeters long. Heat a frying pan over very high heat and melt 100 g of pork fat. Dip the chopped meat and onions into it, fry, stirring all the time, avoiding burning. After two minutes, add a teaspoon of table wine, the same amount of beef broth, salt and sugar to taste. Bring to a boil and serve, garnished with herbs.
• Cucumber salad in sweet and sour sauce. First, prepare the filling: dissolve two teaspoons of granulated sugar in two teaspoons of apple cider vinegar. Wash the cucumbers, cut them, place the chopped pieces in a salad bowl, finely chop the greens, stir. Pour in sugar and vinegar sauce. Can be served.

That's why it's so important. This part of speech is necessary in order to correctly name and describe the action. Like other parts of speech, it has its own morphological features, which can be constant or inconsistent. Thus, permanent morphological characteristics include person, gender, tense, and number. Let's look at the concept of verb mood in Russian. How to define it? All these questions can be answered in this article.

In contact with

What is inclination?

This is a grammatical feature of a verb that helps modify the word. This category is necessary in order to express process relation, which just calls this word, to reality.

Important! Verb forms are indicative, imperative and conditional moods

Depending on how the words express the attitude towards the processes that occur in reality, there are moods for verbs:

• direct;
• indirect.

By direct we mean the indicative mood, which allows you to objectively convey the action. For example: Yesterday we watched a movie.

Indirect is an imperative or imperative mood. It serves to express those processes that do not coincide with reality. For example: I would read this novel tomorrow, but I will go on a visit.

Thinking about the definition of a verb

Kinds

The classification is based on the features and peculiarities of the lexical meaning of verbs.

In modern times there are three types:

1. Indicative.
2. Conditional.
3. Imperative.

The first type usually denotes the action that is actually happening and could happen in the past, can happen in the present and can happen in the future. For example: I will do my homework on Thursday.

The second type denotes an act that will be performed in the future, but under a certain condition. For example: I would do my homework on Thursday, but I'm going to the theater.

The third type is either an order to do something or a request. For example: Be sure to learn your homework tomorrow.

Three types of verb mood

How to determine the mood of a verb

In order to determine this, it is necessary to understand how the action occurs and what grammatical characteristics it has. So, verbs in the indicative show a real action, so this word will change over time.

If the verb is in the imperative form, then it is the action will be performed by some other person. Such words usually encourage some kind of activity.

Therefore, the action will not be actually performed, but required. Most often, to obtain the imperative verb form, a specific tense is used, for example, future or present, to which the suffix -i must be added. But it’s possible without it. For example, catch, scream, die. If it is used in the plural, then the ending te is added respectfully to the ending of such a word. For example, catch, scream, die.

The conditional mood refers to those actions that could happen if there were all the necessary conditions. By the way, the conditional is also called the subjunctive. This form is easy to identify in the text, since it usually always contains a particle would or b. For example, I would jump into the river if I had a swimsuit.

Important! Any verbal word form can be used in oral and writing not only in the literal sense, but also figuratively. Usually figurative meaning completely changes the meaning of the word, so this category also changes.

Indicative

The most common verbal word form in the Russian language is considered to be indicative, since it allows us to talk about what happens in reality to a person, object or any person. Only the indicative can determine time, and how this action is performed will depend on what it is: in reality or in the future.

Another feature of this form is the change in persons and numbers. If the verb is perfective, then it can change tenses:

1. The present.
2. Future.
3. Past.

Each time is formed here in its own way. Thus, the future tense is formed using the word “to be”, which is added to the verb in indefinite form. But this is a complex form of the future tense, and simple form- This . For example: I clean my apartment all day long. (present time). I cleaned the apartment all day long. (past tense). I will clean the apartment all day long. (bud. time).

The indicative mood can be found in various types speech, and therefore in many speech situations These are the most commonly used verb forms.

Conditional

Words that are used in conditional form, indicate those actions that can occur, but some conditions are necessary for this to happen. For example: I would pass this test if I had help. To form such forms, you simply need to put the verb in the past tense and attach the particle would or b. The particle can appear anywhere in a sentence. It is necessary in order to highlight the word you need, which can be any part of speech.

The subjunctive, or conditional, also has its own peculiarities of use. It allows not only to express some action that could occur if special capabilities were created for this, but also helps express desires and dreams, doubts and fears.

The subjunctive mood in Russian helps to express the nuances of the conditions of action. Examples: I would like to go to the sea if my work didn’t keep me. There wouldn't be any trouble!

Imperative

Imperative verbs encourage the person listening to the speech to take some action. Such words, varied in emotional and grammatical design, can be either polite when they contain some kind of request, or an order. For example: please bring a book. Bring a book!

Mood forms

1) Verbs in the indicative mood denote an action that is happening, has happened and will happen. From the name itself - “indicative” - it follows that the action takes place in reality, in reality.

A verb in the indicative mood can change tenses: for example, I'm playing, I'm playing, I'm going to play.

2) Verbs in the conditional mood denote an action that could occur if certain conditions are met.

The conditional mood is formed using the particle “would”, as well as the past tense form: I would learn it, I would read it.

3) Verbs in the imperative mood indicate an action that someone asks or orders to perform.

Such verbs are in most cases used in the second person form (sit down, stand up), as well as with the particle “-ka” (read-ka, run-ka). Often imperative verbs are accompanied by an exclamation mark.

Rules: indicative mood

To determine what mood a verb is in, you need to look at the sentence in which it is used, pay attention to the presence of the particle “would” or the fact of a request or order.

The most common verbs are the indicative mood - this is the form that we use in everyday life.

Indicative verbs can be seen in narrative, descriptive and reasoning texts, since this form is almost universal.

Verbs in the indicative mood can be in any tense - past, present or future. This is due to the fact that the indicative mood does not carry practically any emotional connotation (unlike, for example, the imperative, which is possible only in the future tense).

Also, a verb in the indicative mood can change according to the category of person, as well as the category of aspect - to be perfect or imperfect.

It must be remembered that in some cases, verbs of the indicative mood can be used in the meaning of the imperative mood: “Let's go, let's go!”, “And you will bring me kvass” - as a rule, such a choice is made so that the address sounds polite and not like an order.

An indicative verb may contain interrogative intonation. But the reverse connection is also possible: the use of an imperative verb in the indicative meaning - “Someone whisper in my ear...” - to create the effect of description.

This choice, as a rule, is explained by the author’s desire to give his text a brighter stylistic coloring. In neutral speech such techniques are not usually used.

Verb mood is a non-constant grammatical feature that shows the speaker’s assessment of an action. Its various types indicate how the speaker evaluates the action: either he considers it possible under some condition, or desirable, or real.

They can be of three types:

Lesson summary for 6th grade

Note:

The topic is designed for two lessons. First lesson - general concept about mood, familiarization with verb moods; second lesson - . The lessons are compiled in accordance with § 74 of the textbook by L. M. Rybchenkova.

Verb mood.

learning new material;

development of skills in morphological analysis of verbs, spelling skills;

nurturing love for the Russian language and interest in learning it.

Cognitive: searching for information, determining the meaning of information, constructing statements, reflecting on activities;

Regulatory: goal setting, activity planning;

Communicative: ability to express thoughts;

Personal: self-determination, meaning formation, moral assessment.

Lesson type:

Organizing time.

Updating basic knowledge:

A) Repetition of spelling “b at the end of 2nd person verbs singular» ; explanatory dictation.

You walk through the forest, look around and suddenly see here and there families of mushrooms: growing in the shade, hidden from mushroom pickers. While you are collecting them, you walk around each clearing several times. If you feel tired, sit down on a tree stump somewhere and rest. You notice a bell nearby. It seems that if you hit it, it will ring!

B) morphological analysis verbs from the 1st sentence (repetition of the present, future and past tense of the verb, aspect, transitivity, reflexivity).

C) Creating a problematic situation: characterize the verb BACK from the last sentence; can we determine the tense of this verb? What makes it so unusual?

Learning new material.

A) Lesson topic, goal setting, motivation, work planning.

B) Observation of linguistic material (exercise 524): which sentence reports a real action, which one reports a possible one, which one reports a desirable, necessary one?

We are getting ready for the masquerade. Don't be afraid, come with us. We wouldn't have taken you.

C) Reading theoretical material in a textbook, preparing an oral answer based on the table (work in pairs):

The mood of the verb expresses the attitude of the action to reality: it actually happens or is only possible, desirable or necessary. Indicative verbs denote real actions that happened (past tense), are happening (present tense), or will happen (future tense).

For example: caught, catches, will catch.

Verbs of the conditional and imperative moods do not denote real, but possible or desirable, necessary actions.

For example: I would catch, catch.

D) Ex. 525: write down verbs from the text, indicate their tense and type.

Threw - past, perfect;

hiding - present, imperfect;

got there - past, perfect;

flew - past, perfect;

I will rest - future, perfect;

will end - future, perfect;

I will mourn - future, imperfect.

A distinctive feature of indicative verbs is that they have tense forms.

D) Let's explain the meaning of the phrase:

“The starting point for verb tense is the moment of speech, that is, the moment when we speak.”

What does it mean? (Using the example of verbs I was drawing, I am drawing, I will draw). Students explain, make sentences, tell what drawings they would use to illustrate these sentences.

E) Analysis of materials in the table ex. 527:

What types of verbs have forms of all three tenses?

What kind of verbs do not have a present tense form?

What do you think is the reason for this?

Based on the materials in the table, talk about how the aspect and tense of a verb are related.

(The perfective verb denotes an action that has a limit, a result, but in the present tense the action is happening, there is no result yet, therefore perfective verbs cannot be in the present tense).

G) Form from the verbs in ex. 528 forms of the past tense singular masculine:

knit, lift, cover, saw, listen, throw, believe, notice, notice, manage, freeze, smile, fight, remain silent.

Indicate suffixes and endings. Draw a conclusion about how the past tense form of the verb is formed. (From the stem of the infinitive using the suffix L).

H) Changing the text: write down a fragment of the text, putting the verbs in the past tense form. How will the meaning of the text change? (Text on screen or pre-written on the board).

The snowstorm howls and whistles in the fields. She drives clouds of snow across the sky and makes snowdrifts on the ground. The blizzard covers paths and paths and hurries the belated traveler home. It buzzes in the wires, drums on the windows. There's a snowstorm everywhere. She hums and roars in different voices.

Checking, summing up, evaluating.

Reflection: what new did you learn about the verb? What inclinations are there? What mood did you use in class today? What is its distinctive feature?

What was the most interesting thing in the lesson? What type of work did you like best? What was difficult that will need to be repeated?

1. Homework:

   Oral story about verb moods based on the table ex. 524, choose your own examples.

   Ex. 529 by analogy with the last task: write down the text, replacing present tense verbs with past tense verbs.

   Schoolchildren set up tents and go to collect brushwood for a fire. Several people remain near the counselor. They peel potatoes and bring water from the stream. The girls collect branches and cover the tents with them, and lay sleeping bags on top of the branches. This is how the children prepare dinner and overnight stays. It gets dark quickly. Everything around calms down and falls asleep.