Teacher, MBOU Secondary School No. 4, Georgievsk, Stavropol Territory
Kozmanova Veronika Sergeevna
UMK B. A. Vorontsov-Velyaminov, E. K. Straut
Lesson 1. What does astronomy study?
Grade: 11
Lesson Objectives
Personal: discuss human needs for knowledge, as the most significant insatiable need, understanding the differences between mythological and scientific consciousness.
Metasubject: formulate the concept of “subject of astronomy”; prove the independence and significance of astronomy as a science.
Subject: explain the reasons for the emergence and development of astronomy, give examples confirming these reasons; illustrate with examples the practical orientation of astronomy; reproduce information on the history of the development of astronomy, its connections with other sciences.
Main material
Astronomy as a science. The history of the formation of astronomy in connection with practical needs. Stages of development of astronomy. Interrelation and mutual influence of astronomy and other sciences. Methodological highlights of the lesson.
Organize a conversation to identify students’ ideas about what astronomy studies, thus formulating a definition of the subject of astronomy. Further, continuing the conversation, it is important to bring students to the idea of the initial significance of the development of astronomical knowledge in connection withpractical needs. They can be divided into several groups:
- agricultural needs (the need for counting time - days, months, years. For example, in Ancient Egypt, the time of sowing and harvesting was determined by the appearance before sunrise of the bright star Sothis - a harbinger of the Nile flood - from beyond the edge of the horizon);
- needs to expand trade , including maritime (navigation, search for trade routes, navigation. Thus, Phoenician sailors were guided by the North Star, which the Greeks called the Phoenician Star);
- aesthetic and cognitive needs , the need for a holistic worldview (man sought to explain the periodicity of natural phenomena and processes, the emergence of the surrounding world. The origin of astronomy in astrological ideas is characteristic of the mythological worldview of ancient civilizations. A mythological worldview is a system of views on the objective world and the place of man in it, which is not based on theoretical arguments and reasoning, but on the artistic and emotional experience of the world, social illusions born of people’s perception of social and natural processes and their role in them).
Identification of the last of these needs logically leads to a consideration of a number of stages in the development of astronomy - from the first “traces” of prehistoric astronomy through the observational astronomy of the Ancient World and the Medieval East to the telescopic astronomy of Galileo, celestial mechanics of Kepler and Newton. It is important during the conversation to lead students to understand the role of modern space astronomy and human responsibility in preserving the uniqueness of the world around us. The result of the discussion of the stages in the development of astronomy is the drawing up of a diagram reflecting modern ideas about the structure of the Universe.
This task can be given to students as independent work. The discussion of the results of independent work ends with a discussion of the scale of the Universe.
Task 1 of the textbook can be completed in small groups. When revealing the connection between astronomy and other sciences, it is important to analyze the interpenetration and mutual influence of scientific fields:
- mathematics (using methods of approximate calculations, replacing trigonometric functions of small angles with the values of the angles themselves, expressed in radian measure, logarithm, etc.);
- physics (movement in gravitational and magnetic fields, description of the state of matter; radiation processes; induction currents in plasma forming space objects);
- chemistry (the discovery of new chemical elements in the atmosphere of stars, the development of spectral methods; the chemical properties of the gases that make up celestial bodies; the discovery of molecules containing up to nine atoms in interstellar matter, the existence of complex organic compounds of methyl acetylene and formamide, etc.);
- biology (hypotheses of the origin of life, adaptability and evolution of living organisms; pollution of the surrounding outer space by matter and radiation);
- geography (the nature of clouds on Earth and other planets; tides in the ocean, atmosphere and solid crust of the Earth; evaporation of water from the surface of the oceans under the influence of solar radiation; uneven heating by the Sun of various parts of the earth's surface, creating the circulation of atmospheric flows);
- literature (ancient myths and legends as literary works; science fiction literature).
Homework. § 1. Present graphically (in the form of a diagram) the relationship of astronomy with other sciences, emphasizing the independence of astronomy as a science and the uniqueness of its subject.
Project topics
1. The most ancient religious observatories of prehistoric astronomy.
2. Progress of observational and measurement astronomy based on geometry and spherical trigonometry in the Hellenistic era.
3. The origin of observational astronomy in Egypt, China, India, Ancient Babylon, Ancient Greece, Rome.
4. Relationship between astronomy and chemistry (physics, biology).
Internet resources
http://galaxy-science.ru/flash/SHkala_masshtabov_Vselennoy_v.2.swf - Estimation of the ratio of sizes of various objects.
The vault of heaven, burning with glory,
Looks mysteriously from the depths,
And we float, a burning abyss
Surrounded on all sides.
F. Tyutchev
Lesson1/1
Subject: Subject of astronomy.
Target: Give an idea of astronomy - as a science, connections with other sciences; get acquainted with the history and development of astronomy; instruments for observations, features of observations. Give an idea of the structure and scale of the Universe. Consider solving problems to find the resolution, magnification and aperture of a telescope. The profession of astronomer, its importance for the national economy. Observatories. Tasks :1. Educational: introduce the concepts of astronomy as a science and the main branches of astronomy, objects of knowledge of astronomy: space objects, processes and phenomena; methods of astronomical research and their features; observatory, telescope and its various types. History of astronomy and connections with other sciences. Roles and features of observations. Practical application of astronomical knowledge and astronautics.
2. Educating: the historical role of astronomy in the formation of a person’s understanding of the surrounding world and the development of other sciences, the formation of the scientific worldview of students in the course of acquaintance with some philosophical and general scientific ideas and concepts (materiality, unity and knowability of the world, spatio-temporal scales and properties of the Universe, the universality of the action of physical laws in the Universe). Patriotic education when familiarizing with the role of Russian science and technology in the development of astronomy and cosmonautics. Polytechnic education and labor education in presenting information about the practical application of astronomy and astronautics.
3. Developmental: development of cognitive interests in the subject. Show that human thought always strives for knowledge of the unknown. Formation of skills to analyze information, draw up classification schemes. Know: 1st level (standard)- the concept of astronomy, its main sections and stages of development, the place of astronomy among other sciences and the practical application of astronomical knowledge; have an initial understanding of the methods and tools of astronomical research; the scale of the Universe, space objects, phenomena and processes, the properties of the telescope and its types, the importance of astronomy for the national economy and the practical needs of mankind. 2nd level- the concept of astronomy, systems, the role and features of observations, the properties of a telescope and its types, connections with other objects, the advantages of photographic observations, the importance of astronomy for the national economy and the practical needs of mankind. Be able to: 1st level (standard)- use a textbook and reference material, build diagrams of the simplest telescopes of different types, point the telescope at a given object, search the Internet for information on a selected astronomical topic. 2nd level- use a textbook and reference material, build diagrams of the simplest telescopes of different types, calculate the resolution, aperture and magnification of telescopes, carry out observations using a telescope of a given object, search the Internet for information on a selected astronomical topic.
Equipment: F. Yu. Siegel “Astronomy in its development”, Theodolite, Telescope, posters “telescopes”, “Radio astronomy”, d/f. “What astronomy studies”, “The largest astronomical observatories”, film “Astronomy and worldview”, “astrophysical methods of observation”. Earth globe, transparencies: photographs of the Sun, Moon and planets, galaxies. CD- "Red Shift 5.1" or photographs and illustrations of astronomical objects from the multimedia disc "Multimedia Library for Astronomy". Show the Observer's Calendar for September (taken from the Astronet website), an example of an astronomical journal (electronic, for example Nebosvod). You can show an excerpt from the film Astronomy (Part 1, fr. 2 The most ancient science).
Intersubject communication: Rectilinear propagation, reflection, refraction of light. Construction of images produced by a thin lens. Camera (physics, VII class). Electromagnetic waves and the speed of their propagation. Radio waves. Chemical action of light (physics, X class).
During the classes:
Introductory talk (2 min)
- Textbook by E. P. Levitan; general notebook - 48 sheets; exams upon request.
- Astronomy is a new discipline in the school course, although you are briefly familiar with some of the issues.
- How to work with the textbook.
- work through (not read) a paragraph
- delve into the essence, understand each phenomenon and processes
- work through all the questions and tasks after the paragraph, briefly in your notebooks
- check your knowledge using the list of questions at the end of the topic
- View additional material on the Internet
Lecture (new material) (30 min) The beginning is a demonstration of a video clip from a CD (or my presentation).
Astronomy [Greek Astron (astron) - star, nomos (nomos) - law] - the science of the Universe, completing the natural and mathematical cycle of school disciplines. Astronomy studies the movement of celestial bodies (section “celestial mechanics”), their nature (section “astrophysics”), origin and development (section “cosmogony”) [ Astronomy is the science of the structure, origin and development of celestial bodies and their systems
=, that is, the science of nature]. Astronomy is the only science that received its patron muse - Urania.
Systems (space):
- all bodies in the Universe form systems of varying complexity.
All bodies are in continuous movement, change, development. Planets, stars, galaxies have their own history, often amounting to billions of years. The diagram shows the systematic and distances: |
History of astronomy
(you can use a fragment of the film Astronomy (part 1, fr. 2 The most ancient science))
Astronomy is one of the most fascinating and ancient sciences of nature - it explores not only the present, but also the distant past of the macrocosm around us, as well as to draw a scientific picture of the future of the Universe.
The need for astronomical knowledge was dictated by vital necessity:
Stages of development of astronomy
1st
Ancient world(BC). Philosophy →astronomy →elements of mathematics (geometry).
Ancient Egypt, Ancient Assyria, Ancient Maya, Ancient China, Sumerians, Babylonia, Ancient Greece. Scientists who made significant contributions to the development of astronomy: THALES of Miletus(625-547, Ancient Greece), EVDOKS Knidsky(408- 355, Ancient Greece), ARISTOTLE(384-322, Macedonia, Ancient Greece), ARISTARCHUS of Samos(310-230, Alexandria, Egypt), ERATOSTHENES(276-194, Egypt), HIPPARCHUS of Rhodes(190-125, Ancient Greece).
II
Pre-telescopic period. (AD to 1610). Decline of science and astronomy. The collapse of the Roman Empire, barbarian raids, the birth of Christianity. Rapid development of Arab science. Revival of science in Europe. Modern heliocentric system of world structure. Scientists who made significant contributions to the development of astronomy during this period: Claudius PTOLEMY (Claudius Ptolomeus)(87-165, Dr. Rome), BIRUNI, Abu Reyhan Muhammad ibn Ahmed al-Biruni(973-1048, modern Uzbekistan), Mirza Muhammad ibn Shahrukh ibn Timur (Taragay) ULUGBEK(1394 -1449, modern Uzbekistan), Nicholas COPERNIUS(1473-1543, Poland), Quiet(Tighe) BRAHE(1546-1601, Denmark).
III
Telescopic before the advent of spectroscopy (1610-1814). The invention of the telescope and observations with its help. Laws of planetary motion. Discovery of the planet Uranus. The first theories of the formation of the solar system. Scientists who made significant contributions to the development of astronomy during this period: Galileo Galilei(1564-1642, Italy), Johann KEPLER(1571-1630, Germany), Jan GAVELIY (GAVELIUS) (1611-1687, Poland), Hans Christian HUYGENS(1629-1695, Netherlands), Giovanni Dominico (Jean Domenic) CASSINI>(1625-1712, Italy-France), Isaac Newton(1643-1727, England), Edmund Halley (HALLIE, 1656-1742, England), William (William) Wilhelm Friedrich HERSCHEL(1738-1822, England), Pierre Simon LAPLACE(1749-1827, France).
IV
Spectroscopy. Before the photo. (1814-1900). Spectroscopic observations. The first determinations of the distance to the stars. Discovery of the planet Neptune. Scientists who made significant contributions to the development of astronomy during this period: Joseph von Fraunhofer(1787-1826, Germany), Vasily Yakovlevich (Friedrich Wilhelm Georg) STROVE(1793-1864, Germany-Russia), George Biddell Erie (AIRY, 1801-1892, England), Friedrich Wilhelm BESSEL(1784-1846, Germany), Johann Gottfried HALLE(1812-1910, Germany), William HEGGINS (Huggins, 1824-1910, England), Angelo SECCHI(1818-1878, Italy), Fedor Aleksandrovich BREDIKHIN(1831-1904, Russia), Edward Charles PICKERING(1846-1919, USA).
Vth
Modern period (1900-present). Development of the use of photography and spectroscopic observations in astronomy. Solving the question of the source of energy of stars. Discovery of galaxies. The emergence and development of radio astronomy. Space research. See more details.
Connection with other objects.
PSS t 20 F. Engels - “First, astronomy, which, due to the seasons, is absolutely necessary for shepherding and agricultural work. Astronomy can only develop with the help of mathematics. Therefore, I had to do math. Further, at a certain stage in the development of agriculture in certain countries (raising water for irrigation in Egypt), and especially with the emergence of cities, large buildings and the development of crafts, mechanics also developed. Soon it becomes necessary for shipping and military affairs. It is also transmitted to help mathematics and thus contributes to its development.”
Astronomy has played such a leading role in the history of science that many scientists consider “astronomy to be the most significant factor in the development from its origins - right up to Laplace, Lagrange and Gauss” - they drew tasks from it and created methods for solving these problems. Astronomy, mathematics and physics have never lost their relationship, which is reflected in the activities of many scientists.
 |
The interaction of astronomy and physics continues to influence the development of other sciences, technology, energy and various sectors of the national economy. An example is the creation and development of astronautics. Methods for confining plasma in a limited volume, the concept of “collisionless” plasma, MHD generators, quantum radiation amplifiers (masers), etc. are being developed. | |
 |
1 - heliobiology 2 - xenobiology 3 - space biology and medicine 4 - mathematical geography 5 - cosmochemistry A - spherical astronomy B - astrometry B - celestial mechanics G - astrophysics D - cosmology E - cosmogony F - cosmophysics |
Astronomy and chemistry connect the issues of studying the origin and prevalence of chemical elements and their isotopes in space, the chemical evolution of the Universe. The science of cosmochemistry, which emerged at the intersection of astronomy, physics and chemistry, is closely related to astrophysics, cosmogony and cosmology, studies the chemical composition and differentiated internal structure of cosmic bodies, the influence of cosmic phenomena and processes on the course of chemical reactions, the laws of abundance and distribution of chemical elements in the Universe, the combination and migration of atoms during the formation of matter in space, evolution of the isotopic composition of elements. Of great interest to chemists are studies of chemical processes that, due to their scale or complexity, are difficult or completely impossible to reproduce in terrestrial laboratories (matter in the interior of planets, the synthesis of complex chemical compounds in dark nebulae, etc.). Astronomy, geography and geophysics connects the study of the Earth as one of the planets of the solar system, its basic physical characteristics (shape, rotation, size, mass, etc.) and the influence of cosmic factors on the geography of the Earth: the structure and composition of the earth's interior and surface, relief and climate, periodic, seasonal and long-term, local and global changes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere of the Earth - magnetic storms, tides, changes of seasons, drift of magnetic fields, warming and ice ages, etc., resulting from the influence of cosmic phenomena and processes (solar activity , rotation of the Moon around the Earth, rotation of the Earth around the Sun, etc.); as well as astronomical methods of orientation in space and determination of terrain coordinates that have not lost their significance. One of the new sciences was space geoscience - a set of instrumental studies of the Earth from space for the purposes of scientific and practical activities. Connection astronomy and biology determined by their evolutionary character. Astronomy studies the evolution of cosmic objects and their systems at all levels of organization of inanimate matter in the same way as biology studies the evolution of living matter. Astronomy and biology are connected by the problems of the emergence and existence of life and intelligence on Earth and in the Universe, problems of terrestrial and space ecology and the impact of cosmic processes and phenomena on the Earth's biosphere. Connection astronomy With history and social science, studying the development of the material world at a qualitatively higher level of organization of matter, is due to the influence of astronomical knowledge on the worldview of people and the development of science, technology, agriculture, economics and culture; the question of the influence of cosmic processes on the social development of mankind remains open. The beauty of the starry sky awakened thoughts about the greatness of the universe and inspired writers and poets. Astronomical observations carry a powerful emotional charge, demonstrate the power of the human mind and its ability to understand the world, cultivate a sense of beauty, and contribute to the development of scientific thinking. The connection between astronomy and the “science of sciences” - philosophy- is determined by the fact that astronomy as a science has not only a special, but also a universal, humanitarian aspect, and makes the greatest contribution to clarifying the place of man and humanity in the Universe, to the study of the relationship “man - the Universe”. In every cosmic phenomenon and process, manifestations of the basic, fundamental laws of nature are visible. On the basis of astronomical research, the principles of knowledge of matter and the Universe and the most important philosophical generalizations are formed. Astronomy influenced the development of all philosophical teachings. It is impossible to form a physical picture of the world that bypasses modern ideas about the Universe - it will inevitably lose its ideological significance. |
Modern astronomy is a fundamental physical and mathematical science, the development of which is directly related to scientific and technical progress. To study and explain processes, the entire modern arsenal of various, newly emerged branches of mathematics and physics is used. There is also.
Main branches of astronomy:
|
Classical astronomy |
combines a number of branches of astronomy, the foundations of which were developed before the beginning of the twentieth century: | ||
| Astrometry: | Spherical astronomy |
studies the position, apparent and proper motion of cosmic bodies and solves problems related to determining the positions of luminaries on the celestial sphere, compiling star catalogs and maps, and the theoretical foundations of counting time. | |
| Fundamental astrometry | conducts work to determine fundamental astronomical constants and theoretical justification for the compilation of fundamental astronomical catalogs. | ||
| Practical astronomy | deals with determining time and geographical coordinates, provides the Time Service, calculation and preparation of calendars, geographical and topographic maps; Astronomical orientation methods are widely used in navigation, aviation and astronautics. | ||
| Celestial Mechanics | explores the movement of cosmic bodies under the influence of gravitational forces (in space and time). Based on astrometry data, the laws of classical mechanics and mathematical research methods, celestial mechanics determines the trajectories and characteristics of the movement of cosmic bodies and their systems and serves as the theoretical basis of astronautics. | ||
|
Modern astronomy |
Astrophysics | studies the basic physical characteristics and properties of space objects (movement, structure, composition, etc.), space processes and space phenomena, divided into numerous sections: theoretical astrophysics; practical astrophysics; physics of planets and their satellites (planetology and planetography); physics of the Sun; physics of stars; extragalactic astrophysics, etc. | |
| Cosmogony | studies the origin and development of space objects and their systems (in particular the Solar system). | ||
| Cosmology | explores the origin, basic physical characteristics, properties and evolution of the Universe. Its theoretical basis is modern physical theories and data from astrophysics and extragalactic astronomy. | ||
Observations in astronomy.
Observations are the main source of information about celestial bodies, processes, phenomena occurring in the Universe, since it is impossible to touch them and conduct experiments with celestial bodies (the possibility of conducting experiments outside the Earth arose only thanks to astronautics). They also have the peculiarities that to study any phenomenon it is necessary:
- long periods of time and simultaneous observation of related objects (example: the evolution of stars)
- the need to indicate the position of celestial bodies in space (coordinates), since all the luminaries seem far from us (in ancient times the concept of the celestial sphere arose, which as a whole revolves around the Earth)
Example:
Ancient Egypt, observing the star Sothis (Sirius), determined the beginning of the Nile flood, and established the length of the year at 4240 BC. in 365 days. For accurate observations, we needed devices.
1). It is known that Thales of Miletus (624-547, Ancient Greece) in 595 BC. for the first time used a gnomon (a vertical rod, it is believed that his student Anaximander created it) - it allowed not only to be a sundial, but also to determine the moments of the equinox, solstice, length of the year, latitude of observation, etc.
2). Already Hipparchus (180-125, Ancient Greece) used an astrolabe, which allowed him to measure the parallax of the Moon in 129 BC, establish the length of the year at 365.25 days, determine the procession and compile it in 130 BC. star catalog for 1008 stars, etc.
There was an astronomical staff, an astrolabon (the first type of theodolite), a quadrant, etc. Observations are carried out in specialized institutions - ,
arose at the first stage of the development of astronomy before NE. But real astronomical research began with the invention telescope in 1609
Telescope
- increases the angle of view from which celestial bodies are visible ( resolution
), and collects many times more light than the observer's eye ( penetrating force
). Therefore, through a telescope you can examine the surfaces of the celestial bodies closest to the Earth, invisible to the naked eye, and see many faint stars. It all depends on the diameter of its lens.Types of telescopes: And radio(Demonstration of a telescope, poster "Telescopes", diagrams). Telescopes: from history
= optical
1. Optical telescopes ()
 |
Refractor(refracto-refract) - the refraction of light in the lens is used (refractive). “Spotting scope” made in Holland [H. Lippershey]. According to the approximate description, it was made in 1609 by Galileo Galilei and first sent it to the sky in November 1609, and in January 1610 he discovered 4 satellites of Jupiter. The world's largest refractor was made by Alvan Clark (an optician from the USA) 102 cm (40 inches) and installed in 1897 at the Hyères Observatory (near Chicago). He also made a 30-inch one and installed it in 1885 at the Pulkovo Observatory (destroyed during the Second World War). |
.gif) |
Reflector(reflecto-reflect) - a concave mirror is used to focus the rays. In 1667, the first reflecting telescope was invented by I. Newton (1643-1727, England), the mirror diameter was 2.5 cm at 41 X increase. In those days, mirrors were made of metal alloys and quickly became dull. The world's largest telescope. W. Keck installed a mirror with a diameter of 10 m in 1996 (the first of two, but the mirror is not monolithic, but consists of 36 hexagonal mirrors) at the Mount Kea Observatory (California, USA). In 1995, the first of four telescopes (mirror diameter 8 m) was introduced (ESO Observatory, Chile). Before this, the largest was in the USSR, the diameter of the mirror was 6 m, installed in the Stavropol Territory (Mount Pastukhov, h = 2070 m) in the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the USSR Academy of Sciences (monolithic mirror 42 tons, 600 tons telescope, you can see stars 24 m). |
 |
Mirror-lens. B.V. SCHMIDT(1879-1935, Estonia) built in 1930 (Schmidt camera) with a lens diameter of 44 cm. Large aperture, coma-free and large field of view, placing a corrective glass plate in front of a spherical mirror. In 1941 D.D. Maksutov(USSR) made a meniscus, advantageous with a short pipe. Used by amateur astronomers. In 1995, the first telescope with an 8-m mirror (out of 4) with a base of 100 m was put into operation for an optical interferometer (ATACAMA desert, Chile; ESO). In 1996, the first telescope with a diameter of 10 m (out of two with a base of 85 m) named after. W. Keck introduced at the Mount Kea Observatory (California, Hawaii, USA) amateur telescopes |
- direct observations
- photograph (astrograph)
- photoelectric - sensor, energy fluctuation, radiation
- spectral - provide information about temperature, chemical composition, magnetic fields, movements of celestial bodies.
- Documentation is the ability to record ongoing phenomena and processes and retain the information received for a long time.
- Immediacy is the ability to register short-term events.
- Panoramic - the ability to capture several objects at the same time.
- Integrity is the ability to accumulate light from weak sources.
- Detail - the ability to see the details of an object in an image.
- Through a telescope we see as much as possible: ( resolution) α= 14 "/D or α= 206265·λ/D[Where λ is the wavelength of light, and D- diameter of the telescope lens] .
- The amount of light collected by the lens is called aperture ratio. Aperture E=~S (or D 2) of the lens. E=(D/d xp ) 2 , Where d xp - the diameter of the human pupil under normal conditions is 5mm (maximum in the dark 8mm).
- Increase telescope = Focal length of the lens/Focal length of the eyepiece. W=F/f=β/α.
Task (independently - 3 min): For a 6m reflecting telescope at the Special Astrophysical Observatory (in the northern Caucasus), determine the resolution, aperture and magnification if an eyepiece with a focal length of 5cm (F = 24m) is used. [ Evaluation by speed and correctness of solution] Solution: α= 14 "/600 ≈ 0.023"[at α= 1" the matchbox is visible at a distance of 10 km]. E=(D/d xp) 2 =(6000/5) 2 = 120 2 =14400[collects so many times more light than the observer's eye] W=F/f=2400/5=480 2. Radio telescopes - advantages: in any weather and time of day, you can observe objects that are inaccessible to optical ones. They are a bowl (similar to a locator. A poster "Radio telescopes"). Radio astronomy developed after the war. The largest radio telescopes now are the fixed RATAN-600, Russia (came into operation in 1967, 40 km from the optical telescope, consists of 895 individual mirrors measuring 2.1x7.4 m and has a closed ring with a diameter of 588 m), Arecibo (Puerto Rico, 305 m- concreted bowl of an extinct volcano, introduced in 1963). Of the mobile ones, they have two radio telescopes with a 100m bowl.
Celestial bodies produce radiation: light, infrared, ultraviolet, radio waves, x-rays, gamma radiation. Since the atmosphere interferes with the penetration of rays to the ground with λ< λ света (ультрафиолетовые, рентгеновские, γ - излучения), то последнее время на орбиту Земли выводятся телескопы и целые орбитальные обсерватории : (т.е развиваются внеатмосферные наблюдения).
l. Fixing the material
.
Questions:
- What astronomical information did you study in courses in other subjects? (natural history, physics, history, etc.)
- What is the specificity of astronomy compared to other natural sciences?
- What types of celestial bodies do you know?
- Planets. How many, as they say, order of arrangement, largest, etc.
- What is the importance of astronomy in the national economy today?
Values in the national economy:
- Orientation by stars to determine the sides of the horizon
- Navigation (navigation, aviation, astronautics) - the art of finding a way by the stars
- Exploration of the Universe to understand the past and predict the future
- Cosmonautics:
- Exploration of the Earth in order to preserve its unique nature
- Obtaining materials that are impossible to obtain in terrestrial conditions
- Weather forecast and disaster prediction
- Rescue of ships in distress
- Research of other planets to predict the development of the Earth
Result:
- What new did you learn? What is astronomy, the purpose of a telescope and its types. Features of astronomy, etc.
- It is necessary to show the use of the CD "Red Shift 5.1", the Observer's Calendar, an example of an astronomical journal (electronic, for example, Nebosvod). Show on the Internet, Astrotop, portal: Astronomy V Wikipedia, - using which you can obtain information on an issue of interest or find it.
- Ratings.
Homework:
Introduction, §1; questions and tasks for self-control (page 11), No. 6 and 7 draw up diagrams, preferably in class; pp. 29-30 (p. 1-6) - main thoughts.
When studying the material about astronomical instruments in detail, you can ask students questions and tasks:
1. Determine the main characteristics of G. Galileo’s telescope.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Galilean refractor optical design compared to the Kepler refractor optical design?
3. Determine the main characteristics of the BTA. How many times more powerful is BTA than MSR?
4. What are the advantages of telescopes installed on board spacecraft?
5. What conditions must be satisfied by the site for the construction of an astronomical observatory?
The lesson was prepared by members of the “Internet Technologies” circle in 2002: Prytkov Denis (10th grade) And Disenova Anna (9th grade). Changed 09/01/2007
| "Planetarium" 410.05 mb | The resource allows you to install the full version of the innovative educational and methodological complex "Planetarium" on a teacher's or student's computer. "Planetarium" - a selection of thematic articles - are intended for use by teachers and students in physics, astronomy or natural science lessons in grades 10-11. When installing the complex, it is recommended to use only English letters in folder names. | ||
| Demo materials 13.08 MB | The resource represents demonstration materials of the innovative educational and methodological complex "Planetarium". | ||
| Planetarium 2.67 mb | This resource is an interactive Planetarium model, which allows you to study the starry sky by working with this model. To fully use the resource, you must install the Java Plug-in | ||
| Lesson | Lesson topic | Development of lessons in the TsOR collection | Statistical graphics from TsOR |
| Lesson 1 | Subject of astronomy | Topic 1. Subject of astronomy. Constellations. Orientation by the starry sky 784.5 kb 127.8 kb 450.7 kb Electromagnetic wave scale with radiation receivers 149.2 kb |
|
- The need to keep track of time (calendar). (Ancient Egypt - relationship with astronomical phenomena noticed)
- Finding your way by the stars, especially for sailors (the first sailing ships appeared 3 thousand years BC)
- Curiosity is to understand current phenomena and put them to your service.
- Caring about your destiny, which gave birth to astrology.
Astronomy [Greek Astron (astron) - star, nomos (nomos) - law] - the science of the Universe, studies the movement of celestial bodies (section of celestial mechanics), their nature (section of astrophysics), origin and development (section of cosmogony) [Astronomy - the science of structure, the origin and development of celestial bodies and their systems = that is, the science of nature]. Astronomy is the only science that received its patron muse - Urania. The allegory of Jan Havelius (Poland), depicts the muse Urania, who holds the Sun and the Moon in her hands, and on her head a sparkling crown in the form of a star. Urania is surrounded by nymphs representing five bright planets, on the left Venus and Mercury (inner planets), on the right Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.
Astronomy is one of the most fascinating and ancient sciences of nature. The need for astronomical knowledge was dictated by vital necessity: the need to count time, maintain a calendar. Finding your way by the stars, especially for sailors. Curiosity - to understand current phenomena. Concern for one's destiny, which gave rise to astrology. Connecting his dreams and desires with the sky, man observed various phenomena. The magnificent tail of comet Mac Noth, 2007 Fireball crash, 2003
Tree of astronomical knowledge Classical astronomy Astrometry: Spherical astronomy Fundamental astrometry Practical astronomy Celestial mechanics Modern astronomy Astrophysics Cosmogony Cosmology The history of astronomy can be divided into periods: Ist Ancient World (before AD) IInd Pre-Telescopic (NE until 1610) IIIrd Telescopic (before spectroscopy, years) IV Spectroscopic (before photography, years) V Modern (1900-present) Ancient (before 1610) Classical () Modern (present)
Space systems Solar system - the Sun and those moving around (planets, comets, satellites of planets, asteroids). The stars visible in the sky, including the Milky Way, are an insignificant fraction of the stars that make up the Galaxy (or our galaxy is called the Milky Way) - a system of stars, their clusters and the interstellar medium. Galaxies are united into groups and clusters. All bodies are in continuous movement, change, development. Planets, stars, galaxies have their own history, often amounting to billions of years. 1 astronomical unit = 149.6 million km 1 pc (parsec) = AU = 3.26 St. years 1 light year (light year) is the distance that a beam of light travels at a speed of almost km/s in 1 year and is equal to 9.46 million million kilometers!
Connection with other sciences 1 - heliobiology 2 - xenobiology 3 - space biology and medicine 4 - mathematical geography 5 - cosmochemistry A - spherical astronomy B - astrometry C - celestial mechanics D - astrophysics E - cosmology E - cosmogony G - cosmophysics Physics Chemistry Biology Geography and geophysics History and social science Literature Philosophy
Telescopes Reflector (reflecto–reflect) Mr. Isaac Newton (England). The world's largest telescope. W. Keck with a 10 m mirror (not monolithic, of 36 mirrors) installed in 1996 at the Mount Kea Observatory (California, USA) Refractor (refracto-refract) Mr. Galileo Galilei (Italy). The largest in the world was made by Alvan Clark (40 inches = 102 cm), installed in 1897 at the Hyères Observatory (Wisconsin, USA) Mirror-lens - 1930, Barnhard Schmidt (Estonia). In 1941 D.D. Maksutov (USSR) made a meniscus with a short pipe. Resolution α= 14"/D or α= ·λ/D Aperture E=~S=(D/d xp) 2 Magnification W=F/f=β/α
Space objects emit the entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation; a significant part of the invisible radiation is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. Therefore, specialized space observatories are launched into space for research in the infrared, X-ray and gamma ranges. Hubble Telescope (HST), works with g. Length - 15.1 m, weight 11.6 tons, mirror 2.4 m
Topic: Subject of astronomy.
During the classes:
Introductory talk (2 min)
Requirements: textbook, notebook
new subject work with textbook
New material (30 min) Beginning of the demonstration of a video clip from the CD, my presentation.
Astronomy [Greek astron star, nomos law] - the science of the Universe (about nature) = the science of the structure, origin and development of celestial bodies and their systems, muse
Urania.
Systems: all bodies in the Universe form systems of varying complexity.
1. Solar system
2. The stars visible in the sky, including the Milky Way, are part of the Galaxy (our galaxy
Milky Way)
3. Galaxies unite into a kind of clusters (systems)
All bodies are in continuous movement, change, development. Planets, stars, galaxies have
its history, often estimated at billions of years.
The diagram shows the system and distances:
1 astronomical unit = 149.6 million km (average distance from the Earth to the Sun).
1pc (parsec) = 206265 AU = 3.26 St. years
1 light year (light year) is the distance that a beam of light travels at a speed of almost 300,000 km/s
for 1 year. 1 light year is equal to 9.46 million million kilometers!
The history of astronomy is one of the most fascinating and ancient sciences (you can show an excerpt from the film Astronomy (part 1, fr. 2 The most ancient science). Need
in astronomical knowledge was dictated by vital necessity:
1. Time accounts (calendar).
2. Finding your way by the stars, especially for sailors
3. Curiosity - to understand current phenomena and put them to your service.
4.
Caring about your destiny, which gave birth to astrology.
Stages of development of astronomy
1st Ancient World (BC)
IInd Pre-telescopic (AD to 1610)
III Telescopic (16101814)
IV Spectroscopy (1814-1900)
5th Modern (1900 present)
Connection with other objects.
1 heliobiology
2 xenobiology
3 space biology and medicine
4 mathematical geography
5 cosmochemistry
And spherical astronomy
B astrometry
In celestial mechanics
Gastrophysics
D cosmology
E cosmogony
F cosmophysics
Main branches of astronomy:
Classical
astronomy
combines a number of branches of astronomy, the foundations of which were developed before the beginning of the twentieth century:
Astrometry:
Heavenly
Mechanics
Modern
astronomy
Astrophysics
Cosmogony
Cosmology
Spherical
astronomy
Fundamental
astrometry
Practical
astronomy
studies the position, apparent and proper motion of cosmic bodies and solves problems related to
determining the positions of luminaries on the celestial sphere, compiling star catalogs and maps,
theoretical foundations of time counting.
conducts work to determine fundamental astronomical constants and theoretical
rationale for compiling fundamental astronomical catalogs.
deals with determining time and geographical coordinates, provides the Time Service, calculation
and compilation of calendars, geographical and topographic maps; astronomical orientation methods
widely used in navigation, aviation and astronautics.
explores the movement of cosmic bodies under the influence of gravitational forces (in space and time). Based on astrometry data,
laws of classical mechanics and mathematical research methods, celestial mechanics determines trajectories and characteristics
the movement of cosmic bodies and their systems serves as the theoretical basis of astronautics.
studies the basic physical characteristics and properties of space objects (movement, structure, composition, etc.), space
processes and cosmic phenomena, divided into numerous sections: theoretical astrophysics; practical
astrophysics; physics of planets and their satellites (planetology and planetography); physics of the Sun; physics of stars; extragalactic
astrophysics, etc.
studies the origin and development of space objects and their systems (in particular the Solar system).
explores the origin, basic physical characteristics, properties and evolution of the Universe. The theoretical basis of it
are modern physical theories and data from astrophysics and extragalactic astronomy.
Observations in astronomy are the main source of information. They have features:
long periods of time and simultaneous observation of related objects (example evolution of stars)
the need to indicate the position of celestial bodies in space (coordinates)
For accurate observations, instruments are needed. Observations are carried out in specialized observatory institutions.
The telescope increases the angle of view (resolution) and collects more light (penetrating power).
Types of telescopes: = optical and radio (Display)
1. Optical telescopes
The refractor uses the refraction of light in a lens (refracting), first in 1609 by G. Galileo
A reflector uses a concave mirror (reflecting) that focuses the rays; the first was invented by I. Newton in 1668.
Mirror-lens (Schmidt camera) a combination of both types, the first was built in 1930 by B. SCHMIDT.
direct observations
take photographs (astrograph)
photoelectric – sensor, energy fluctuation, radiation
appointment
spectral - provide information about temperature, chemical composition, magnetic fields, movements of celestial bodies.
In astronomy, the distance between celestial bodies is measured by angle
→
angular distance:
degrees – 5o.2, minutes – 13.4, seconds – 21.3
With the ordinary eye we see 2 stars nearby (resolution) if the angular distance is at least 12". The angle at which we see the diameter of the Sun and Moon ~
0.5o= 30".
Calculations:
"/D or = 206265∙
α
λ
λ
/D [where
the wavelength of the light, and D is the diameter of the lens
Resolution = 14α
telescope]
Aperture E=~S (or D2) of the lens. E=(D/dхр)2, where dхр the diameter of the human pupil under normal conditions is 5mm.
β α
Magnification = Lens focal length/Eyepiece focal length. W=F/f= /
.
At high magnification >500x, air vibrations are visible, so the telescope must be placed as high as possible in the mountains and where the sky is often cloudless, and even better
outside the atmosphere (in space).
Task (independent 3 min) For a 6m reflecting telescope at the Special Astrophysical Observatory (in the northern Caucasus)
determine the resolution, aperture and magnification if an eyepiece with a focal length of 5 cm (F = 24 m) is used. [Rated by
speed and correctness of solution]
2. Radio telescopes advantages: in any weather and time of day you can observe objects that are inaccessible to optical telescopes. Represent a bowl
(similar to a locator). Radio astronomy has developed since the 50s of the 20th century.
Securing the material.
Questions:
1. What astronomical information did you study in courses in other subjects? (natural history, physics, history, etc.)
2. What are the specifics of astronomy compared to other natural sciences?
3. What types of celestial bodies do you know?
4. Planets. How many, as they say, order of arrangement, largest, etc.
5. What is the importance of astronomy in the national economy today?
Meanings in the national economy:
Orientation by stars to determine the sides of the horizon
Navigation (navigation, aviation, astronautics) the art of finding a way by the stars
Exploring the Universe to understand the past and predict the future
Cosmonautics:
Exploring the Earth to preserve its unique nature
Obtaining materials that cannot be obtained under terrestrial conditions
Weather forecast and disaster prediction
Rescue of ships in distress
Research of other planets to predict the development of the Earth
Homework: Introduction, §1; questions and tasks for self-control (page 11); page 29 (item 16) – main thoughts.
When studying the material about astronomical instruments in detail, you can ask students questions and tasks:
1. Determine the main characteristics of G. Galileo’s telescope.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Galilean refractor optical design compared to the Kepler refractor optical design?
3. Determine the main characteristics of the BTA. How many times more powerful is BTA than MSR?
4. What are the advantages of telescopes installed on board spacecraft?
5. What conditions must be satisfied by the site for the construction of an astronomical observatory?
Slide 2
1. What astronomy studies. The emergence of astronomy. Astronomy [Greek astron-star, luminary, nomos - law] - the science of the structure, movement, origin and development of celestial bodies, their systems and the entire Universe as a whole. The Universe is the largest possible region of space, including all celestial bodies and their systems available for study .
Slide 3
The allegory of John Hevelius (1611-1687, Poland), depicts the muse Urania, the patroness of astronomy, who holds the Sun and the Moon in her hands, and on her head a sparkling crown in the form of a star. Urania is surrounded by nymphs representing five bright planets, on the left Venus and Mercury (inner planets), on the right Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.
Slide 4
The need for astronomical knowledge was dictated by vital necessity:
The need to keep track of time and maintain a calendar. Orientation on the terrain, finding your way by the stars, especially for sailors. Curiosity - to understand current phenomena. Concern for one's destiny, which gave rise to astrology. The magnificent tail of Comet McNaught, 2007 Fireball crash, 2003
Slide 5
Systematic astronomical observations were carried out thousands of years ago
Ancient Aztec sun stone Solar observatory in Delhi, India Sundial in the observatory in Jaipur
Slide 6
Ancient observatory Stonehenge, England, built in the 19th-15th centuries BC.
Stonehenge (English: “Stone Hedge”) is a World Heritage-listed stone megalithic structure (cromlech) on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire (England). Located approximately 130 km southwest of London.
Slide 7
38 pairs of vertical stones, at least 7 meters high and weighing at least 50 tons each. The diameter of the circle occupied by the colossi is 100 meters.
There is still debate about the purpose of the giant structure; the following hypotheses seem to be the most popular: 1. A place for ritual ceremonies and burials (sacrifices). 2. Temple of the Sun. 3. Symbol of the power of prehistoric priests. 4. City of the Dead. 5. A pagan cathedral or sacred refuge on land blessed by God. 6. Unfinished nuclear power plant (a fragment of a reactor compartment cylinder). 7. Astronomical Observatory of Ancient Scientists. 8. UFO spacecraft landing site. 9. The prototype of a modern computer. 10. Just like that, for no reason.
Slide 8
The main axis of the complex, running along the alley through the heel stone, points to the point of sunrise on the day of the summer solstice. The sunrise at this point occurs only on a certain day of the year - June 22.
Slide 9
Periods of development of astronomy: Ancient Ist Antique World (before AD) IInd Pre-Telescopic (AD until 1610) Classical (1610 - 1900) IIIrd Telescopic (before spectroscopy, 1610-1814) IV Spectroscopic (before photographs, 1814-1900) Vth Modern (1900-present) Sections of astronomy: 1. Practical astronomy 2. Celestial mechanics 3. Comparative planetology 4. Astrophysics 5. Stellar astronomy 6. Cosmology 7. Cosmogony 2. Sections of astronomy. Connection with other sciences.
Slide 10
Tree of Astronomical Knowledge
Slide 11
Slide 12
Relationship between astronomy and other sciences
1 - heliobiology2 - xenobiology3 - space biology and medicine4 - mathematical geography5 - cosmochemistryA - spherical astronomyB - astrometryB - celestial mechanicsD - astrophysicsD - cosmologyE - cosmogonyG - cosmophysics Physics Chemistry Biology Geography and geophysics History and social science Literature Philosophy
Slide 13
3. General ideas about the scale and structure of the Universe The Universe is the largest region of space, including all celestial bodies and their systems available for study. The real world is probably structured in such a way that other universes with different laws of nature may exist, and physical constants may have different values. The Universe is a unique comprehensive system that embraces the entire existing material world, limitless in space and infinite in its variety of forms.
1 astronomical unit = 149.6 million km ~ 150 million km 1 pc (parsec) = 206265 AU = 3.26 light years 1 light year (light year) is the distance that a beam of light travels at a speed of almost 300,000 km/s in 1 year and is equal to 9.46 million million kilometers!
Slide 14
Space systems
Solar system - the Sun and bodies moving around it (planets, comets, satellites of planets, asteroids). The sun is a self-luminous body; other bodies, like the Earth, shine with reflected light. The age of the SS is ~ 5 billion years. There are a huge number of such star systems with planets and other bodies in the Universe. Neptune is at a distance of 30 AU.
Slide 15
The sun is like a star
View of the Sun in different ranges of electromagnetic waves
Slide 16
One of the most remarkable objects in the starry sky is the Milky Way, part of our Galaxy. The ancient Greeks called it the "milk circle". The first telescope observations made by Galileo showed that the Milky Way is a cluster of very distant and faint stars. The stars visible in the sky are a tiny fraction of the stars that make up the galaxies.
Slide 17
This is what our Galaxy looks like from the side
Slide 18
This is what our Galaxy looks like from above, diameter about 30 kpc
Slide 19
Galaxies are systems of stars, their clusters and the interstellar medium. The age of galaxies is 10-15 billion years
Slide 20
4. Astronomical observations and their features. Observations are the main source of knowledge about celestial bodies, processes and phenomena occurring in the Universe
Slide 21
The first astronomical instrument can be considered a gnomon - a vertical pole mounted on a horizontal platform, which made it possible to determine the height of the Sun. Knowing the length of the gnomon and shadow, it is possible to determine not only the height of the Sun above the horizon, but also the direction of the meridian, to establish the days of the spring and autumn equinoxes and the winter and summer solstices.
Slide 22
Other ancient astronomical instruments: astrolabe, armillary sphere, quadrant, parallax ruler
Slide 23
Optical telescopes
Refractor (lens) - 1609 Galileo Galilei discovered 4 satellites of Jupiter in January 1610. The largest refractor in the world was made by Alvan Clark (diameter 102 cm), installed in 1897 at the Hyères Observatory (USA). Since then, professionals have not built giant refractors.
Slide 24
Refractors
Slide 25
Reflector (using a concave mirror) - invented by Isaac Newton in 1667
Slide 26
Grand Canary Telescope July 2007 - the first light was seen by the Gran Telescopio Canarias telescope on the Canary Islands with a mirror diameter of 10.4 m, which is the largest optical telescope in the world as of 2009.
Slide 27
The largest reflecting telescopes are the two Keck telescopes located in Hawaii, Mauna Kea Observatory (California, USA). Keck-I and Keck-II were commissioned in 1993 and 1996 respectively and have an effective mirror diameter of 9.8 m. The telescopes are located on the same platform and can be used together as an interferometer, giving a resolution corresponding to a mirror diameter of 85 m.
Slide 28
SALT - Southern African Large Telescope is an optical telescope with a primary mirror diameter of 11 meters, located at the South African Astronomical Observatory, South Africa. It is the largest optical telescope in the southern hemisphere. Opening date 2005
Slide 29
The Large Binocular Telescope (LBT, 2005) is one of the most technologically advanced and highest-resolution optical telescopes in the world, located on the 3.3-kilometer Mount Graham in southeastern Arizona (USA). ). The telescope has two mirrors with a diameter of 8.4 m, the resolution is equivalent to a telescope with one mirror with a diameter of 22.8 m.
Slide 30
telescope VLT (very large telescope) Paranal Observatory, Chile - a telescope created by agreement of eight countries. Four telescopes of the same type, the diameter of the main mirror is 8.2 m. The light collected by the telescopes is equivalent to a single mirror 16 meters in diameter.
Slide 31
GEMINI North and GEMINI South The twin telescopes Gemini North and Gemini South have mirrors with a diameter of 8.1 m - an international project. They are installed in the Northern and Southern hemispheres of the Earth to cover the entire celestial sphere with observations. Gemini N was built on Mauna Kea (Hawaii) at an altitude of 4100m above sea level, and Gemini S was built in Siero Pachon (Chile), 2737m.
Slide 32
The largest BTA telescope in Eurasia - the Large Azimuthal Telescope - is located on the territory of Russia, in the mountains of the North Caucasus and has a main mirror diameter of 6 m (monolithic mirror 42 tons, 600 tons telescope, you can see stars of the 24th magnitude). It has been operating since 1976 and has long been the largest telescope in the world.
Slide 33
30-meter telescope (Thirty Meter Telescope - TMT): the diameter of the main mirror is 30 m (492 segments, each measuring 1.4 m. Construction of the new facility is planned to begin in 2011. The Thirty Meter Telescope will be built by 2018 on the top of the extinct Mauna volcano -Kea (Mauna Kea) in Hawaii, in the immediate vicinity of which several observatories (Mauna Kea Observatories) already operate.
Slide 34
The Mauna Kea Observatories and Research Facilities in Hawaii are some of the finest observing sites in the world. From an altitude of 4,200 meters, telescopes can take measurements in the optical, infrared range and have a wavelength of half a millimeter.
Telescopes at Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii
Slide 35
Mirror-lens – 1930, Barnhard Schmidt (Estonia). In 1941 D.D. Maksutov (USSR) created a meniscus with a short pipe. Used by amateur astronomers.
Slide 36
Slide 37
A radio telescope is an astronomical instrument for receiving radio emission from celestial objects (in the Solar System, Galaxy and Metagalaxy) and studying its characteristics. Consists of: antenna and sensitive receiver with amplifier. Collects radio radiation, focuses it on a detector tuned to the selected wavelength, and converts this signal. A large concave bowl or parabolic-shaped mirror is used as an antenna. advantages: in any weather and time of day, you can observe objects that are inaccessible to optical telescopes.
Slide 38
Jansky radio antenna. Karl Jansky was the first to register cosmic radio emissions in 1931. His radio telescope was a rotating wooden structure mounted on car wheels to study radiotelephone interference at wavelengths λ = 4,000 m and λ = 14.6 m. By 1932, it became clear that radio interference was coming from the Milky Way, where the center of the Galaxy is located . And in 1942 radio emission from the Sun was discovered
Slide 39
Arecibo (Puerto Rico island, 305m concrete bowl of an extinct volcano, introduced in 1963). The largest radio antenna in the world
Slide 40
Radio telescope RATAN-600, Russia (North Caucasus), entered into operation in 1967, consists of 895 individual mirrors measuring 2.1x7.4 m and has a closed ring with a diameter of 588 m
Slide 41
European Southern Observatory 15-meter telescope
Slide 42
The VLA Very Large Array radio telescope system in New Mexico (USA) consists of 27 dishes, each with a diameter of 25 meters. They establish communications between radio telescopes located in different countries and even on different continents. Such systems are called very long baseline radio interferometers (VLBI). They provide the highest possible angular resolution, several thousand times better than that of any optical telescope.
Slide 43
LOFAR is the first digital radio telescope that requires no moving parts or motors. Opened in 2010 June. Many simple antennas, gigantic amounts of data and computer power. LOFAR is a gigantic array consisting of 25 thousand small antennas (from 50 cm to 2 m in diameter). The diameter of LOFAR is approximately 1000 km. The array antennas are located in several countries: Germany, France, Great Britain, Sweden.
Slide 44
Space telescopes
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is an entire observatory in low-Earth orbit, the joint brainchild of NASA and the European Space Agency. Operating since 1990. The largest optical telescope that conducts observations in the infrared and ultraviolet range. Over 15 years of operation, Hubble received 700,000 images of 22,000 various celestial objects - stars, nebulae, galaxies, planets. Length - 15.1 m, weight 11.6 tons, mirror 2.4 m
Slide 45
The Chandra X-ray Observatory launched into space on July 23, 1999. Its job is to observe X-rays coming from areas where there is very high energy, such as in areas of stellar explosions
Slide 46
The Spitzer telescope was launched by NASA on August 25, 2003. It observes space in the infrared. In this range is the maximum radiation of the weakly luminous matter of the Universe - dim cooled stars, giant molecular clouds.
Slide 47
The Kepler telescope was launched on March 6, 2009. This is the first telescope specifically designed to search for exoplanets. It will observe the brightness changes of more than 100,000 stars over 3.5 years. During this time, he must determine how many planets similar to Earth are located at a distance suitable for the development of life from their stars, create a description of these planets and the shape of their orbits, study the properties of stars, and much more. When Hubble "retires", its place should be taken by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). It will have a huge mirror 6.5 meters in diameter. Its task is to find the light of the first stars and galaxies that appeared immediately after the Big Bang. Its launch is scheduled for 2013. And who knows what he will see in the sky and how our lives will change.