What is a granule in food? Homemade granola

Granola, or, as it is also called, American breakfast, is a mixture of crushed and dried oatmeal, nuts, and honey. This is a very healthy and nutritious breakfast that is easy to prepare at home in the oven. To do this, you need to grind and mix all the ingredients, and then dry them in the oven at a temperature of about 200 degrees, stirring from time to time. You can also use not only oat flakes, but also wheat, buckwheat flakes or others - to taste.

Calorie content of granola

The calorie content of a dish that contains many ingredients depends on the calorie content of the components. Oatmeal, nuts and honey have a high calorie content (about 300, 650 and 375 kcal per 100 g of product, respectively). Dried fruits are lower in calories (about 230 kcal per 100 g of product). The total calorie content of this mixture, that is, granola, is approximately 400 kcal per 100 g. But, even with a high calorie content, it is recommended to eat granola for breakfast during a diet. Do not forget that roasted nuts are not only very high in calories, they also accumulate carcinogens, so it is important to pay attention that the mixture contains dried nuts and not roasted ones.

There is also dietary granola, which is consumed as a snack or afternoon snack. This mixture includes buckwheat flakes, dietary dried fruits and, instead of honey, maple syrup. Its calorie content is significantly lower, and in addition, it can be consumed by people suffering from an allergic reaction to honey.

The benefits of granola

The benefits of granola are obvious, since the ingredients it consists of are a storehouse of vitamins and nutrients. The nutritional value of this mixture is such that, by consuming a small amount, the energy supply is replenished for a long time, while the correct carbohydrates included in the flakes are not stored as fat deposits.

Healthy eating has moved from being a local hobby to a real fashion. We replaced juices with smoothies, cow's milk with vegetable milk, cocoa with carob, and instant granola. Granola appeared on the domestic market recently - no more than 1 year ago. It is served in every establishment as a breakfast, sold in the form of energy bars or ready-made breakfast cereals. Those who like to spend time at the stove prepare their own baked oatmeal, adding all the ingredients that their heart desires.

Why is granola so good and how justified is its gastronomic popularity?

General characteristics of the product

Granola originated in the USA and from there spread throughout the world. Traditionally, the snack was served as breakfast. The original granola is made from rolled whole oatmeal and. In addition to the basic ingredients, add any combination of nuts, fresh fruits, green buckwheat, seeds, carob and dark chocolate. All ingredients are mixed, then put in the oven and baked until crispy. The finished granola is sweet, crumbly and has a consistency similar to regular breakfast cereals. The main difference between granola is its natural “pure” composition. There is no need to add fats or trans fats; natural plant products create a taste and palette of aromas that will delight even the most sophisticated taste buds.

Most often, granola is served as a breakfast or used as a snack. The product weighs very little, is characterized by high nutritional value and can be stored for at least a whole week in a tightly closed container. Due to these characteristics, granola is necessarily included in the trail mix (traditional tourist food set).

Granola bar (oatmeal bar) can be a great alternative to protein bars. It is easily digestible, does not overload the gastrointestinal tract and provides quick satiety - everything you need before and after an intense workout.

Historical reference

The story of a new interpretation of cereal processing belongs to an ordinary priest from America, Sylvester Graham. In the 19th century, the priest began to rapidly gain popularity, due to Graham’s passion for dietary nutrition. He began to promote rationalization of eating habits and advocated against the use of "empty" white flour.

A priest and aspiring nutritionist coined the term “Graham flour.” This is historically the first type of wallpaper wheat flour. Graham suggested using this particular type of flour to make “whole grain products.” He argued that premium white flour has absolutely no nutrients and gradually kills the body from the inside.

“Graham flour” was made according to this principle: the grains are coarsely ground, after which all components are separated from each other (germ, bran, secondary endosperm) and processed separately. Directly to create the dough, all components were mixed again in crushed form. The result is fluffy “Graham bread” with a long shelf life and high nutritional value.

Gramm's ideology was supported, and his methods began to be used in everyday life. So in the second half of the 19th century, James Caleb Jackson (the owner of a medical dispensary) released a food product called “granola”. James Caleb Jackson claimed that the "granola" recipe was based on the idea of ​​"Graham flour". It should be noted that the main ingredient of the snack was wheat flour. Dough was prepared from it, cut into thin plates, then baked in ovens and cut into proportional pieces. To sell the products, Jackson created the company Jackson's cereal.

In the second half of the 19th century, John Harvey Kellogg tried to improve granola. His snacks were produced under the “Grape Seeds” brand, and the recipe included the addition of nuts and dried fruits.

Already in the 60s, the use of new alternative grains began. Leighton Gentry sold the rights to industrially produce oatmeal granola to Sovex (1964). Sovex was bought by John Goodbred. After 3 years, Gentry decided to buy back the rights to produce granola; the cost of the new resale of the recipe to Lassen Foods cost $18,000 (and he bought Gentry’s rights for $1,500). Industrial companies, one after another, began to introduce new organic variations of granola to the market, which were wildly popular.

Use in cooking

The current situation on the market has changed little, since demand creates supply. Supermarket shelves are lined with different types of granola, with or without fillings, in beautiful craft or sealed packaging. Read the ingredients and don't be afraid to try to find your perfect granola. If you don’t trust industrial food products, sacrifice 10 minutes of your free time to prepare a healthy homemade snack.

Chocolate Quinoa Granola Recipe

Chocolate granola is perfect for a cheerful start to the day. Natural cocoa, which is included in the composition, will fill you with energy no worse than a cup of your favorite one, and in combination with healthy “slow” ones, it will provide energy until your next meal. Eat granola as a snack or top it with plant-based milk/fruit juice.

We will need:

• large oat flakes (do not use instant oat flakes) – 500 g;
• crushed almonds - 2 handfuls;
• quinoa – 250 g;
• ripe banana – 2 pcs;
• natural cocoa powder (can be replaced with carob) - 3 tablespoons;
• vanilla to taste.

Preparation

Preheat oven to 200°C. Combine all dry ingredients in a deep container and mix thoroughly. Peel, mash with a fork into a liquid puree and stir into the dry mixture. The banana puree should cover the mixture evenly, otherwise the granola will be too dry. Add your favorite spices/fruits/dried fruits to taste, mix the granola thoroughly again. Line a baking tray with baking paper and carefully spread the oat mixture over it. Place in the oven for 10 minutes, then stir and bake for another 10 minutes.

Checking the readiness of granola is very simple - the grains should become crispy. Cool the mixture slightly before serving. Granola should be stored in an airtight container at room temperature for 2-3 weeks. An alternative storage method is the freezer. In this case, the implementation period increases to 30 days.

Beneficial properties of the food product

Most often, granola is consumed as breakfast or a snack before lunch. A proper breakfast is the key to a successful day. Morning granola helps reduce cravings for unhealthy sweets and eliminates overeating. Proteins, which are contained in whole oatmeal, promotes rapid and effective tissue regeneration, carbohydrates are responsible for long-term saturation, minerals will launch metabolism, help you move, think and simply function normally.

Unprocessed oat grains contain a high concentration of soluble oats. It restores and harmonizes the intestinal microflora, maintains the integrity of the mucous membranes and generally has a beneficial effect on the functionality of the abdominal organs.

Introducing 14 grams of fiber into your daily diet helps reduce your total caloric needs by 10%. Reducing the daily KBJU leads to effective and proper weight loss.

Whole oatmeal has a low glycemic index, which keeps your sugar levels from rising too quickly. As a result, a person is supplied with energy for several hours, and the body does not undergo hellish torment to assimilate food.

A similar result can only be achieved with the right oatmeal. Don't buy instant cereal or porridge that needs to be steamed for 3-5 minutes. Such grain undergoes long and thorough processing, which deprives the product of all beneficial vitamins and nutrients. At the end we get a package of “empty” carbohydrates, which provoke sharp spikes in sugar and will certainly remain on the waist and sides.

Another benefit of granola is the prevention of chronic diseases of the body. Oats help maintain low insulin levels, making subcutaneous fat easier and faster to burn. Moreover, the elasticity of muscle tissue increases, the risk of developing diabetes, heart and vascular pathologies is reduced.

Granola has not only an internal, but also an external effect. In addition to being high in fiber, oats boast a high concentration of . The nutrient helps cope with skin pathologies regardless of stage. Silicon increases the body's resistance to sudden dietary changes and climate changes, maintains skin elasticity and slows down the aging process. The main rule for getting rid of skin problems is that granola should not contain gluten.

Don't forget that granola, in addition to, contains a whole range of useful nutritional components. You can add everything that not only taste buds, but also the body needs:

• dark chocolate;
• healthy seeds;
• carob;
• vegetables;
• cereals;
• fruits/dried fruits;
• nuts.

Create granola that will simultaneously saturate and nourish the body with the necessary base of vitamins/nutrients. Monitor the quality of the ingredients used and within a few days you will notice the first results.

Hazardous properties of the food product

Whole grain oats contain a high concentration of . A serving of oatmeal should not exceed 150 grams for men and 100 grams for women to avoid possible health problems. The portion may be increased if your daily calorie expenditure is higher than that of the average person (regular gym training, work that requires constant activity). Why is starch dangerous? This is additional sugar that increases insulin production, stimulates the development of the inflammatory process and causes rapid fat gain.

Oats are one of the ancient grains (teff) that have come down to us almost in their original form and have not undergone genetic modification. Therefore, all ancient cereals contain much more calories compared to modern ones. Consider the energy value of the meal and wisely enter it into your daily allowance.

Another danger that awaits granola lovers is gluten. Modern grain most often contains gluten, which causes inflammation and disruption of microflora.

Oats were originally gluten-free. But growing the crop next to rye provokes cross-contamination with the component. Another reason for the appearance of gluten is the growth of oats in areas that were previously sown with wheat, rye, and barley.

If you have celiac disease or an allergic reaction to gluten, morning granola can have serious consequences. Read the packaging or avoid eating dangerous foods.

How to choose oatmeal for granola

For granola, whole compressed oats or rolled oats are great. They have undergone minimal processing and retained the maximum concentration of beneficial properties. Such a breakfast will saturate the body until lunch, and due to the fiber, absorption will be quick and effective.

Before you buy oatmeal or oatmeal, be sure to read the ingredients. They should not contain sugar, flavorings or various innovations of the modern gastronomic industry.

Remember: the simpler and clearer the composition, the better the product.

It is not recommended to buy granola that already contains dried fruits/nuts or seeds. Buy all ingredients separately. This way you will be confident in their quality and will be able to vary the composition of your breakfast according to your mood and personal taste preferences.

Choose ground/rolled beans that are packaged in an airtight container or package. This guarantees protection from moisture, rancidity, temperature and environmental influences.

You can prepare your own oatmeal. Grind the grains using a rolling roller or a regular meat grinder. It will be much cheaper and faster than going to the store.

A healthy breakfast at home in the morning is the key to a great mood, benefits for the body and maintaining your figure. According to nutritionists, the morning meal is the most important of all. Anyone who wants to lose weight or not gain extra pounds should eat carbohydrates in the morning. For example, healthy granola. Plus, it will take a few minutes to prepare.
What should a healthy snack look like? Doctors focus on cereals; their consumption significantly influences eating behavior throughout the day, and they are also important for weight loss.

(In the word granola, the emphasis is on the letter O) - this is not just raw oatmeal or muesli, as it may seem in the photo. This is America's favorite breakfast. For the United States, this is a traditional morning meal. And now in Russia this tasty snack is gaining momentum among people who follow proper nutrition.

Pictured is granola

The composition includes oven-fried oatmeal (there is a recipe with rice, buckwheat and other types of grains) with the addition of a variety of nuts and honey. All these components are baked in the oven until they become crispy snacks or crumbly flakes. As you can see, the composition is simple.

Due to its compactness and low weight, this snack is convenient to take with you to work. Store-bought granola snacks have a large amount of additives and sugars, so it is best and healthier to make your own homemade granola bars. The value of such a breakfast is simply irreplaceable - satiety for a long time thanks to the abundance of carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals - this is not the whole list of rich properties.

Crumbly flakes are often diluted with milk, yogurt or low-fat kefir. Granola is eaten correctly, adding dried fruits, dried berries and seasonings. Those with a sweet tooth are allowed to decorate with dark chocolate. Ready granola should be stored in an airtight container for up to two weeks.

Benefits and harms

In moderation and a well-prepared product, it is useful.

Beneficial features

1. As mentioned above, it perfectly relieves the feeling of hunger for a long period;
2. The fiber content allows for bowel cleansing;
3. Has a beneficial effect on blood pressure, does not increase or decrease it;
4. Gives a boost of energy for mental stress;
5. Prevents aging;
6. Strengthens the immune system;
7. Allows you to get rid of constipation;
8. Lowers cholesterol;
9. Has a good effect on the cardiovascular system;
10. Granola is a product where the benefits are mostly predominant.

Negative properties

Unfortunately, the product is high in calories. A person using such a mixture must adhere to the exact recommended grams and know when to stop. Oversaturation and overeating with cereals and snacks will lead to obesity, and this will only harm your figure;
Ready-made store-bought granola breakfasts often contain various additives: roasted nuts, butter or sunflower oils, sucrose. They add taste, but no benefit. Our article will present three authoritative recipes from real masters of their craft.

At the very beginning of use, it is not recommended to immediately switch to this type of nutrition, but to go to it gradually. One day you have your usual breakfast, the next day you have granola. Our body adapts quickly, but it will take time to accept such food.
Make your own granola with your own hands. Then you will definitely not encounter the harmful effects of this product. And most importantly, don’t overeat.

Nutritional value of granola

Per 100 grams
Calories — 471
Fats — 20 g
Saturated fats - 2.4g
Polyunsaturated fatty acids —12 g
Monounsaturated fatty acids — 4.4g
Cholesterol — 0 mg
Sodium —294 mg
Potassium — 336 mg
Carbohydrates — 64 g
Alimentary fiber — 5g
Sugar — 29 g
Squirrels — 10 g

Table of useful vitamins

Three super granola recipes + bonus video recipe from Yulia Vysotskaya

1. Breakfast granola recipe from Nigella Lawson.

Restaurant critic and TV presenter Nigella Lawson offers her personal chocolate nut granola breakfast recipe.

Ingredients:

Oatmeal - half a kilogram (you can buy any);
Seeds – 170 grams;
Honey – 100-150 grams or sugar;
Sesame - to taste;
Salt – one teaspoon;
Dark chocolate - half a bar;
Applesauce (you can buy baby puree) – 100-200 grams;
Roasted peanuts – 300 grams;
Cinnamon or vanillin - to taste;
Cane syrup - 125 milliliters.

Preparation steps:

1. If the peanuts are not fried, then place the nuts in a frying pan over low heat until golden brown.
2. Preheat the oven to 150 degrees.
3. In a large bowl, add all the dry ingredients one at a time - oatmeal, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, peanuts, cinnamon.
4. Add the remaining ingredients and mix thoroughly until smooth.
5. On a wide baking sheet, spread the resulting mass on foil or parchment. Use a silicone spatula to smooth everything out evenly.
6. Place the baking sheet in the preheated oven for 40-50 minutes. To ensure that the granola does not burn and is crumbly, it is necessary to stir the mixture periodically.

A ready and delicious breakfast is ready! If desired, you can decorate with apples.

2. Jamie Oliver's breakfast granola recipe.

Chief life hacker Jamie Oliver shared a master class on how to make a simple and delicious granola mass, and it’s a pleasure to prepare. This particular recipe has good reviews.

Ingredients:

Oatmeal – 50 grams;
Honey – 140-150 grams;
Vegetable oil – 3 tablespoons;
Nuts – 100 grams (any);
Dried fruits – 150-200 grams.

Preparation steps:

1. Stir honey and butter in a separate bowl, add oatmeal.
2. Add chopped nut kernels.
3. Place the resulting mass on parchment and place in a preheated oven at 170 degrees for 20 minutes. Don't forget to stir the granola!
4. Rinse dried fruits with warm water and let dry.
5. Add dried fruits to the mixture and keep for another 20 minutes.

Allow cookies to be crumbled into the finished granola.

3. Recipe for granola for breakfast from Yulia Vysotskaya

Ingredients:

Oat flakes – 300 grams;
Nuts: hazelnuts and almonds – 100 grams;
Raisins – 100 grams;
Ginger – 1 teaspoon;
Cinnamon – 2 teaspoons;
Seeds – 100 grams;
Honey – 6 tablespoons;
Butter – 50 grams.

Preparation steps:

1. Preheat the oven to 150-170 degrees.
2. Mix all ingredients in a deep plate.
3. Line a baking sheet with parchment or baking paper.
4. Bake and stir for 40 minutes.

Video recipe from Yulia Vysotskaya

Before moving on to phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of a text is conveyed or a conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning; we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every schoolchild knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves define any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them in writing. In addition, a word may use more letters than sounds. For example, “children’s” - the letters “T” and “S” merge into one phoneme [ts]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word “blacken” is greater, since the letter “Yu” in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic analysis?

We perceive spoken speech by ear. By phonetic analysis of a word we mean the characteristics of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, with phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, it is correctly written:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• Christmas tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special symbols. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• The phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets – ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign [’] - an apostrophe;
• percussive [´] - accent;
• in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] - gravis is used (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Ё, ь and Ъ are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for doubled consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic, phonetic and word analysis with online examples, in accordance with general school standards of the modern Russian language. Professional linguists' transcriptions of phonetic characteristics are distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic analysis of a word?

The following diagram will help you carry out letter analysis:

• Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants there are in it.
• Indicate the stressed syllable. (Stress, using intensity (energy), distinguishes a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that syllable division in is different from the rules of transfer. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In the transcription, sort the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” can represent 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and indicate its properties separated by commas:
  • for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; stressed or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorant, paired/unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-dullness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic analysis of a word

Here is a sample phonetic analysis of the composition for the word “phenomenon” → [yivl’e′n’ie]. In this example there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-n-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristics of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorant [i] - vowel, unstressedv [v] - acc., paired hard, paired sound l [l'] - acc., paired soft., unpaired . sound, sonorant [e′] - vowel, stressed [n’] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired sound, sonorant and [i] - vowel, unstressed [th] - consonant, unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed________________________In total, the word phenomenon has 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter “I” and the last “E” each represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationships and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, can be stressed or unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonant sounds and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question: why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, softness-hardness pairs:

• [b] - cheerful and [b’] - squirrel;
• or [d]-[d’]: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h’] will always be soft. If you doubt it, try to say it firmly and make sure it is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, little rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless proportions, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in Russian words

Vowel sounds Unlike consonants, they are melodic; they flow freely, as if in a chant, from the larynx, without barriers or tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you try to pronounce a consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these phoneme classes.

The stress in any word form can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowel sounds are there in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six shock sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [u], [s]. And let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, i, o, u, y, e, i, yu. The vowels E, E, Yu, I are not “pure” sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words by letter, the emphasis falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the force of exhalation, increased duration of sound and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains its basic form is called strong position. This position can only be occupied by a stressed sound and a syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in a stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In the Russian language, only one phoneme “U” retains unchangeable phonetic properties: kuruza, tablet, u chus, u lov - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel “U” is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “U”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´ch’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, “O” is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when the unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa"tio], radio [ra"dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, the conjunction but. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “ё” - [o]: thorn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. It will also not be difficult to analyze the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make a correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of a vowel only after placing stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: zamok - zamok and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm home [ya do "ma].
• New houses [no "vye da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
• he - online = [o "n] - [a nla"yn]
• witness line = [sv’id’e “t’i l’n’itsa].

Such changes in vowels in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And high-quality reduction, when the characteristics of the original sound change.

The same unstressed vowel letter can change its phonetic characteristics depending on its position:

• primarily relative to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consisting of only one vowel);
• on the influence of neighboring signs (ь, ъ) and consonant.

Yes, it varies 1st degree of reduction. It is subject to:

• vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
• naked syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n’iz’d’e’shn’ii].

(uncovered syllable)+(2-3 pre-stressed syllable)+ 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → over-stressed syllable (+2/3 over-stressed syllable)

• vper-re -di [fp’ir’i d’i´];
• e -ste-ste-st-no [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in:a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables during sound analysis are classified as reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called a “weak position of the second degree.”

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t’];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-sta -ch’ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i´-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in stages: second, third (after hard and soft consonants - this is outside the curriculum): learn [uch'i´ts:a], become numb [atsyp'in'e´t '], hope [nad'e´zhda]. During letter analysis, the reduction of the vowel in the weak position in the final open syllable (= at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound-letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], Ya - [ya] often mean two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotized. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

When analyzed phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the words “Yo” and “Yu” are always:
  • - shudder [yo´ zhyts:a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’nyy], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], container [yo´ mcast’];
  • - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], top [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], nimbleness [yu ´rkas’t’];
• at the beginning of the words “E” and “I” only under stress*:
  • - spruce [ye´ l’], travel [ye´ w:u], huntsman [ye´ g’ir’], eunuch [ye´ vnukh];
  • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of the unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel “Yo” and “Yu” always. But “E” and “I” are in stressed and unstressed syllables, except in cases where these letters are located after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd unstressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples in specified cases:
  • - receiver [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sings t [payo´t], klyyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
  • -ayu rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], I sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the dividing solid “Ъ” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
• after the dividing soft “b” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” is always, and “E” and “I” are under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ga], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound-letter analysis of the remaining iotized ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels“E” and “I” designate two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of the word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yil´vyy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], him [yivo´], fidget [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [yi nvarskiy], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye vrap'io´idnaya], Evgeniy [ye] vgeny, European [ye vrap'e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rkhiya, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [svai vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi w:a´t'], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´sh'iyi s'a], with sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
  • bark [la´yi t'], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi c], belt [po´yi s], declare [zayi v'i´t'], show [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after the dividing hard “Ъ” or soft “b” sign: - intoxicating [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [syi dobny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by “ecane”, and the Moscow school is characterized by “hiccup”. Previously, the iotrated “Yo” was pronounced with a more accented “Ye”. When changing capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel “I” the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is voiced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter “I” after the soft sign “b” also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of online sound-letter analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [na ku´r'yi' x" no´shkah], rabbit [kro´l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi]. But: Vowel “O” after a soft sign “b” is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavilion n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillot tina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels “Yu” “E” “E” “I” form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the designated letters give one sound when:

• sound units “Yo” “Yu” “E” are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: zh, sh, ts. Then they represent phonemes:
  • ё - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online analysis by sounds: yellow [zho´ lty], silk [sho´ lk], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'itse´ pt], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she'rshen'], parachute [parashu't];
• The letters “I” “Yu” “E” “E” and “I” indicate the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. Exception only for: [f], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё – [o]: ticket [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey fungus [ap'o´ nak], actor [akt'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´nak];
  • e – [e]: seal [t’ul’e´ n’], mirror [z’e’ rkala], smarter [umn’e´ ye], conveyor [kanv’e´ yir];
  • I – [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu – [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel “E” does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do a phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without a preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate´ l'], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n:is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [table´ t].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels “E” and “I” undergo qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (except for [ts], [zh], [sh]). Examples of phonetic analysis of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'i n'i´t], forest [l'i sno´y], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [p'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lie [l'i ga´t'], five grater [p'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in the Russian language. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or ringing appears in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet they are designated by 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonant sounds more, namely 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language there are consonants:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in’]: in height - in yun,
  • [g] - [g’]: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d’]: dacha - dolphin,
  • [z] - [z’]: z von - z ether,
  • [k] - [k’]: k onfeta - to enguru,
  • [l] - [l’]: boat - l lux,
  • [m] - [m’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n’]: new - nectar,
  • [p] - [p’]: p alma- p yosik,
  • [r] - [r’]: daisy - row of poison,
  • [s] - [s’]: with uvenir - with urpriz,
  • [t] - [t’]: tuchka - t ulpan,
  • [f] - [f’]: f lag - f February,
  • [x] - [x’]: x orek - x seeker.
• Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired ones include:
  • sounds [zh], [ts], [sh] - always hard (zhzn, tsikl, mouse);
  • [ch’], [sch’] and [th’] are always soft (daughter, more often than not, yours).
• The sounds [zh], [ch’], [sh], [sh’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - voiceless, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the voicedness-voicelessness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorant (l, m, n, r, y) are the most sonorous phonemes, in them a maximum of voices and a few noises are heard: l ev, rai, n o l.
• If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and noise are formed, it means that you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.): plant, b people, life.
• When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is made: st opka, fishka, k ost yum, tsirk, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: stop (b, p, d, t) - gap (zh, w, z, s) and method of articulation: labiolabial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), anterior lingual (t, d, z, s, c, g, w, sch, h, n, l, r), midlingual (th), posterior lingual (k, g, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Tip: If you're just starting to practice spelling words phonetically, try placing your hands on your ears and saying the phoneme. If you were able to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is voiceless.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget our friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some soup? - Fi! - similarly, the indicated replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant sound, just like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter phonetically can represent a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is compared to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect makes pronunciation easier and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation according to deafness and voicedness applies. The voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of a phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [klu´p];
• before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], obkh vatit [apkh vat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
• doing a sound-letter analysis online, you will notice that the voiceless paired consonant standing before the voiced one (except for [th'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n'], [r] - [r']) is also voiced, that is, replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [z] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter “G” is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings “-ого”, “-го” of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant “G” is transcribed as the sound [в]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e´lava], sharp, full, former, that, that, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [ad:'il'i´t'] → the letters “T” and “D” are reduced into sounds [d'd'], besh smart [b'ish: u ´much]. When analyzing the composition of a number of words in sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the opposite process to assimilation. In this case, the common feature of two adjacent consonants changes: the combination “GK” sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′kh'k'ii], soft [m'a′kh' k'ii].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, an apostrophe [’] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before “b”;
• the softness of the consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the vowel letter that follows it (e, ё, i, yu, i);
• [ш'], [ч'] and [й] are only soft by default;
• The sound [n] is always softened before soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'itseen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve[n'z'] el, licé[n'z'] iya, ka[n'd'] idat, ba[n'd'] it, i[n'd'] ivid , blo[n'd']in, stipe[n'd']iya, ba[n't']ik, vi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n' t'] il, a[n't'] ical, co[n't'] text, remo[n't'] edit;
• the letters “N”, “K”, “P” during phonetic analysis of their composition can be softened before the soft sounds [ch'], [sch']: glass ik [staka'n'ch'ik], smenschik ik [sm'e ′n'sch'ik], donch ik [po'n'ch'ik], masonry ik [kam'e'n'sch'ik], boulevard [bul'va'r'sh'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
• often the sounds [з], [с], [р], [н] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e′nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-letter analysis, take into account the exception words when the consonant [p] before soft teeth and labials, as well as before [ch’], [sch’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter “b” after a consonant unpaired in hardness/softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during letter analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless consonants before hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before sibilants (zh, sh, shch, h) are phonetically replaced by a sibilant consonant.

• Literal analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: arrival [pr'ie'zhzh ii], ascend [vashsh e´st'iye], izzh elta [i´zh elta], take pity [zh a´l'its: A].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. When performing sound-letter analysis of a word, you must denote one of the repeated sounds in the transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Letter combinations with a hissing “szh” - “zzh” are pronounced like a double hard consonant [zh:], and “ssh” - “zsh” - like [sh:]: squeezed, sewed, without a splint, climbed in.
• The combinations “zzh”, “zhzh” inside the root, when parsed by letters and sounds, are written in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I ride, I squeal, later, reins, yeast, zhzhenka.
• The combinations “sch”, “zch” at the junction of a root and a suffix/prefix are pronounced as a long soft [sch’:]: account [sch’: o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the following word in place of “sch”, “zch” is transcribed as [sch'ch']: without number [b'esh' ch' isla´], with something [sch'ch' e'mta] .
• During sound-letter analysis, the combinations “tch”, “dch” at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [ch':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], good fellow [little-ch': ik], report [ach': o´t].

Cheat sheet for comparing consonant sounds by place of formation

• sch → [sch':]: happiness [sch': a´s't'ye], sandstone [p'ish': a´n'ik], peddler [vari´sch': ik], paving stones, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [sch’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: ik], loader [gru’sch’: ik], storyteller [raska’sch’: ik];
• zhch → [sch’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ sch’: ik], man [musch’: i´na];
• shch → [sch’:]: freckled [in’isnu’sch’: ity];
• stch → [sch’:]: tougher [zho’sch’: e], biting, rigger;
• zdch → [sch’:]: roundabout [abye’sch’: ik], furrowed [baro’sch’: ity];
• ssch → [sch’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t’], became generous [rasch’: e’dr’ils’a];
• thsch → [ch'sch']: to split off [ach'sch' ip'i′t'], to snap off [ach'sch' o´lk'ivat'], in vain [ch'sch' etna], carefully [ch' sch' at'el'na];
• tch → [ch’:]: report [ach’: o′t], fatherland [ach’: i′zna], ciliated [r’is’n’i′ch’: i′ty];
• dch → [ch’:]: emphasize [pach’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t’];
• zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t’], kindle [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t’];
• ssh → [sh:]: brought [pr’in’o′sh: y], embroidered [rash: y’ty];
• zsh → [sh:]: lower [n’ish: s′y]
• th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, doing a sound-letter analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs] , for nothing [n'e′ zasht a], something [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
• th → [h't] in other cases of letter parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] etc;
• chn → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in “-ichna”: Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• chn → [ch'n] - letter analysis for all other options: fabulous [ska´zach'n y], dacha [da´ch'n y], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n y], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, double pronunciation and transcription [sch’] or [sht’] is allowed in the word rain and in the word forms derived from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in Russian words

During the pronunciation of an entire phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the spelling of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sn y], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, one can perform a phonetic analysis of the words staircase, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy [sh':asl 'i´vyy"], happy, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and postlat, in them the letter “T” is pronounced);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g'iga´nsk 'ii], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], to eat up [take´s: a], to swear I [kl’a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:]: tourist [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, Hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: x-ray en [r’eng ’e´n];
  • “–tsya”, “–tsya” → [ts:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [my´ts: a], looks, will do, bow, shave, fit;
  • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of a root and a suffix: childish [d’e´ts k’ii], bratskiy [bratskyi];
  • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete [sparts: m’e´n], send [atss yla´t’];
  • tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratz a [bra´ts: a], father epit [ats: yp'i´t'], to father u [k atz: y´];
• “D” - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [z'n'y], star [z'v'ozn'y], holiday [pra'z'n'ik], free [b'izvazm' e′know];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
  • NDsk → [NSK]: Dutch [Galansk ’ii], Thai [Thailansk ’ii], Norman [Narmansk ’ii];
  • zdts → [ss]: under the bridles [fall uss s´];
  • ndc → [nts]: Dutch [galans];
  • rdc → [rts]: heart [s’e´rts e], serdts evin [s’irts yv’i´na];
  • rdch → [rch"]: heart ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsed soundly, the word is written as double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t'], twenty [dva´ts: yt'] ;
  • ds → [ts]: factory [zavac ko´y], rods tvo [rac tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods k [k’islavo´ts k];
• “L” - in combinations:
  • sun → [nz]: sun [so´nts e], solar state;
• “B” - in combinations:
  • vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello, go away], feelings about [ch's'tva], sensuality [ch'us'tv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in:y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, when there is a cluster of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk” the loss of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, summons, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• When parsing letters, two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:]: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l’], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word being studied, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book." M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – MSU, M.: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Tutorial. – “Institute for Advanced Training of Education Workers”, Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. – M.: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the school curriculum format. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

Classic granola

Compound:
2 tbsp. oatmeal
1/3 tbsp. any chopped nuts
1/3 tbsp. sunflower seeds
1/3 tbsp. raisins
a handful of dried cranberries or cherries
1/4 tsp. salt
1/4 tbsp. honey or maple syrup
1/2 tsp. cinnamon
3 tbsp. rast. oils
1 tbsp. water
2 tbsp. Sahara

Preparation:
Preheat the oven to 130-140 degrees. Mix cereal, sugar, salt, nuts in a bowl. Heat honey, water, cinnamon, vegetable oil over low heat until everything is mixed until smooth. Pour into dry ingredients and mix well. Grease a baking sheet with oil or line it with parchment paper and spread the entire mixture evenly over the baking sheet. Bake for half an hour, stirring occasionally (approximately every 10 minutes) with a spoon, then remove from the oven, add dried fruits and bake for another 10-15 minutes until golden brown. Cool and place in a jar with a tight lid.
Serve with milk. Granola turns out crispy...

Apple granola

Compound:
3 tbsp. oatmeal
1/2 tbsp. chopped almonds
1/2 tbsp. sunflower seeds
1/6 tbsp. sesame
1/2 tsp. ground ginger
1 tbsp. (or less to taste) ground cinnamon
a pinch of salt
1 tbsp. applesauce
3-4 tbsp. honey
2 tbsp. olive oil

Preparation:

Preheat the oven to 150 degrees. Mix all dry ingredients in a bowl and all liquid ingredients in another bowl. And mix everything together until smooth. Spread in an even layer on a baking sheet lined with parchment paper and bake for 35-40 minutes, stirring occasionally with a spoon. Cool.
This granola is good served with slices of fresh apple and yogurt, and for those who are fasting, with apple juice.

Granola balls
Well, or muesli sweets...

Compound:
1.5 tbsp. oatmeal
(they will need to be baked in the oven first, see the recipe for classic granola, but reduce the amount of honey and vegetable oil)
1/4 tbsp. sunflower seeds (I used pine nuts instead)
1/2 tbsp. dried apricots (about 10-12 pieces)
coconut flakes

Preparation:
Pour 100 ml of water into the dried apricots, bring to a boil and cook a little until they become soft (from 3 to 10 minutes). Remove the dried apricots from the water, mix with baked flakes and seeds and grind everything with a blender, adding a little decoction of the dried apricots. No need to add everything! The mass should be very thick, add just enough liquid so that you can form balls from it. Roll the balls in coconut flakes.

You can eat it right away, or you can put it in the refrigerator for a while so that the candy balls become a little denser. They are very tasty...

Granola bars (or Granola Bars)

Compound:
2.5 tbsp. oatmeal
1 tbsp. chopped nuts
0.5 tbsp. coconut flakes
5-6 tbsp. honey
3 tbsp. rast. oils
a pinch of salt, grated orange zest or cinnamon to taste
a handful of dried cranberries or cherries, raisins

Preparation:
Heat the oven to 175 degrees. Mix the cereal with the nuts and bake them for 10 minutes on a baking sheet. Remove from the oven, reduce temperature to 150. Heat honey, vegetable oil, salt, cinnamon (if using). Combine the baked oats with the dried fruit, coconut and wet ingredients (I transfer the oats from the baking sheet to a bowl to mix). Mix well until you get a sticky mass.

Distribute it over the baking sheet, compacting it well with a spoon to form a dense layer about 1 cm thick. It is not necessary to “stretch” the mass over the entire baking sheet; I only filled half of it. But it is very important to press and compact well, otherwise it will fall apart when cut.
Bake for 20-30 minutes. Cool completely and cut into bars. It is best to cut with a sharp large knife, with a sharp chopping motion.