Sanitary protection of populated areas is of great importance today. In the private sector, the problem of wastewater disposal is very common. Household drains are often very polluted. Such water should not be discharged into the sewer network without prior treatment. Biological treatment involves reducing the concentration of organic matter. Often it is combined with mechanical, chemical cleaning and disinfection. Not everyone knows how to make biological treatment stations with their own hands, installation features.
Characteristic
Until recently, most houses had cesspools. Today they are becoming less and less. They were replaced by biological treatment plants. This group also includes a septic tank. The essence of biological treatment is that various microorganisms (bacteria), algae are used. They are bred specifically for wastewater treatment. This process is based on natural cleansing. To stimulate the activity of this microflora, additional aeration is carried out (air supply to the tank).
In addition, biological treatment plants provide mixing of wastewater and sedimentation of particles. In the latter case, we are also talking about mechanical purification of water. Such autonomous systems allow the use of treated effluents for other purposes. Often such water is used for technical or other needs. In more modern septic tanks, drains can be disinfected with UV or ultrasound. All treatment plants can be divided into simple and deep cleaning. The building includes the following components:
- camera;
- filter;
- department for mineralization of silt deposits;
- lighting chamber.
Main stages
To organize water purification with your own hands, you need to know the main stages of work. First, you need to dig a hole. Its dimensions may vary. It is preferable to make a pit 1.5 x 1.5 x 2 m. Its dimensions depend on the dimensions of the station itself. To strengthen the structure, formwork is made of wooden boards. There should be no gaps between boards. Work should be carried out by two or three people. Secondly, a thick layer of sand is laid at the bottom of the dug hole. It is needed for better filtering. Thirdly, it will be necessary to install the station itself for biological treatment.
At the next stage, it will be necessary to fill all departments of the station with water and fill in the voids around the structure. This is done with sand. The station must be level. Fourth, you need to organize a pipeline. Pipes are made with a diameter of 100-110 mm. The depth of the trench should be 0.2-0.7 m. The dug trench should be located at a slight slope towards the station. A sand cushion is laid on its bottom. Next is the installation of the pipeline. Do not forget about the thermal insulation of pipes. The pipeline is connected to the septic tank using a pipe. It should come with the station.
A well-organized autonomous sewage system has become the key to a comfortable stay outside the city. Here, a septic tank has replaced the centralized connection to utilities. The disadvantage of its design was the regular maintenance of the sewers. Today, most summer residents know how to make a septic tank without pumping out with their own hands. There is nothing complicated in its device and principle of operation, it is enough to study the installation scheme, the nuances of placement and the main characteristics of the models.
Scheme of a three-chamber septic tank
The design of the treatment plant
The complexity of building a septic tank without pumping out depends on its performance, device and selected material. All models of the treatment plant operate on the same principle: wastewater is mechanically separated into fractions, treated with anaerobic bacteria and sent for filtration and discharge.
High efficiency in wastewater treatment can be achieved using a design with a compressor and aerator. The output of such a system is technical water suitable for household needs. The biological treatment plant has a high performance, it does not need to be pumped out and is environmentally friendly. The main drawback of the device is the need to connect to the power supply, therefore, for the smooth operation of the sewer system, it is better to choose a non-volatile option.
The septic tank provides accumulation and filtration of drains. Their purification occurs under the action of microorganisms. In order for the bacteria to have time to qualitatively disinfect the waste before seepage into the soil, it is not enough to install a single-chamber structure. The best option for an autonomous septic tank for a country house would be the construction of a two or three-chamber treatment plant.
Attention. It will not be possible to completely avoid pumping out, but with the right size of the septic tank, it is produced every 10 years.
The principle of operation of the "eternal" septic tank
The best option, which ensures the long-term operation of the structure without maintenance, is the installation of three tanks. Two of them have a sealed structure, and a layer of gravel and rubble is poured on the bottom of the third. Each tank is equipped with a maintenance hatch and a vent pipe for venting gases. The process of processing organics is slow, so an unpleasant odor does not spread from the septic tank.
A drain from the house is connected to the first chamber, all parts are interconnected by overflows located in the upper part of the structure. The capacity into which wastewater enters has the largest size, it occupies 50% of the total volume. Settling takes place in the receiving chamber, during which heavy fractions sink to the bottom under the action of gravity. Oily film and small suspensions remain in the partially clarified water, which, after reaching the overflow level, is sent to the next chamber.
Advice. Bottom sediments are treated with anaerobic bacteria, microorganisms can be added from the outside, lowering them into the sewer.
In the second chamber, the decomposition of organic substances into silt and gas continues. When the level rises, the water enters the last chamber, which is a filter well. Thanks to a layer of crushed stone, the remains of solid fractions are removed from the liquid.
The need to pump out the septic tank may arise when bottom sediments fill the first chamber, but due to its size and the vital activity of bacteria, this process takes years.
Performance and location of the treatment plant
The first thing they encounter when choosing a sump model is its size. For self-calculation, a simple formula is used: the standard of 200 liters is multiplied by the number of residents and tripled. For a family of four you will need: 200x4x3 \u003d 2400 liters or 2.4 cubic meters. m. According to this scheme, it is easy to find out the optimal volume of the septic tank. When calculating, it is worth adding 20% for the reserve, because over time, bottom sediments will increase and take away the usable area.
Attention. An incorrect calculation of productivity with an excess volume turns into the death of bacteria, with an insufficient size - flooding of the site.
When choosing a site for a treatment plant, consider:
- sanitary standards;
- ground water level;
- freezing depth in the region.
According to sanitary rules and documents, the safe distance from the septic tank to water bodies and buildings is:
- residential building - 5m;
- well - 20-50 m;
- reservoir - 30 m;
- water pipes - 10 m;
- adjacent plot - 2m.
A septic tank without pumping and smell, when installed with your own hands, is buried to a depth below freezing. It should be separated from the aquifer by at least 1 meter.
What materials are used to build a reliable septic tank?
In the manufacture of a treatment plant on their own, they try to use improvised building materials, but not all of them are able to ensure tightness and durability of operation. The most common design options are:
- construction of plastic containers (Eurocubes);
- concrete rings with a bottom and a filter layer;
- septic tank from car tires;
- monolithic concrete structure.
To understand the strengths and weaknesses of the listed materials, we will consider in detail each structure.
Eurocube construction
For a septic tank, you will need two or three containers. One of them has a bottom cut out to create a filtration layer. Plastic tanks must be placed in a metal frame welded from a profile, this will protect the structure from soil exposure. Before installation, inlet and outlet pipes are inserted into the containers and holes for the ventilation pipe are cut out. All joints are treated with silicone.
The pit for the tanks is dug with a slope, the second tank should be located 20 cm lower than the first. To fix light eurocubes, a concrete slab is poured at the bottom of the pit, to which the tanks are attached. This will prevent the rise of the septic tank by groundwater.
Eurocube septic tank with ventilation pipes
Advantages:
- tightness of containers;
- simple installation;
- durability.
Flaws:
- the need for reinforcement.
Tire construction
Car tires are sometimes used in installations without electricity. The design is designed for a small amount of waste. Two pits are dug under the tires, according to the estimated performance. Tires are connected with clamps, and the joints are treated with sealant. The bottom of the first chamber is lined with polyethylene or roofing felt, with better installation - concreted. For a large family, tires of increased diameter are used.
Connecting tires for a sewage treatment plant
Advantages:
- the availability of the material;
- simple installation.
Flaws:
- freezing in winter;
- rapid loss of shape and tightness;
- short service life.
Reinforced concrete rings
You can quickly assemble a septic tank without pumping out and electricity from factory concrete rings. They are offered in a complete set, with a bottom and an overlap. The robust construction, bonded at the joints with cement mortar and treated with waterproofing, ensures high tightness and safety from flooding. Tanks from rings are obtained the same size, their connection is made with plastic pipes with a diameter of 110 mm.
Under such a septic tank, labor-intensive earthworks will be required, including digging two or three pits and trenches for a sewer pipe. The depth of the wells from the rings is 3-4 meters. Tees are installed at the ends of the inlet and outlet pipes to avoid clogging. For access to the elements and cleaning, use hatches or ventilation holes made directly above the tee. All chambers are covered with slabs with hatches and sealed. When the wells fall asleep, they make a clay castle.
Advice. For equipment of a drainage well, you can buy a special ring with perforation over the entire surface.
Advantages:
- strength and durability;
- the material is not afraid of ground pressure;
- the structure does not freeze in winter.
Flaws:
- the complexity of installation;
- the need for thorough waterproofing;
- use of a crane.
Wastewater treatment plant made of monolithic concrete
One of the most successful designs of a non-volatile septic tank for giving without pumping is made of concrete. For non-permanent residence, you can make a structure into two sections, and for a country house it is better to increase its size to three. This option is not inferior in strength to a septic tank made of concrete rings, but is performed independently, without the involvement of special equipment.
When digging a pit, it should be noted that the internal size of the sections will be smaller due to the thickness of the walls. The construction of such a structure will take more time than other options. The pouring of walls from concrete occurs in stages, with breaks for solidification. The septic tank is a rectangular sealed tank, divided into sections. The walls and bottom of the chambers must be reinforced before pouring concrete. Edged boards are used as formwork and struts. Overflow plastic pipes are inserted into the partitions at an angle, a drain from the house is connected to the first chamber. Here, the effluents will be separated and flow into the second section, where decomposition by microorganisms will continue. The last section is carried out without a bottom, sand is poured instead, and then a layer of rubble. Through a natural filter, effluents will go into the soil.
Two-chamber septic tank made of monolithic concrete
Advice. In the manufacture of concrete, Portland cement grade M400 is used.
After the construction of the septic tank, the floor slab is poured. A hatch and a place for a ventilation pipe are left in it.
Advantages:
- tightness and reliability;
- durability;
- high performance;
- autonomy.
Flaws:
- laborious and lengthy building process.
Bath septic tank
Bath is one of the attributes of country life, its use involves domestic wastewater that needs to be disposed of. Depending on the device or the absence of a toilet in the room, a sump with one or two chambers can be made.
Single chamber structure
To treat "grey drains" consisting of soapy water and a small amount of organic matter, you can build a tank without a bottom. In it, water is purified, passing through a filtration layer of crushed stone and gravel. The depth of the well should be at least 1 meter. The material for its construction is:
- plastic container with holes;
- a barrel without a bottom;
- concrete rings;
- brick.
Double chamber cleaning
If faecal matter is present in the drains, more thorough treatment is necessary. In this case, a septic tank for a bath without pumping out requires the equipment of two chambers. In the first one, effluents will be settled and divided into fractions. The clarified water will overflow into the drainage well, which is the second chamber, and seep into the soil.
A do-it-yourself septic tank without pumping out is not inferior in efficiency to factory models, but it will cost much less.
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The degree and quality of wastewater treatment depends on the facilities and methods used. One of the effective ones is biological. For this, a special station is being installed in the country house. It cleans all waste sewer water. Details and reviews - below.
Station for biological treatment: description, principle of operation
Most often, the issue related to the disposal of polluted water and waste is of concern to residents of the private sector, summer residents, owners of country cottages, recreation centers, campsites. After all, where, if not far from cities with an established sewerage system, you have to think about where to put it and how to filter the drains. This is where biological wastewater treatment plants come to the rescue. Working from the mains, they clean sewage waste and take it to any place equipped for this: a ditch, filtration fields, etc.
Connecting the biological treatment plant to the sewerage of the house
The principle of operation of the station is based on the vital activity of microorganisms that are initially found in wastewater. They have the ability to reproduce in special devices under favorable conditions. Bacteria need air to work, which is specially pumped into the cleaning system for this. Under its action, microorganisms decompose sewage waste, resulting in the formation of brown flakes - activated sludge. It is considered a good fertilizer, so using the station in a summer cottage is very appropriate.
Advice. It is not necessary to introduce additional bacteria into the biological treatment plant. Useless here will be special "sourdough", which is used to process cesspools, dry closets. Be aware that the composition of microorganisms contained in such preparations and in wastewater differ from each other.
Facilities and methods for biological wastewater treatment
According to the types of microorganisms that are involved in wastewater treatment, there are 2 methods:
- Aerobic bacteria that require oxygen to function. With this method of purification, biofilters and aerotanks are used, which are more efficient. It is as a result of their use that activated sludge is formed, which fertilizes vegetable gardens.
- With the help of anaerobic microbes that live without oxygen. They start the fermentation process and turn organic waste into methane and carbon dioxide. To do this, metatenki are used. The anaerobic method requires less investment, because. additionally, aeration (air saturation) does not occur.
Attention! For maximum efficiency, experts recommend using installations that involve both types of microorganisms.
Methods for the purification of polluted waters using aerobic microorganisms are divided according to the type of tank where waste waste is oxidized:
- biopond;
- filter field;
- biofilter.
Aerotank station
The use of the first two structures has the following features:
- seasonality - they work only during the warm season;
- relatively low performance;
- the need to use large tracts of land.
Stages of biological treatment. Station installation
The biostation is a container, which is divided into several compartments. In the first of them, mechanical purification of water from municipal solid waste and sediment accumulation takes place. It needs to be removed periodically. Further, depending on the design features, the already slightly purified water is poured either into the secondary sump (metatenk or anaerobic chamber) or into the biotreatment compartment. In it, the further process occurs with the help of a biofilter or aeration tank.
Attention! The degree of water purification in the aeration tank is better than in a device with a biofilter. In addition, such a station does not require additional insulation. But the biofilter is more convenient to use, in particular, it is autonomous in terms of electricity.
The station fits into the design of almost any dacha, because it can:
- install underground;
- deepen by half (if groundwater passes close to the surface)
- put on the land (relevant for devices that do not work all year round, but only in warm weather).
Station installation diagram
It is better to trust the assembly of the station to professionals, since the cost of an error during installation can be very significant. For example, a well-installed structure is not a source of an unpleasant odor, since it is absolutely hermetic. In addition, due to improper installation, expensive parts gradually fail.
Pros and cons of a biological treatment plant. Owner reviews
Station benefits:
- high environmental friendliness;
- ease of use;
- durability, since there are no metal parts;
- versatility - suitable for any soil;
- compactness;
- high performance;
- the need for maintenance is rare.
Disadvantages of biological treatment devices:
- the high price of the system itself, as well as expensive service costs;
- restrictions on use - it is not recommended to drain substances containing chlorine;
- the need to constantly use the station, since microorganisms die during long breaks.
True, the last drawback loses its relevance if you choose a device, for example, with an activated sludge auto-oxidation system.
Owner reviews indicate that with proper installation and operation of the station, there are no problems: filters do not clog, the seam on the body does not diverge, and parts do not break. In addition, you should take into account the following observations of those who managed to test the devices in their area:
It is very important to properly install
- Despite the lack of recommendations from manufacturers, it is better to insulate some biological stations.
- Waste of some vegetables, for example, mushrooms or tomatoes, is better not to be dumped into the sewer: they are not recycled.
- Bath or shower drains, as well as sinks, should be equipped with special nets that trap hair, otherwise the filters will quickly become clogged.
- The drain from the washing machine and dishwasher must be arranged separately, since aggressive detergents can kill microorganisms.
Advice. The highest efficiency - the degree of purification up to 98% - is provided by a three- or four-stage processing system. This indicator is typical only for stations. More simple devices, with filters, have an indicator of 65%. Keep this in mind when deciding to equip the bio-sewerage on the site.
Biological treatment station: video
Biological treatment station: photo
From this article, you will learn about the most common ways to equip a sewage treatment system for a private house, about the pros and cons, features of operation, as well as the cost of each of the options for these systems.
Competent arrangement of the drainage system can be considered one of the most difficult and responsible tasks in the design of an individual house. The most common ways of arranging a local sewage system are:
- storage pits
- septic tanks of various types
- biological treatment systems
All wastewater treatment systems work with the participation of microorganisms, which, in the course of their life, absorb pollution, which is an excellent nutrient medium for them. The quantity and species composition of these bacteria determine the type and quality of the final treatment. The organization of the process is fundamentally possible only in three ways:
- With the use of putrefactive bacteria, without creating additional favorable conditions for them. Effluent treatment is minimal. This type is typical for various wastewater storage tanks.
- The use of anaerobic microorganisms living in an oxygen-free environment. The degree of wastewater treatment is on average about 50%. This option is used in the operation of various types of septic tanks. Advanced biofeeding devices involve the intermittent supply of artificially grown microorganisms.
- The use of aerobic bacteria that need a constant supply of oxygen. The process of wastewater treatment proceeds similarly to the natural decomposition of waste, but much faster. The output is industrial water purified by 98%. It is used in biological treatment systems with aerotanks.
Thus, it is possible to equip a local sewage system in various ways and at different costs, but the effect will not be the same. The choice of the system remains with the owner of the home, and in order to facilitate it, we will consider the main ways of arranging an autonomous sewage system.
Cesspools
Devices are the simplest drives designed to collect sewage. Effluent enters the tank through a pipeline, which must be laid below the freezing level of the soil or additionally insulated. As the pit fills up, it is cleaned out with a cesspool truck. The building must be airtight, this is a guarantee of its safety. Variants of pits without a bottom or with a filter layer of sand and gravel arranged at the bottom poison the soil and, accordingly, groundwater, which makes them a serious source of pollution.
An autonomous sewage system with a cesspool has certain advantages:
- Extreme simplicity of design.
- Cheap manufacturing and installation. If an industrial production capacity is purchased, the costs will be slightly higher.
- The device does not require maintenance, except for pumping out. It does not depend on the supply of electricity and does not require the arrangement of additional treatment zones, such as filtration wells or fields.
There are also disadvantages of the system:
- The need for regular pumping of sewage, which requires certain costs to pay for the services of sewers.
- A fairly high probability of depressurization of the tank and the ingress of effluents into the soil and groundwater. This is especially true for metal structures that are prone to corrosion.
- Bad smell.
- The location on the site is limited by sanitary standards, while the possibility of free access to the pumping facility is also taken into account.
- The impossibility of arrangement in the case of a high level of groundwater.
There are many options for arranging cesspools. The simplest, but also the most expensive, is the purchase of a ready-made tank. Most often these are plastic containers of various shapes and volumes. They are not subject to corrosion and keep the tightness all term of operation. There are many types of such drives. These are "Tank", "Triton", "Leader", "Topas" in various modifications. The cost of devices starts from 9,000 rubles.
Many people prefer to equip cesspools with their own hands. Such structures are made of brick, concrete, cinder blocks or tires. Another common option is to use a finished metal container or make one to the desired size. In any case, when choosing a cesspool as an autonomous sewer, one should assess the intensity of its future pumping. Very often, clean-up costs are high and nullify the apparent benefit of arranging the cheapest option.
Septic tanks
A septic tank is a technologically connected system of tanks in which, with the participation of anaerobic bacteria, mechanical treatment of domestic wastewater occurs. Contaminated liquid flows from one container to another. In each of them, solid fractions settle, which are subsequently decomposed by bacteria. The accumulated sediment must be periodically removed from the system. Septic tanks clean drains up to a maximum of 60-70%. All solid insoluble contaminants remain inside the system, while light fractions continue to be present in the water. It needs to be further cleaned. For these purposes, special structures are used, the choice of which is determined by the type of soil.
Most often these are filtering fields. They are spray pipes placed in trenches made of a filter element with a thickness of at least 1 m, under which a drain is laid to drain clean water. Such fields should be equipped at a certain distance from sources of drinking water and fruit plants. In addition, the depth of their laying must be greater than the level of soil freezing, otherwise the system will not be able to work in the cold season. Once every five to seven years, it is necessary to dig out the structure, completely rinse or replace the filter layer. In any case, such fields are a very expensive and environmentally unsafe device.
The water purification system for a private house - with the help of a septic tank has undeniable advantages:
- Complete energy independence.
- Relative cheapness of arrangement and installation.
Its shortcomings include:
- Low level of domestic wastewater treatment.
- The need to equip an additional cleaning system such as filtration wells, fields, etc.
- Regular, although not as frequent as for cesspools, pumping sludge from the system.
You can set up a septic tank yourself. For this, several containers are made, interconnected. They can be made of concrete, brick, tires. Eurocubes are also used for these purposes. Home-made systems will cost their owner less than industrial septic tanks. However, the latter are distinguished by high reliability and a variety of models, which allows you to choose the best option for specific conditions.
The main criteria for choosing a septic tank are:
- The capacity or amount of effluent processed by the device. Measured in cube. m / day.
- The quality of the container material.
- The maximum value of a salvo discharge, that is, the volume of wastewater simultaneously entering the chamber of the device in cubic meters.
- The degree of cleaning carried out by the facility.
- Limiting value of short-term loads. For some models, it is permissible to exceed the passport loads for a short time, which must be indicated in the device documents.
- Possibility of installation of a design in the conditions of a high level of ground waters.
As practice shows, it is best to purchase a septic tank in companies specializing in the sale and installation of devices. In this case, you can be sure of the correct selection and installation of the system, which will save you from problems and additional costs for correcting mistakes. In addition, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the certificate, hygienic conclusion and guarantees. These documents must be present.
Comparative characteristics of the most common models are given in the table:
| Volume options | Cleaning degree | Material | Additional Benefits | Price | |
| Tank | From models designed for 1-3 people. up to options for 7-9 people. | Up to 70%, using the infiltration system offered by the manufacturer allows you to get up to 98% purified water | Durable plastic up to 17 mm thick, seamless housing | Block-modular design makes it possible to assemble systems of the required volume, | From 27 000 |
| Triton | From devices for 1-2 residents to systems for 38-40 people | 60%, post-treatment required | High-strength polyethylene from 14 to 40 mm thick | Low cost device, easy installation | From 20 000 |
| cleansing | From models designed for 2 people. up to devices for 18 residents | For systems with a biofilter - up to 80%, additional cleaning is needed | Polypropylene, fiberglass with a thickness of 10 to 14 mm | Built-in biofilter, additional resistance to large salvo discharges, adapted to Russian climatic conditions | From 24 000 |
| Rostock | From options for 1-2 people. up to systems for 8 people. | For devices with a biofilter - up to 80% | Polypropylene 10 mm thick, seamless body | Salvo protection, special shape to prevent the device from surfacing, service required every 1-2 years | From 25 000 |
Stations of deep biological treatment
Deep biological wastewater treatment - can only be done with the help of aeration stations. These are devices that use the principle of natural biological purification, which is ubiquitous in nature. Mechanical cleaning, combined with the action of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, makes it possible to obtain 98% purified technical water and sludge, which can be used as fertilizer.
The principle of operation of the systems is quite simple. Effluent enters the receiving chamber, where large sewage is crushed and the liquid is saturated with oxygen. The wastewater prepared in this way, after passing through the coarse filter, is directed to the biological treatment chamber by means of an airlift. Biomass forms active suspended sludge, on the flakes of which cleaning processes take place. With the help of airlifts, the spent sludge is transferred to the activated sludge stabilizer.
The treated effluents are freed from the suspended particles dissolved in them and discharged into water bodies or onto the relief. In addition, such water can be used for technical needs, for example, for irrigation. On average, once a month, the spent sludge is pumped out of the device using a standard pump. It is an excellent source of biofuel and a high quality fertilizer.
The advantages of using such a system are obvious:
- A high degree of wastewater treatment, reaching up to 99%, which allows you to freely discharge the received process water or use it for household needs.
- The compact dimensions of the installations allow minimizing the work on arranging an autonomous sewage system.
- Extreme ease of maintenance.
- No unpleasant odors.
- Ease of installation of the device, which does not require special equipment.
- Possibility of installation in soils of any type.
Environmental pollution today is in the first place, the solution of this issue concerns absolutely all spheres of human life. One serious step towards solving the sanitary and hygienic problem has already been taken - numerous treatment facilities for private use have been developed. Since it is the private use of water resources that causes most of the trouble, special standards have been adopted, thanks to which the risk of infection is significantly reduced.
The standards for various treatment facilities are in the collections of SNiP, on the basis of which the design part of the sewer systems is compiled, based on the characteristics of the territory where the construction work will be carried out.
Types used and their characteristics
The tanks used have a lot of distinctive features that may be indispensable in certain natural conditions, but may be unnecessarily demanding in care, or the initial cost will only increase over time. Consider the existing types of containers used today:
- cesspools and storage tanks, a very old type of tank, is gradually losing its popularity due to an increase in cost, each call for a sewer increases the primary cost of the product;
- septic tanks - a relatively new type of treatment structure, allows you to dispose of clean water into the ground, subject to reaching a certain percentage, described in state standards;
- biological treatment stations - a new engineering structure, a fully automated process, the degree of purification reaches stunning results.
Three main types can be purchased from the manufacturer or made independently. Individual production requires serious preparation, collection of information, and a detailed detailed project.
Factory biological treatment stations are designed at the level of local urban wastewater treatment systems, have certain sensors and a special remote control, which can be used to receive and send signals.
Effluent entering the station is cleaned by several types of procedures, we are talking about mechanical and biological cleaning. The degree of purity reaches 97-100%, which makes it possible to reuse the resource for technical purposes.
Progress goes forward without looking back, gradually improving the existing developments, factory models of stations can disinfect water with ultrasound and other devices, the price accordingly becomes higher. There are many different options, but most of the cleaning is performed by microorganisms, which achieves this level of cleanliness.
Stations are divided into two types:
- simple stations;
- stations for deep wastewater treatment.
Products consist of the following parts:
- several cleaning chambers, often common number three, maybe more, each chamber has its own purpose;
- filters for final cleaning;
- special ventilation devices, air ducts or compressor;
- emergency sensors and other types of special equipment.
Cleaning with biological preparations
The biological treatment plant gets its name from the bacteria used as a processing agent, organic waste is completely decomposed into a harmless sludge, which can then be used to create compost.
Stations are divided into types based on the selected bacteria, which in turn can be:
- aerobic;
- anaerobic representatives.
Each species has its own characteristics, for example, anaerobic microbes can only live in an environment where oxygen is present, for this the station needs devices that exchange gases inside the section where the microorganisms are located. Anaerobic species of bacteria are used in pressurized sections, do well without oxygen.
Different sections can have different equipment, which will allow you to use both types of biological mixtures to get the best result.
Organization of a place for mounting the station
You need to choose a place in accordance with the regulated norms. The station is located in a place that meets the following standards:
- after analyzing the terrain and relief, inclusive, a place is selected in the lowland of the site, which helps to facilitate land work to comply with the angle of inclination, thus ensuring the gravity flow of effluents through the pipeline;
- the treatment plant is removed from sources of drinking water at least 30 meters;
- from the main building on the site, a distance of 15-20 meters;
- secondary buildings are located within 10-15 meters;
- natural water bodies must be removed at least 35 meters.
Having picked up the right place, they proceed to the design of the self-assembly structure.
The first thing to do is to calculate the volume of the future station. The daily consumption rate per person is 200 liters of water, you can resort to savings and consume 150 liters per person. We multiply the number of liters by the number of people permanently residing in the house. The resulting figure is increased by the amount of water consumed by household appliances. The average number of days in which cleaning takes place is 3 days, we multiply by the figure obtained for the consumed water resource.
The formula looks like this:
V \u003d 200 l * 3 people + 300 l (household appliances) * 3 days / 1000
We get 2.7 m³, this volume is quite enough for a family of 3 people, but as experts advise, you need to make some reserve in case of receiving guests, growing family size.
The resulting figure is divided by the number of sections, the first section or receiver has the largest volume, the remaining capacities can be equal to each other.
Choosing material for sections
Independent production of a biological treatment station, as a rule, from the following materials:
- concrete rings;
- polymer tanks;
- stainless steel tanks.
The cheapest option is polymer products, they are resistant to aggressive environments, light weight, no special transport is required, no need for additional waterproofing, high service life.
The other two options are more expensive, concrete rings need to be treated with waterproofing agents, heavy products need special devices for moving in space, lifting mechanisms during installation.
Each material has advantages and disadvantages, you need to choose the most suitable for the natural conditions of the site.
The design takes into account all possible options, including the placement of additional equipment (air compressor, etc.). Dependence on electricity may not be appropriate in areas with frequent interruptions, you need to provide an additional source, or use a mechanical method of air exchange.
Works of installation of external communications
Work begins with marking the territory, digging a foundation pit, trenches. It is very important to observe the slope of the trenches, the angle of inclination depends on the diameter of the pipe. The pit is prepared in this way:
- depth of occurrence below the freezing line of the soil;
- the bottom is made stepped, each next tank is lowered 20 cm below the previous one, ensuring the flow between the compartments of the station;
- the bottom is cemented, if necessary, clamps are made for the container;
- walls are leveled.
After the bottom has dried, concrete rings are lowered onto the cement base, fixing with cement mortar, other containers used to create a biological station.
While the concrete is curing, they make a preliminary layout of the pipes. An embankment is made in the trenches of sand and gravel, on which building insulating fabric is laid. Pipes are laid, the docking point is treated with sealed plumbing mastic.
Concrete rings are treated with a bituminous waterproofing solution inside and out, three layers are applied, each next only after the previous one has completely dried.
The pipeline is brought to the receiving tank, connected, sealed.
The second tank is equipped with an air duct, for this a pipe is cut in that rises 70 cm above the ground cover, an umbrella is installed on top as a protection against atmospheric moisture entering the system.
Connecting pipes are installed between the sections, the gaps between the tank wall and the pipe are sealed. The last reservoir also has a pipe for liquid disposal. It is directed at an angle into the post-treatment well, another device with a special embankment in layers (sand, sand and gravel, clean gravel).
A test run is carried out with clean water, in the absence of a leak, a quarter of warm water is poured into the tanks, after which biological agents for processing are poured, the containers are covered with lids. Conduct reverse winding of pipes and backfill.
The biological wastewater treatment plant is ready for use.