Slide 3

• In recent years, the range of bleaching and cleaning products has significantly expanded. Bleach is added to synthetic detergents or released separately to increase the degree of whiteness of products after washing. The updating and expansion of the range of cleaning products occurred mainly in connection with the introduction of synthetic detergents SMB into their composition or changes in the recipe. The latter was not always justified, since the appearance of a significant number of products of different names without a significant difference in their consumer properties does not meet the interests of buyers.

Slide 4

The nature of detergents.

• Detergents are complex organic compounds used in pure form or with additives for washing textile fiber products and washing various household items. These products also facilitate the bleaching and dyeing of fabrics, the production of emulsions and suspensions for the production of food products, paint compositions, the cleaning and grinding of ores and other natural materials, increase the anti-friction ability of lubricants, etc.
• The main (active) part of detergents are detergents. They are organic compounds that have surface activity, the ability to form foam and a semi-colloidal solution in water. Due to their surface activity, they lower the surface tension of water, thereby increasing its wetting ability.

Slide 5

• The polar part of the molecule determines the solubility of soap in water, the non-polar (hydrophobic) part makes it difficult, inhibits dissolution and tends to displace the soap molecule from the washing solution to the surface. In this regard, the soap in the solution is concentrated mainly on the surface of the washing solution. When shaken, it forms foam, which helps remove contaminants from the washing solution and characterizes the presence of unused detergent in the solution.

Slide 6

• By adsorbing on the surface of the washing solution, covering it, soap reduces the surface tension of water, as a result of which water more easily wets other bodies, penetrates into cracks, etc.
• The ratio of the lengths of the nonpolar and polar parts in the molecule determines the different solubility of the detergent in water.
• As the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases, the solubility decreases, but the hardness of the detergent increases. For example, stearic acid soap is solid and has low solubility in water at room temperature. By adding fatty acids with fewer carbon atoms, soap solubility improves. Detergents usually contain from 8 to 20 carbon atoms in the non-polar part, forming semi-colloids, that is, they are in solution both in the form of molecules and in the form of larger particles (aggregates).

Slide 7

• Soap contains a carboxyl group - COOH, which can interact with calcium and magnesium salts contained in hard water. This leads to the formation of insoluble “lime soap”, which settles on the fabric and negatively affects its strength.
• In the production of other types of detergents, the carboxyl group is blocked or replaced with another reactive polar group.

Slide 8

Detergents, depending on the structure of the hydrocarbon radical and the active group, are divided into the following types:

• Alkyl carbonates (soaps).
• Alkyl sulfates
  • primary
  • secondary
• Alkylsulfonates
• Alkylaryl sulfonates
• Alkylammonium chlorides (cationic detergents)
• Soaps are obtained by processing fatty raw materials; sulfates and sulfonates are synthetic detergents.
• The listed detergents are called ionic (ion-forming). In an aqueous solution they dissociate into ions.

Slide 9

The essence of the washing process.

• D - air bubbles with adsorbed detergent molecules (foam); E - stuck together foam bubbles and dirt particles;
• F - adsorption layer of the washing solution at the air-water interface
• a - mud particle on the surface of the material; b - adsorption of detergent on a dirt particle; c - separation of dirt particles from the surface being washed; g - a particle of dirt in the washing solution;

Slide 10

Properties of detergents.

• The consumer properties of detergents are detergent, foaming and anti-resorption ability, pH of the detergent medium.
• Cleaning ability is a comprehensive indicator for assessing the consumer properties of detergents. It is determined by the degree of restoration of the whiteness of contaminated fabric after one or several washes in a detergent solution of a certain consistency.

Slide 11

• The foaming ability of washing solutions is characterized by the volume or height of the foam column, as well as foam resistance, i.e., the ratio of the volume or height of the foam column after a certain period of time after its formation to the initial volume or height of the foam column. In soft water, soap forms a more abundant and stable foam than synthetic detergents.

Slide 12

• Anti-resorption ability characterizes the stabilizing effect of detergents. Detergents must not only remove contaminants from the surface, but also hold them in solution and prevent re-deposition, i.e., exhibit a stabilizing effect. Soaps have a high stabilizing effect. Synthetic detergents exhibit a relatively weak ability to retain contaminants in the washing solution.

Slide 13

CLASSIFICATION OF DETERGENTS

• Detergents are divided according to purpose, consistency, types of detergent, detergent content and other characteristics.
• Based on their intended purpose, detergents are divided into:
• economic,
• toilets,
• special (medical, technical, etc.).
• Detergents are differentiated by consistency
• solid (pieces, granules, powder),
• ointment-like (pastes)
• liquid.
• Powder products are the most widely used. Detergents in the form of granules and pastes are convenient. Liquid products dissolve easily and are dosed well. They are effective for washing textiles and washing dishes, cars, glass, etc.

Slide 14

Laundry soap

• Solid bar soap comes in 60, 66, 70 and 72%, liquid - 40% (1st grade) and 60% (highest grade). Powdered soaps are crushed and dried soap (68-82%) or formulations containing 10-25% fatty acids mixed with alkaline salts (soda ash, trisodium phosphate, sodium silicate)

Slide 15

Synthetic detergents

• Synthetic detergents are highly effective detergents. Compared to fatty soap, the production of synthetic detergents is based on cheap raw materials - products from the processing of paraffin, oil and gases.
• Synthetic detergents are easy to dose, dissolve well in water at room temperature, do not require preliminary softening of the water, and wash away dirt well in water of any hardness, including sea water. Synthetic detergents exhibit a cleaning effect at a relatively low temperature (20-30° C), wash fabric well in a neutral, acidic and alkaline environment, but do not themselves increase the alkalinity of the solution. As a result, the freshness of the color is well preserved and fabric wear is reduced.

Slide 16

Literature:

“Commodity study of industrial goods” edited by Andrusevich D.A.

ru.wikipedia.org/wiki

www.techno.x51.ru

View all slides

1 of 16

Presentation on the topic: Detergents

Slide no. 1

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Slide no. 2

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DETERGENTS This group of products includes detergents, water softeners, bleaches, and cleaning products. For a long time, laundry soap or compositions based on it were used for washing and washing. Over the past 20-30 years, the range of products in this group has expanded significantly. The industry has mastered the production of synthetic detergents (CMC), which in some cases are more effective and cost-effective. Their production is growing rapidly, while the production of laundry soap is gradually declining.

Slide no. 3

Slide description:

In recent years, the range of bleaching and cleaning products has significantly expanded. Bleach is added to synthetic detergents or released separately to increase the degree of whiteness of products after washing. The updating and expansion of the range of cleaning products occurred mainly in connection with the introduction of synthetic detergents SMB into their composition or changes in the recipe. The latter was not always justified, since the appearance of a significant number of products of different names without a significant difference in their consumer properties does not meet the interests of buyers.

Slide no. 4

Slide description:

The nature of detergents. Detergents are complex organic compounds used in pure form or with additives for washing textile fiber products and washing various household items. These products also facilitate bleaching and dyeing of fabrics, the production of emulsions and suspensions for the production of food products, paint compositions, cleaning and grinding of ores and other natural materials, increase the anti-friction ability of lubricants, etc. The main (active) part of detergents are detergents substances. They are organic compounds that have surface activity, the ability to form foam and a semi-colloidal solution in water. Due to their surface activity, they lower the surface tension of water, thereby increasing its wetting ability.

Slide no. 5

Slide description:

The polar part of the molecule determines the solubility of soap in water, the non-polar (hydrophobic) part makes it difficult, inhibits dissolution and tends to displace the soap molecule from the washing solution to the surface. In this regard, the soap in the solution is concentrated mainly on the surface of the washing solution. When shaken, it forms foam, which helps remove contaminants from the washing solution and characterizes the presence of unused detergent in the solution.

Slide no. 6

Slide description:

By adsorbing on the surface of the washing solution, covering it, soap reduces the surface tension of water, as a result of which water more easily wets other bodies, penetrates into cracks, etc. The ratio of the lengths of the non-polar and polar parts in the molecule determines the different solubility of the detergent in water. As the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases, the solubility decreases, but the hardness of the detergent increases. For example, stearic acid soap is solid and has low solubility in water at room temperature. By adding fatty acids with fewer carbon atoms, soap solubility improves. Detergents usually contain from 8 to 20 carbon atoms in the non-polar part, forming semi-colloids, that is, they are in solution both in the form of molecules and in the form of larger particles (aggregates).

Slide no. 7

Slide description:

Soap contains a carboxyl group - COOH, which can interact with calcium and magnesium salts contained in hard water. This leads to the formation of insoluble “lime soap”, which settles on the fabric and negatively affects its strength. In the production of other types of detergents, the carboxyl group is blocked or replaced with another reactive polar group.

Slide no. 8

Slide description:

Detergents, depending on the structure of the hydrocarbon radical and the active group, are divided into the following types: Soaps are obtained by processing fatty raw materials; sulfates and sulfonates are synthetic detergents. The listed detergents are called ionic (ion-forming). In an aqueous solution they dissociate into ions.

Slide no. 9

Slide description:

The essence of the washing process. a - mud particle on the surface of the material; b - adsorption of detergent on a dirt particle; c - separation of dirt particles from the surface being washed; g - a particle of dirt in the washing solution; D - air bubbles with adsorbed detergent molecules (foam); E - stuck together foam bubbles and dirt particles; F - adsorption layer of the washing solution at the air-water interface

Slide no. 10

Slide description:

Properties of detergents. The consumer properties of detergents are detergent, foaming and anti-resorption ability, pH of the detergent medium. Cleaning ability is a comprehensive indicator for assessing the consumer properties of detergents. It is determined by the degree of restoration of the whiteness of contaminated fabric after one or several washes in a detergent solution of a certain consistency.

Slide no. 11

Slide description:

The foaming ability of washing solutions is characterized by the volume or height of the foam column, as well as foam resistance, i.e., the ratio of the volume or height of the foam column after a certain period of time after its formation to the initial volume or height of the foam column. In soft water, soap forms a more abundant and stable foam than synthetic detergents.

Slide description:

CLASSIFICATION OF DETERGENTS Detergents are divided according to purpose, consistency, types of detergent, detergent content and other characteristics. According to their purpose, detergents are divided into: household, toilet, special (medical, technical, etc.). Based on consistency, detergents are divided into solid (pieces, granules, powders), ointment-like (pastes) and liquid. Powder products are the most widely used. Detergents in the form of granules and pastes are convenient. Liquid products dissolve easily and are dosed well. They are effective for washing textiles and washing dishes, cars, glass, etc.

Slide no. 14

Slide description:

Laundry soap Solid bar soap comes in 60, 66, 70 and 72%, liquid 40% (1st grade) and 60% (highest grade). Powdered soaps are crushed and dried soap (68-82%) or formulations containing 10-25% fatty acids mixed with alkaline salts (soda ash, trisodium phosphate, sodium silicate)

Slide no. 15

Slide description:

Synthetic detergents Synthetic detergents are highly effective detergents. Compared to fatty soap, the production of synthetic detergents is based on cheap raw materials - products from the processing of paraffin, oil and gases. Synthetic detergents are easy to dose, dissolve well in water at room temperature, do not require preliminary softening of the water, and wash away dirt well in water of any hardness, including sea water. Synthetic detergents exhibit a cleaning effect at a relatively low temperature (20-30° C), wash fabric well in a neutral, acidic and alkaline environment, but do not themselves increase the alkalinity of the solution. As a result, the freshness of the color is well preserved and fabric wear is reduced.

Slide no. 16

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Slide captions:

“Oh, you ugly, oh, you dirty, unwashed pig! You are blacker than a chimney sweep, Admire yourself: You have blackening on your neck, There is a blot under your nose, You have such hands that even your trousers have run away, Even your trousers, even your trousers Have run away from you...”

CH 2 -OH | CH-OH | CH 2 -OH CH 2 -O-CO-C 15 H 31 | CH-O-CO-C 15 H 31 | CH 2 -O-CO-C 15 H 31 C 17 H 35 COONa CH 3 CH 2 COOCH 3 Find the soap formula among the proposed formulas.

Remember what disadvantages of soap we talked about earlier? What types of stains are there on clothes? When did people start using soap for their needs?

Lesson objectives: To provide an understanding of SMS and surfactants, To consider their production and mechanism of action during washing, To analyze the effect of surfactants and phosphates on the environment and human health. Synthetic detergents.

The first SMS appeared only in 1916. The invention of the German chemist Fritz Ponter was intended only for industrial use. Household SMS have been issued since 1935, when they became less harmful to the skin of the hands. 1. The concept of SMS and the washing process. Since then, a number of narrow-purpose SMCs have been developed, and their production is the most important branch of the chemical industry.

Not the last place in the list of household chemicals is occupied by washing powders. Washing is the most labor-intensive process in our everyday life. And assistants in washing are surfactants (surfactants).

Surfactants are organic compounds containing in molecules two groups with opposite properties at the same time: polar (hydrophilic) and non-polar (hydrophobic).

separation of dirt particles from the surface being cleaned, transfer of water-insoluble dirt particles into solution, retention of these floating particles in the cleaning solution, i.e. preventing resorption. The washing process comes down to 3 stages:

The first and second washing stages provide surfactants. The most effective surfactants include alkyl sulfates - these are sodium salts of sulfuric acid esters with higher alcohols RO - SO 2 - ONa, where R is a saturated hydrocarbon radical with 8-18 carbon atoms.

1) obtaining a monoester of sulfuric acid and a higher alcohol (for example, cetyl) C 16 H 33 OH + H 2 SO 4 → cetyl conc. alcohol sulfuric acid → C 16 H 33 O-SO 2 -OH + H 2 O cetylsulfuric acid 2. Main stages of surfactant production.

2) neutralization of the resulting compound with alkali C 16 H 33 O-SO 2 -OH + NaOH → → C 16 H 33 O-SO 2 -ONa + H 2 O sodium salt of cetylsulfuric acid

In general, the production of surfactants comes down to the following stages of the technological process:

3. Mechanism of action of surfactants. The hydrophobic tail binds to dirt particles. The hydrophilic “head” clings to water, reducing its surface tension, thereby helping the water better wet the surface being washed and tear off particles of contaminants.

Laboratory experience. Purpose of the experiment: to study the interaction of hard water with solutions of soap and washing powder. In front of you are 2 test tubes: one contains a soap solution, the other contains a solution of washing powder, and the flask contains hard water. Pour a small amount of hard water into the soap and SMS solutions, cap and shake. What are you observing? How can this be explained?

1) have 10 times greater cleaning power than soap, because... the acidic residue of sulfuric acid is better sorbed by pollution particles, 2) they are not afraid of hard and even sea water, because calcium salts of alkyl sulfuric acid are soluble in water. Characteristics of surfactants used in SMS:

4. Components of washing powders and their functions. Phosphates - reduce water hardness and increase washing efficiency. Polymers – prevent resorption. Silicates – additionally protect against corrosion. Sodium perborate – whitens. Optical brightener - masks stains. Enzymes - help break down protein and fat stains on clothes.

5. Impact of SMS on the environment and the human body. - Surfactants negatively affect the quality of underground drinking water and the very purifying ability of reservoirs, the flora and fauna that use this water, - aqueous solutions of surfactants produce persistent foam, preventing aeration and thereby worsening the biochemical purification ability of reservoirs, - aqueous solutions of surfactants increase corrosion of metals, - penetrating into the body, surfactants can cause severe immunity disorders, the development of allergies, damage to the brain, liver, kidneys, lungs, they contribute to the occurrence of malignant tumors. ! Surfactants are one of the most common pollutants of the environment, primarily water resources:

For example, in Germany, Italy, Austria, Norway, Switzerland and the Netherlands, the use of phosphate powders is prohibited by law. In France, Great Britain, and Spain, the phosphate content in SMS is strictly regulated (no more than 12%). ! When phosphates get into water bodies after washing along with wastewater, they act as fertilizers. Algae begin to grow with incredible force. This leads not only to clogging of reservoirs, but also to a deficiency of water and oxygen, and, consequently, to the death of aquatic organisms. In addition to surfactants, washing powders use phosphates. In the West, more than 10 years ago they stopped using powders containing phosphate additives.

What do you think we mean by the term “SMS”? Remember what substances we called surfactants? What is the mechanism of action of surfactants? Why has soap had no significant impact on the environment in 5,000 thousand years of existence, but SMS has had an impact in less than 100 years??? ?

“Long live the fragrant soap, And the fluffy towel, And the washing powder... But not to the detriment of me and the environment.” Thank you for the lesson, all the best. Homework: read § 39.5, questions 9, 11 (p.), 15, 16 (verbal), learn concepts from notes.