Slide 2
Computing in the pre-electronic era First generation computers Second generation computers Third generation computers Personal computers Modern supercomputers
Slide 3
Computing in the pre-electronic era
The need to count objects in humans arose in prehistoric times. The oldest method of counting objects consisted of comparing objects of a certain group (for example, animals) with objects of another group, playing the role of a counting standard. For most peoples, the first such standard was fingers (counting on fingers). The expanding needs for counting forced people to use other counting standards (notches on a stick, knots on a rope, etc.).
Slide 4
Every schoolchild is familiar with counting sticks, which were used as a counting standard in the first grade. In the ancient world, when counting large quantities of objects, a new sign began to be used to indicate a certain number of them (for most peoples - ten), for example, a notch on another stick. The first computing device to use this method was the abacus.
Slide 5
The ancient Greek abacus was a plank sprinkled with sea sand. There were grooves in the sand, on which numbers were marked with pebbles. One groove corresponded to units, the other to tens, etc. If more than 10 pebbles were collected in one groove when counting, they were removed and one pebble was added to the next digit. The Romans improved the abacus, moving from sand and pebbles to marble boards with chiseled grooves and marble balls
Slide 6
As economic activities and social relations became more complex (monetary payments, problems of measuring distances, time, areas, etc.), the need for arithmetic calculations arose. To perform the simplest arithmetic operations (addition and subtraction), they began to use the abacus, and after centuries, the abacus.
Slide 7
The development of science and technology required increasingly complex mathematical calculations, and in the 19th century mechanical calculating machines - adding machines - were invented. Arithmometers could not only add, subtract, multiply and divide numbers, but also remember intermediate results, print calculation results, etc.
Slide 8
In the middle of the 19th century, the English mathematician Charles Babbage put forward the idea of creating a program-controlled calculating machine that had an arithmetic unit, a control unit, as well as input and printing devices.
Slide 9
Babbage's Analytical Engine (the prototype of modern computers) was built by enthusiasts from the London Science Museum based on surviving descriptions and drawings. The analytical machine consists of four thousand steel parts and weighs three tons.
Slide 10
The calculations were carried out by the Analytical Engine in accordance with the instructions (programs) developed by Lady Ada Lovelace (daughter of the English poet George Byron). Countess Lovelace is considered the first computer programmer, and the ADA programming language is named after her.
Slide 11
Programs were recorded on punched cards by punching holes in thick paper cards in a certain order. The punched cards were then placed into the Analytical Engine, which read the location of the holes and performed computational operations in accordance with a given program.
Slide 12
Development of electronic computer technologyFirst generation computers
In the 40s of the 20th century, work began on the creation of the first electronic computers, in which vacuum tubes replaced mechanical parts. First-generation computers required large halls for their placement, since they used tens of thousands of vacuum tubes. Such computers were created in single copies, were very expensive and were installed in the largest research centers.
Slide 13
First generation computer
In 1945, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer - electronic numerical integrator and calculator) was built in the USA, and in 1950 MESM (Small Electronic Computing Machine) was created in the USSR.
Slide 14
First-generation computers could perform calculations at a speed of several thousand operations per second, the execution sequence of which was specified by programs. Programs were written in machine language, the alphabet of which consisted of two characters: 1 and 0. Programs were entered into the computer using punched cards or punched tapes, and the presence of a hole on the punched card corresponded to the character 1, and its absence - to the character 0. The results of calculations were output using printing devices in form of long sequences of zeros and ones. Only qualified programmers who understood the language of the first computers could write programs in machine language and decipher the results of calculations.
Slide 15
Second generation computer
In the 60s of the 20th century, second-generation computers were created based on a new elemental base - transistors, which are tens and hundreds of times smaller in size and weight, higher reliability and consume significantly less electrical power than vacuum tubes. Such computers were produced in small series and installed in large research centers and leading higher educational institutions.
Slide 16
In the USSR, in 1967, the most powerful second-generation computer in Europe, BESM-6 (Big Electronic Calculating Machine), which could perform 1 million operations per second, came into operation.
Slide 17
BESM-6 used 260 thousand transistors, external memory devices on magnetic tapes for storing programs and data, as well as alphanumeric printing devices for outputting calculation results. The work of programmers in developing programs has been significantly simplified, since it began to be carried out using high-level programming languages (Algol, BASIC, etc.).
Slide 18
Third generation computer
Since the 70s of the last century, integrated circuits began to be used as the elemental base of third-generation computers. An integrated circuit (a small semiconductor wafer) can have thousands of transistors packed tightly together, each about the size of a human hair.
Slide 19
Computers based on integrated circuits have become much more compact, fast and cheaper. Such mini-computers were produced in large series and were available to most scientific institutes and higher educational institutions.
Slide 20
Personal computers
The development of high technologies has led to the creation of large integrated circuits - LSIs, including tens of thousands of transistors. This made it possible to begin producing compact personal computers available to the masses.
Slide 21
The first personal computer was the AppleII (“grandfather” of modern Macintosh computers), created in 1977. In 1982, IBM began manufacturing IBM PC personal computers (the “grandfathers” of modern IBM-compatible computers).
Slide 22
Modern personal computers are compact and have thousands of times greater speed compared to the first personal computers (they can perform several billion operations per second). Every year, almost 200 million computers are produced around the world, affordable for the mass consumer. Personal computers can be of various designs: desktop, portable (laptops) and pocket (palms).
Slide 24
Literature used and image links
Computer Science and ICT. Basic level: textbook for grade 11 / N.D. Ugrinovich. – 3rd ed. – M.: BINOM. Knowledge Laboratory, 2009. http://www.radikal.ru/users/al-tam/istorija-razvitija-vychtehniki
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Lesson topic: History of the development of computer technology Lesson objectives:
- Get acquainted with the main stages of the development of computer technology.
- Study the history of the development of domestic and foreign computer technology.
- Computing in the pre-electronic era.
- 2. First generation computer.
- 3. Second generation computer.
- 4. Third generation computer.
- 5. Personal computers.
- 6. Modern supercomputers.
- The need to count objects in humans arose in prehistoric times. The oldest method of counting objects was to compare objects of a certain group (for example, animals) with objects of another group, playing the role of a counting standard. For most peoples, the first such standard was fingers (counting on fingers).
- The expanding needs for counting forced people to use other counting standards (notches on a stick, knots on a rope, etc.).
- Every schoolchild is familiar with counting sticks, which were used as a counting standard in the first grade.
- In the ancient world, when counting large quantities of objects, a new sign began to be used to indicate a certain number of them (for most peoples - ten), for example, a notch on another stick. The first computing device to use this method was the abacus.
- The ancient Greek abacus was a plank sprinkled with sea sand. There were grooves in the sand, on which numbers were marked with pebbles. One groove corresponded to units, the other to tens, etc. If more than 10 pebbles were collected in one groove when counting, they were removed and one pebble was added to the next digit. The Romans improved the abacus, moving from sand and pebbles to marble boards with chiseled grooves and marble balls.
- Abacus
- As economic activities and social relations became more complex (monetary payments, problems of measuring distances, time, areas, etc.), the need for arithmetic calculations arose.
- To perform the simplest arithmetic operations (addition and subtraction), they began to use the abacus, and after centuries, the abacus.
- In Russia, abacus appeared in the 16th century.
- The development of science and technology required increasingly complex mathematical calculations, and in the 19th century mechanical calculating machines - adding machines - were invented. Arithmometers could not only add, subtract, multiply and divide numbers, but also remember intermediate results, print calculation results, etc.
- Adding machine
- In the middle of the 19th century, the English mathematician Charles Babbage put forward the idea of creating a program-controlled calculating machine that had an arithmetic unit, a control unit, as well as input and printing devices.
- Charles Babbage
- 26.12.1791 - 18.10.1871
- Babbage's Analytical Engine (the prototype of modern computers) was built by enthusiasts from the London Science Museum based on surviving descriptions and drawings. The analytical machine consists of four thousand steel parts and weighs three tons.
- Babbage's Analytical Engine
- The calculations were carried out by the Analytical Engine in accordance with the instructions (programs) developed by Lady Ada Lovelace (daughter of the English poet George Byron).
- Countess Lovelace is considered the first computer programmer, and the ADA programming language is named after her.
- Ada Lovelace
- 10.12 1815 - 27.11.1852
- Programs were recorded on punched cards by punching holes in thick paper cards in a certain order. The punched cards were then placed into the Analytical Engine, which read the location of the holes and performed computational operations in accordance with a given program.
- In the 40s of the 20th century, work began on the creation of the first electronic computers, in which vacuum tubes replaced mechanical parts. First-generation computers required large halls for their placement, since they used tens of thousands of vacuum tubes. Such computers were created in single copies, were very expensive and were installed in the largest research centers.
- In 1945, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer - electronic numerical integrator and calculator) was built in the USA, and in 1950 MESM (Small Electronic Computing Machine) was created in the USSR.
- ENIAC
- MESM
- First-generation computers could perform calculations at a speed of several thousand operations per second, the execution sequence of which was specified by programs. Programs were written in machine language, the alphabet of which consisted of two characters: 1 and 0. Programs were entered into the computer using punched cards or punched tapes, and the presence of a hole on the punched card corresponded to the 1 sign, and its absence – to the 0 sign.
- The results of calculations were output by printing devices in the form of long sequences of zeros and ones. Only qualified programmers who understood the language of the first computers could write programs in machine language and decipher the results of calculations.
- In the 60s of the 20th century, second-generation computers were created based on a new elemental base - transistors, which are tens and hundreds of times smaller in size and weight, higher reliability and consume significantly less electrical power than vacuum tubes. Such computers were produced in small series and installed in large research centers and leading higher educational institutions.
- In the USSR, in 1967, the most powerful second-generation computer in Europe, BESM-6 (Big Electronic Calculating Machine), which could perform 1 million operations per second, came into operation.
- BESM-6 used 260 thousand transistors, external memory devices on magnetic tape, as well as alphanumeric printing devices to output calculation results.
- The work of programmers in developing programs has been significantly simplified, since it began to be carried out using high-level programming languages (Algol, BASIC, etc.).
- BESM - 6
- Since the 70s of the last century, integrated circuits began to be used as the elemental base of third-generation computers. An integrated circuit (a small semiconductor wafer) can have thousands of transistors packed tightly together, each about the size of a human hair.
- Computers based on integrated circuits have become much more compact, fast and cheaper. Such mini-computers were produced in large series and were available to most scientific institutes and higher educational institutions.
- The first minicomputer
- The development of high technologies has led to the creation of large integrated circuits - LSIs, including tens of thousands of transistors. This made it possible to begin producing compact personal computers available to the masses.
- The first personal computer was the Apple II (the “grandfather” of modern Macintosh computers), created in 1977. In 1982, IBM began manufacturing IBM PC personal computers (the “grandfathers” of modern IBM-compatible computers).
- Apple II
- Modern personal computers are compact and have thousands of times greater speed compared to the first personal computers (they can perform several billion operations per second). Every year, almost 200 million computers are produced around the world, affordable for the mass consumer.
- Personal computers can be of various designs: desktop, portable (laptops) and pocket (palms).
- Modern PCs
- These are multiprocessor systems that achieve very high performance and can be used for real-time calculations in meteorology, military affairs, science, etc.
technology
History of the development of computing technology
First generation computer
Second generation computer
Third generation computer
Personal computers
Modern supercomputers
Computing in the pre-electronic era
The expanding needs for counting forced people to use other counting standards (notches on a stick, knots on a rope, etc.).
Computing in the pre-electronic era
The ancient Greek abacus was a plank sprinkled with sea sand. There were grooves in the sand, on which numbers were marked with pebbles. The Romans improved the abacus, moving from sand and pebbles to marble boards with chiseled grooves and marble balls
Computing in the pre-electronic era
As economic activities and social relations became more complex (monetary payments, problems of measuring distances, time, areas, etc.), the need for arithmetic calculations arose.
To perform the simplest arithmetic operations (addition and subtraction), they began to use the abacus, and after centuries, the abacus.
Computing in the pre-electronic era
In the 19th century, mechanical calculating machines were invented - adding machines. Arithmometers could not only add, subtract, multiply and divide numbers, but also remember intermediate results, print calculation results, etc.
Computing in the pre-electronic era
In the middle of the 19th century, the English mathematician Charles Babbage put forward the idea of creating a program-controlled calculating machine that had an arithmetic unit, a control unit, as well as input and printing devices.
Computing in the pre-electronic era
Babbage's Analytical Engine (the prototype of modern computers) was built by enthusiasts from the London Science Museum based on surviving descriptions and drawings. The analytical machine consists of four thousand steel parts and weighs three tons.
Computing in the pre-electronic era
The calculations were carried out by the Analytical Engine in accordance with the instructions (programs) developed by Lady Ada Lovelace. Countess Lovelace is considered the first computer programmer, and the ADA programming language is named after her.
Computing in the pre-electronic era
Programs were recorded on punched cards by punching holes in thick paper cards in a certain order. The punched cards were then placed into the Analytical Engine, which read the location of the holes and performed computational operations in accordance with a given program.
First generation computer
In 1945, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer - electronic numerical integrator and calculator) was built in the USA, and in 1950 MESM (Small Electronic Computing Machine) was created in the USSR.
First generation computer
First-generation computers could perform calculations at a speed of several thousand operations per second, the execution sequence of which was specified by programs
Programs were entered into the computer using punched cards or punched tapes, and the presence of a hole on the punched card corresponded to the sign 1, and its absence – to the sign 0.
Second generation computer
In the USSR, in 1967, the most powerful second-generation computer in Europe, BESM-6 (Big Electronic Calculating Machine), which could perform 1 million operations per second, came into operation.
Second generation computer
BESM-6 used 260 thousand transistors, external memory devices on magnetic tapes for storing programs and data, as well as alphanumeric printing devices for outputting calculation results.
The work of programmers in developing programs has been significantly simplified using high-level programming languages (Algol, BASIC, etc.).
Third generation computer
Starting from the 70s of the last century, third-generation computers began to be used as the elemental base integrated circuits. An integrated circuit (a small semiconductor wafer) can have thousands of transistors packed tightly together, each about the size of a human hair.
Third generation computer
Computers based on integrated circuits have become much more compact, fast and cheaper. Such mini-computers were produced in large series and were available to most scientific institutes and higher educational institutions.
Personal computers
The first personal computer was the App le II (“grandfather” of modern Macintosh computers), created in 1977. In 1982, IBM began manufacturing personal computers I VM RS (“grandfathers” of modern I VM-compatible computers).
Personal computers
Modern personal computers are compact and have thousands of times greater speed compared to the first personal computers (they can perform several billion operations per second). Every year, almost 200 million computers are produced around the world, affordable for the mass consumer.
Personal computers can be of various designs: desktop, portable (laptops) and pocket (palms).
Modern supercomputers
These are multiprocessor systems that achieve very high performance and can be used for real-time calculations in meteorology, military affairs, science, etc.
Counting on fingers Finger counting goes back to ancient times, being found in one form or another among all peoples even today. Famous medieval mathematicians recommended finger counting as an auxiliary tool, allowing for fairly effective counting systems.
Counting with objects For example, the peoples of pre-Columbian America had highly developed knot counting. Moreover, the system of nodules also served as a kind of chronicles and annals, having a rather complex structure. However, using it required good memory training. To make the counting process more convenient, primitive man began to use other devices instead of fingers. The counting results were recorded in various ways: notching, counting sticks, knots, etc.
Abacus and abacus Counting with the help of grouping and rearranging objects was the predecessor of counting on the abacus - the most developed counting device of antiquity, which has survived to this day in the form of various types of abacus. The abacus was the first developed calculating device in the history of mankind, the main difference of which from previous methods of calculation was the performance of calculations by digits. Well adapted to perform addition and subtraction operations, the abacus turned out to be an insufficiently efficient device for performing multiplication and division operations.
The logarithms introduced in 1614 by J. Napier had a revolutionary impact on the entire subsequent development of calculation, which was greatly facilitated by the appearance of a number of logarithmic tables calculated both by Napier himself and by a number of other calculators known at that time. Subsequently, a number of modifications of logarithmic tables appeared. However, in practical work, the use of logarithmic tables has a number of inconveniences, so J. Napier, as an alternative method, proposed special counting sticks (later called Napier sticks), which made it possible to perform multiplication and division operations directly on the original numbers. Napier based this method on the lattice multiplication method. Along with sticks, Napier proposed a counting board for performing the operations of multiplication, division, squaring and square root in binary s.s., thereby anticipating the advantages of such a number system for automating calculations. Logarithms served as the basis for the creation of a wonderful computing tool - the slide rule, which has served engineers and technicians around the world for more than 360 years. Napier sticks and slide rule
In 1623, the German scientist Wilhelm Schickard proposed his solution based on a six-digit decimal calculator, which also consisted of gears, designed to perform addition, subtraction, as well as table multiplication and division. The first actually implemented and well-known mechanical digital computing device was " Pascal", created by the French scientist Blaise Pascal. It was a six- or eight-digit geared device capable of adding and subtracting decimal numbers. Chiccard and Pascal machine
1673 Thirty years after Pascalina, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's "arithmetic instrument" appeared - a twelve-digit decimal device for performing arithmetic operations, including multiplication and division. End of the 18th century. Joseph Jacquard creates a program-controlled weaving loom using punched cards. Gaspard de Prony develops a new computing technology in three stages: developing a numerical method, drawing up a program for a sequence of arithmetic operations, carrying out calculations by arithmetic operations on numbers in accordance with the left program.
Babbage's brilliant idea was realized by Howard Aiken, an American scientist who created the first relay-mechanical computer in the United States in 1944. Its main blocks - arithmetic and memory - were executed on gear wheels. Charles Babbage develops a project for the Analytical Engine, a mechanical universal digital computer with program control. Separate machine components were created. It was not possible to create the entire machine due to its bulkiness. Babbage's Analytical Engine
At the end of the 19th century. More complex mechanical devices were created. The most important of these was a device developed by the American Herman Hollerith. Its uniqueness lay in the fact that it was the first to use the idea of punched cards and calculations were carried out using electric current. In 1897, Hollerith organized a company that later became known as IBM. Herman Hollerith's machine The largest projects at the same time were carried out in Germany (K. Zuse) and the USA (D. Atanasov, G. Aiken and D. Stieblitz). These projects can be considered as direct predecessors of mainframe computers.
Gg. In England, with the participation of Alan Turing, the Colossus computer was created. It already had 2000 vacuum tubes. The machine was intended to decipher radiograms of the German Wehrmacht. Under the leadership of the American Howard Aiken, by order and with the support of IBM, Mark-1 was created - the first program-controlled computer. It was built on electromechanical relays, and the data processing program was entered from punched tape. Colossus and Mark-1
First generation computers 1946 – 1958 The main element is an electron tube. Due to the fact that the height of the glass lamp is 7 cm, the machines were huge. Every 7-8 min. one of the lamps was failing, and since there were thousands of them in the computer, it took a lot of time to find and replace a damaged lamp. Entering numbers into the machines was done using punched cards, and software control was carried out, for example in ENIAC, using plugs and typed fields. Once all the lamps were working, the engineering staff could configure the ENIAC to do something by manually changing the wiring connections.
Machines of the first generation Machines of this generation: “BESM”, “ENIAC”, “MESM”, “IBM-701”, “Strela”, “M-2”, “M-3”, “Ural”, “Ural-2” , “Minsk-1”, “Minsk-12”, “M-20”. These machines took up a large area and used a lot of electricity. Their performance did not exceed 23 thousand operations per second, and their RAM did not exceed 2 KB.
Second generation computers 1959 – 1967 The main element is semiconductor transistors. The first transistor was able to replace ~40 vacuum tubes and operates at high speed. Magnetic tapes and magnetic cores were used as information storage media; high-performance devices for working with magnetic tapes, magnetic drums and the first magnetic disks appeared. Much attention began to be paid to the creation of system software, compilers and input-output tools.
Second-generation machines In the USSR, in 1967, the most powerful second-generation computer in Europe, BESM-6 (High-Speed Electronic Calculating Machine 6), came into operation. Also at the same time, the Minsk-2 and Ural-14 computers were created. The appearance of semiconductor elements in electronic circuits significantly increased the capacity of RAM, the reliability and speed of computers. Dimensions, weight and power consumption have decreased. The machines were intended to solve various labor-intensive scientific and technical problems, as well as to control technological processes in production.
Third generation computers 1968–1974 The main element is an integrated circuit. In 1958, Robert Noyce invented the small silicon integrated circuit, which could house dozens of transistors in a small area. One IC can replace tens of thousands of transistors. One crystal does the same work as a 30-ton Eniak. And a computer using IC achieves performance in operations per second. At the end of the 60s, semiconductor memory appeared, which is still used in personal computers as operational memory. In 1964, IBM announced the creation of six models of the IBM 360 (System360) family, which became the first third-generation computers.
Third generation cars. Third generation machines have advanced operating systems. They have multi-programming capabilities, i.e. simultaneous execution of several programs. Many tasks of managing memory, devices and resources began to be taken over by the operating system or the machine itself. Examples of third-generation machines are the IBM-360, IBM-370 families, ES EVM (Unified Computer System), SM EVM (Family of Small Computers), etc. The speed of machines within the family varies from several tens of thousands to millions of operations per second. The capacity of RAM reaches several hundred thousand words.
Fourth generation computer 1975 – present The main element is a large integrated circuit. Since the early 80s, thanks to the advent of personal computers, computing technology has become widespread and accessible to the public. From a structural point of view, machines of this generation are multiprocessor and multi-machine complexes operating on a common memory and a common field of external devices. RAM capacity is about 1 – 64 MB. "Elbrus" "Mac"
Personal computers Modern personal computers are compact and have thousands of times greater speed compared to the first personal computers (they can perform several billion operations per second). Every year, almost 200 million computers are produced around the world, affordable for the mass consumer. Large computers and supercomputers continue to develop. But now they are no longer dominant as they were before.
Prospects for the development of computer technology. Molecular computers, quantum computers, biocomputers and optical computers should appear in about a year. The computer of the future will make human life easier and more tenfold. According to scientists and researchers, personal computers will change dramatically in the near future, as new technologies are being developed that have never been used before.
Von Neumann principles 1. Arithmetic-logical unit (performs all arithmetic and logical operations); 2. Control device (which organizes the process of executing programs); 3. Storage device (memory for storing information); 4.Input and output devices (allows you to input and output information).
1.A device for entering information by pressing buttons. 2.A device with which you can connect to the Internet. 3.A device that outputs information from a computer onto paper. 4.Device for entering information. 5. Device for displaying information on the screen. 6.A device that copies any information to a computer from paper. CROSSWORD
Information sources. 1.N.D. Ugrinovich Informatics and ICT: textbook for 11th grade. – M.: BINOM. Knowledge Laboratory, Virtual Museum of Computer Science Virtual Museum of Informatics Wikipedia - virtual encyclopedia
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Presentation - History of the development of computer technology
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History of the development of computer technology
Introduction
At the present stage of development of our society, it is impossible to imagine life and activity without the use of modern computer technology and high computer technologies. In the twentieth century, computing technology made a tremendous leap in its development from bulky and, at times, primitive tube giants, consuming the same gigantic amount of energy for their work, to modern compact PCs and NOTEBOOKs. Computers have long become reliable and convenient assistants in production, trade and business; computers have become firmly established in design bureaus, television studios, and recording studios; they have long ceased to be just computer equipment.
Stages of development of computer technology
Manual………from the 50th millennium BC Mechanical……..from the middle of the 17th century Electromechanical……. since the 90s of the 19th century Electronic...... since the 40s of the 20th century
Manual stage
Abacus
The abacus is the first true predecessor of adding machines and computers. Calculations on them were carried out by moving counting dice and pebbles (calculi) in the recesses of boards made of bronze, stone, and ivory. The first calculating device, known long before our era, was the abacus. Several varieties of abacus are known: Greek, Egyptian and Roman abacus, Chinese suan-pan and Japanese soroban.
Abacus
Abacus
Chinese suan-pan
Russian abacus
Napier's calculating device
In the early 17th century, Scottish mathematician John Napier invented a mathematical set consisting of bars with the numbers 0 to 9 and their multiples printed on them. To multiply a number, two bars were placed side by side so that the numbers on the ends made up this number. After simple calculations, you can see the answer on the sides of the bars.
John Napier
Logarithmic ruler
The slide rule was invented by the English mathematician E. Gunter shortly after the discovery of logarithms and was described by him in 1623. A slide rule is a tool for simple calculations, with the help of which operations on numbers (multiplication, division, exponentiation, root extraction) are replaced by operations on the logarithms of these numbers. A slide rule is a simple and convenient calculating tool for engineering calculations. At the end of the 20th century, slide rules were replaced by engineering electronic calculators.
Mechanical stage
Mechanical counting devices
The design of one of the first mechanical summing machines was developed by the German scientist Wilhelm Schickard. This six-bit machine was probably built in 1623. However, this invention remained unknown until the mid-twentieth century, so it had no impact on the development of computer technology.
Wilhelm Schickard
Pascal's summing machine
In 1642, Blaise Pascal designed a device that mechanically performed the addition of numbers; in 1645, mass production of these machines was launched. With its help, it was possible to add numbers by rotating wheels with divisions from 0 to 9, connected to each other. There were separate wheels for units, tens, hundreds. The machine could not perform any other arithmetic operations except addition. It was possible to subtract, multiply or divide on it only by repeated addition (subtraction). The principle of connected wheels, invented by Pascal, became the basis for computing devices for the next three centuries.
Blaise Pascal
Leibniz calculator
In 1673, Leibniz made a mechanical calculator, in part to make the work of his friend the astronomer Christian Huygens easier. Leibniz's machine used the principle of connected rings of Pascal's summing machine, but Leibniz introduced a movable element into it, which made it possible to speed up the repetition of the addition operation necessary when multiplying numbers. Instead of wheels and drives, Leibniz's machine had cylinders with numbers printed on them. Each cylinder had nine rows of projections or teeth.
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
Arithmometers
An arithmometer (from the Greek - number) is a manually driven desktop computer for performing arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The adding machine is equipped with a mechanism for setting and transferring numbers to the counter, a revolution counter, a result counter, a device for clearing the result, and a manual or electric drive. The adding machine is effective in performing multiplication and division operations. For many decades it was the most common computing machine. With the development of computer technology, adding machines were replaced by electronic microcalculators.
Arithmometers
The first adding machine
Felix adding machine (Russian design)
Arithmometer Resulta
Babbage's difference engine
Babbage's Difference Engine is a computer designed by British mathematician Charles Babbage to automate calculations by approximating functions with polynomials and calculating finite differences.
Electromechanical stage
Hollerith tabulator
In 1888, Hollerith designed an electromechanical machine that could read and sort statistical records encoded on punched cards. This machine, called a tabulator, consisted of relays, counters, and a sorting box. In 1890, Hollerith's invention was used for the first time in the 11th American Census. The success of punched card computers was phenomenal. What ten years earlier took 500 employees to do over seven years, Hollerith did with 43 assistants on 43 computers in 4 weeks.
Electronic stage
Generations of computer technology
Generation 1 2 3 4 5
Years of use
Element base
Quantity in the world
RAM capacity
Response speed (operations per second)
Information carriers
First generation of computers 1946 - 1953
The elemental base of machines of this generation were vacuum tubes - diodes and triodes. The machines were intended to solve relatively simple scientific and technical problems. This generation of computers includes: MESM, BESM-1, “Ural-1”, “Ural-2”, “Ural-3”, M-20, “Setun”, BESM-2, “Hrazdan”. They were of considerable size, consumed a lot of power, had low reliability and weak software. Their performance did not exceed 2-3 thousand operations per second, the RAM capacity was 2 KB.
Electronic lamp
First generation of computers 1948 - 1953
MESM-1
BESM-2
Setun
Card
The elemental base of machines of this generation were semiconductor devices. The appearance of semiconductor elements in electronic circuits significantly increased the capacity of RAM, the reliability and speed of computers. Dimensions, weight and power consumption have decreased. With the advent of second-generation machines, the scope of use of electronic computer technology has expanded significantly, mainly due to the development of software. Specialized machines also appeared, for example, computers for solving economic problems, for managing production processes, information transmission systems, etc. It was during this period that the profession of computer scientist arose, and many universities began to provide educational opportunities in this field.
Semiconductor
BESM-6
Minsk
Second generation of computers 1953 - 1959
Punched tape
The elemental base of a computer is small integrated circuits (SIC). The machines were intended for wide use in various fields of science and technology (calculations, production management, moving objects, etc.). Thanks to integrated circuits, it was possible to significantly improve the technical and operational characteristics of computers. For example, third-generation machines, compared to second-generation machines, have a larger amount of RAM, increased performance, increased reliability, and reduced power consumption, footprint and weight.
Third generation of computers 1959 - 1970
Unified Computer System (ES COMPUTER)
IBM-360
Magnetic tape
Fourth generation of computers 1970 - 1974
The elemental base of a computer is large integrated circuits (LSI). The machines were intended to dramatically increase labor productivity in science, production, management, healthcare, service and everyday life. A high degree of integration helps to increase the packaging density of electronic equipment and improve its reliability, which leads to an increase in computer performance and a reduction in its cost.
ES COMPUTER
CPU
Remote Control
Storage device
Drive
Floppy disks
8 inches
5.25 inches
Fifth generation of computers 1974 - ....
In 1974, several companies announced the creation of a computer based on the Intel-8008 microprocessor, i.e. a device that performs the same functions as a mainframe computer. At the beginning of 1975, the first commercially distributed computer built on the Intel microprocessor, the 8080, appeared.
Apple 1 - one of the first personal computers (1976)
Altair 8800
The first complete computers
Apple 2
Apple 3
Portable personal computers
Portable personal computers (portable computers) are computers that have small overall dimensions and weight, combining both internal elements of the system unit and input/output devices.
The first portable personal computer is called Osborne-1 (1981). Its ZiLOG Z80A processor, 64 KB of RAM, keyboard, modem, two 5.25-inch drives fit in a folding suitcase. All this weighed over 10 kg.
IBM PC
In 1980, IBM management decided to create a personal computer. When designing it, the principle of open architecture was applied: the components were universal, which made it possible to upgrade the computer in parts. The appearance of the IBM PC in 1981 created an avalanche-like demand for personal computers, which have now become tools for people in a variety of professions. Along with this, there was a huge demand for software and computer peripherals. Hundreds of new companies emerged on this wave, occupying their niches in the computer market.
Modern storage media
3.5" floppy disk
HDD
CDs and DVDs
Flash disk
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