Adjectives by meaning. Qualitative and relative adjectives

NAME ADJECTIVE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC

On the other hand, it relates. adjectives used in a figurative, qualitative meaning can form a) short forms and b) compare forms. degrees. A) Moon Where-That behind, above city, river under shadow his black And velvety (Gork .); Wooden brother is yours, wooden... brain at him straight which-That(Leon.); IN my Revolution I believe! Word my – iron . AND words more iron-clad - There is not! (R. Rozhd.); More are languishing mothers And children | V in vain waiting fathers. | They Not lie, What Sveta No on light, | What world terrible – stuffy And lead (Inconsistent); Today's Bryusov even V their revolutionary works too much yesterday (journal); b) Gently brighten lips And shadow more golden Near sunken eye(Color.); Maple nails more useful, – tested by sea rains; | maple nails more iron-clad | faceted Germanic nails! (Inconsistent); WITH everyone during the day All longer, All glassier evening dawn(Yu. Kazak.).

Possessive, ordinal and pronominal adjectives, as separate lexico-grammatical categories, have specific morphological features: they have neither correlative full and short forms, nor comparative forms. degrees. Changes in the semantics of adjectives of the three groups listed do not entail changes in their morphological behavior: developing figurative qualitative meanings, possessive, ordinal and pronominal. adjectives do not simultaneously acquire the ability to form comparative forms. degrees (about single deviations from general rule cm. § ); in addition, possessive, ordinal and pronominal. adjectives differ from each other and from all other adjectives in the nature of inflection.

In conjunction with the words pluralia tantum, forms of adjectives with plural inflections. h. do not indicate the plurality of defined objects in the event that when n. there is no lexical indication of quantity: big sled– perhaps “one” or “several” sleds; new glasses– both “one” and “several” points are possible. The plurality of objects in attributive combinations with the words pluralia tantum is indicated only by counting words: two couples new scissors; some peasant sleigh; V flow five long days; raked hay several rake.

Comparative forms are used in combination with gender. n. name or in association with a union how: foxes more cunning wolves – foxes more cunning, how wolves. However, the absolute (without a dependent word form) use of the comparative is also normal. Moreover, if the dependent word form is not implied, then the comparative compares different states of the same object: Nails no wonder slyly looking, No wonder, O roses, on yours sheets Hotter blush, fresh aroma: I Understood, Who disappeared, buried V flowers! (Tyutch.); Memory O Sun V heart weakens, Yellow grass, Wind snowflakes early blows Barely, barely(Ahm.).

Note 1. Adjectives with suf. - eish-, -aish- (stupidest, most honest, deepest, the cruelest), sometimes called the superlative degree, in their meaning of a large degree of manifestation of a characteristic, they are correlated with other adjectives with a similar meaning like enormous, hefty, cheerful, flyweight, beautiful. They do not express any special morphological meaning and represent word-formation types (see §, paragraph 2c).

Note 2. The meaning of a high degree of manifestation of a characteristic can also be expressed in a descriptive way using word combinations most with adj. form in positive degrees ( most Beautiful, most brave), as well as using combinations of pronouns. adj. all in the form of kind. p.un. hours avg. R. ( Total) or in the form gen. p.m. h. ( everyone) with the form adj. in compare degrees: more seriously Total, louder everyone; You on light everyone cuter , Everyone blush And whiter (Fluff.); IN present time more useful Total negation – We we deny(Turg.).

WORD CHANGE ADJECTIVES

ADJECTIVE DECLINATION

All adjectives whose final - th And - Ouch(in the form of a name, male, p. unit) belong to the base (i.e., they are not inflection), to the adjectival clause. do not apply; are: 1) pronominal. adjectives: my, is yours, mine, whoa(obsolete); 2) possessive. adjectives like wolfish, fox; 3) ordinal adjective third. They are all in their uniform. n. have zero inflection and vary according to mixed declination (see §).

Phonemic composition of inflections of adjectival adjectives. next:

Singular
	Masculine	Neuter gender	Feminine
AND.	-|иj|/-|оj|	-|oj a 1 |	-|aj a 1 |
R.		-|ovo|	-|oj|
D.		-|omu|	-|oj|
IN.	like them. or gen. P.	like them. P.	-|yjy|
TV		-|im |	-|oj|(-|ojy|)

Etc.		-|ohm|	-|oj|
Plural
AND.	-|иj a 1 |
R.	-|their|
D.	-|im|
IN.	like them. or gen. P.
TV	-|im’i|
Etc.	-|their|

Note: In the forms named after and wine p. husband R. units including morphs -|иj|/-|oj| are distributed depending on the stress: when stressed on the base – morph -|иj| ( red-|andj|, si|н"-иj|), and when the inflection is stressed – the morph -|oj| ( great-|оj|, simple-|оj|).

With spelling point of view (depending on the spelling of inflections), there are four types of adjectival inflections. (differences in the spelling of inflections are due to the nature of the final consonant stem): 1) adj. with a base on a paired-hard consonant; 2) adj. with a base on a paired soft consonant; 3) adj. with base to sizzling; 4) adj. with a base on |k|, |g|, |x|. All varieties of adjectival cl. are characterized by the following features of the formation of case forms.

1) Adj. with a base on a paired hard consonant and with an emphasis on inflections, they differ from adj. with unstressed inflection only in forms named after. and wine p.un. h. husband R.: young-Ouch, sick-Ouch, But new-th, kind-th.

2) Forms of wines. p.un. h. husband and Wednesday R. and wine p.m. h. are identical to the corresponding forms of them. p. (i.e. forms named after male and average r. units or forms named after plural) in cases where adj. defines a noun denoting an inanimate object and the gender of the corresponding forms. n. (i.e., forms of gender. p. masculine. p. singular part. or forms of gender. p. plural. part.) in cases where adj. defines a noun denoting an animate object.

3) All adj. wives R. have variant forms of TV. p. on - Ouch, -oh And - to her, -by her: young-Ouch, new-Ouch And young-oh, new-oh, syn-to her And syn-by her. The basic form for the modern language is the form in - Ouch, -to her; form on - oh, -by her found in book speech and poetry: AND above thoughtful In the summer Cane revived sounded(Ahm.); AND Now Always He breathes | above June Moscow | that military anxiety, | unforgettable melancholy(Tushn.).

Samples declination adjectives

§. Declension of adjectives with a base on a paired-hard consonant ( hard variety).

Singular
	Masculine		Neuter gender
AND.	new - th	young - Ouch	new - oh	young - oh
R.		new - Wow	young - Wow
D.		new - wow	young - wow
IN.	new- th And new - Wow	young- Ouch And young - Wow	new - oh	young - oh
TV		new - th	young - th
Etc.		(O ) new - ohm	(O ) young - ohm

	Feminine
AND.	new - and I	young - and I
R.	new - Ouch	young - Ouch
D.	new - Ouch	young - Ouch
IN.	new - wow	young - wow
TV	new - Ouch (- oh )	young - Ouch (- oh )
Etc.	(O ) new - Ouch	(O ) young - Ouch

	Plural
AND.	new - s	young - s
R.	new - s	young - s
D.	new - th	young - th
IN.	new- s And new - s	young- s And young - s
TV	new - them	young - them
Etc.	(O ) new - s	(O ) young - s

§. Declension of adjectives with a base on a paired soft consonant ( soft variety).

Singular
	Masculine		Neuter gender
AND.	syn - th	home - th	syn - her	home - her
R.		syn - his	home - his
D.		syn - to him	home - to him
IN.	syn- th And syn - his	home- th And home - his	syn - her	home - her
TV		syn - them	home - them
Etc.		(O ) syn - eat	O home - eat

	Feminine
AND.	syn - yaya	home - yaya
R.	syn - to her	home - to her
D.	syn - to her	home - to her
IN.	syn - yuyu	home - yuyu
TV	syn - to her (- by her )	home - to her (- by her )
Etc.	(O ) syn - to her	(O ) home - to her

	Plural
AND.	syn - no	home - no
R.	syn - their	home - their
D.	syn - them	home - them
IN.	syn- no And syn - their	home- no And home - their
TV	syn - them	home - them
Etc.	(O ) syn - their	(O ) home - their

Note: In the 19th century many adjectives had variant forms - with a base on a hard and soft consonant and formed case forms with both a hard and a soft consonant. soft variety. These include: boundless, interior, old, further, long-term, annual, country, nonresident, sincere, primordial, minor, perennial, unilateral, late, local(simple). The following uses of these words are different from the modern ones: Soulful torment magic healer, My Friend Morpheus, my old comforter(Fluff.); For shores fatherland distant You left edge stranger(Fluff.); IN suburbs distant , Where, How black snakes, flying Clubs smoke from pipes colossal(Nekr .); Nonresident can address V Newspaper expedition(Pushk.).

IN modern language adj. interior, old further, long-term, nonresident, sincere, perennial, unilateral, late form all case forms according to the soft variety, adj. annual, country, primordial, suburban– according to the solid variety. Usage that does not comply with this rule is obsolete: Dalnaya friend sheltered my kids(journal); Tame Russia And Then rob her, How before wars robbed Turkey, China, How are going rob Germany, – Here sincere wish imperialists(Gorky). In the formation of case forms adj. boundless, intercity And lofty(book) fluctuations are allowed, and forms with bases on a soft consonant predominate: Division, advancing, went deeper V endless forests(Kazakevich); Let's go on intercity station(Simon.); Praised theater, using incredible quantity foreign words And pompous expressions(N. Virta). Let's compare: Forest on horizon drowned V endless water(G. Berezko); Beketov lived And increased V endless sands Turkmenistan(Gaidar); Removes phone, calls on our intercity (Field.); None pompous requirements To him Not present(Fed.).

§. Declension of adjectives with a sibilant stem.

Singular
	Masculine		Neuter gender
AND.	fresh - th	great - Ouch	fresh - her	great - oh
R.		fresh - his	great - Wow
D.		fresh - to him	great - wow
IN.	fresh- th And fresh - his	great- Ouch And great - Wow	fresh - her	great - oh
TV		fresh - them	great - them
Etc.		(O ) fresh - eat	(O ) great - ohm

	Feminine
AND.	fresh - and I	great - and I
R.	fresh - to her	great - Ouch
D.	fresh - to her	great - Ouch
IN.	fresh - wow		Plural
AND.	fresh - no	great - no
R.	fresh - their	great - their
D.	fresh - them	great - them
IN.	fresh- no And fresh - their	great- no And great - their
TV	fresh - them	great - them
Etc.	(O ) fresh - their	(O ) great chalk - th	chalk - oh		chalk - and I
	dry - Ouch		dry - oh		dry - and I
R.		strict - Wow			strict - Ouch
		chalk - Wow			chalk - Ouch
		dry - Wow			dry - Ouch
D.		strict - wow			strict - Ouch
		chalk - wow			chalk - Ouch
		dry - wow			dry - Ouch
IN.	strict - th			strict - oh	strict - wow
	chalk - th			chalk - oh	chalk - wow
	dry - Ouch			dry - oh	dry - wow
	And
	strict - Wow
	chalk - Wow
	dry - Wow
TV		strict - them			strict - Ouch (- oh )
		chalk - them			chalk - Ouch (- oh )
		dry - them			dry - Ouch (- oh )
Etc.		(O ) strict - ohm			(O ) strict - Ouch
		(O no			chalk - no	dry - no
R.	strict - their	chalk - their	dry - their
D.	strict - them	chalk - them	dry - them
IN.	strict - no	chalk - no	dry - no
	And	And	And
	strict - their	chalk - their	dry - their
TV	strict - them	chalk - them	dry - them
Etc.	(O ) strict - their	(O ) chalk - their	(O ) dry - their

Note 1. In app. with base on |g|, |k|, |x| and with unstressed inflection in forms named after. p.un. h. husband R. the last consonant of the base is pronounced in two ways - as hard or as soft, although inflection is th spelling no different from inflections adj. with a base on a soft consonant ( strict, liquid And blue, summer). In TV forms. p.un. h. husband and Wednesday R. and in all plural case forms. h. adj. with a base on |g|, |k|, |x|, regardless of the place of stress, consonants |g|, |k|, |x| positionally softened.

Note 2. In indirect. pad. pronominal adj. no preposition position – after negation: Neither at Which relatives I Not was; Neither With what student Not met; Neither O what meetings speeches Not was.

In pronouns. adj. with initial some-, whoa- the position of the preposition can be before the morpheme some- and after it: With some-what instructions, V some-which home and – less often – some With what instructions, some V which home.

Note 3. By type adj. with base on |g|, |k|, |x| the pronoun changes. adj. some (some, some, some). Under the influence of declination obsolete. pronominal adj. whoa forms gen., dat., tv. and sentence p.un. h. husband and Wednesday R. this adjective is based on |j|: some, to a certain, some(And some), O some(And O no one); forms gen., dat., tv. and sentence n. female R. can also be based on |j|: some(And some): Equilibrium became other, How would from some internal rigor(Lidin) and: Soon let's start We suspect presence some of magic(Soloukh.). In plural hours are used outdated. forms some, some, some instead of some(gen. and preposition p.), some(dat. p.) and some(tv.p.). Plural forms are also acceptable in use. h. birth P. some, date P. some, TV P. some, sentence P. O some: Are formed snowflakes V form tiny products... – some concentric octagons, some versatile crosses..., some stars With transverse crossbars on everyone beam(Olesha).

Adjective categories

Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three categories of adjectives:

Majority qualitative adjectives has a full and short form. The full form changes according to cases, numbers and genders. Adjectives in short form vary according to number and gender. Short adjectives are not inflected; in a sentence they are used as predicates. Some adjectives are used only in a short form: much, glad, must, necessary. Some qualitative adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with suffixes denoting a high degree of attribute, and adjectives that are part of terminological names (fast train, deep rear). Qualitative adjectives can be combined with the adverb very and have antonyms. Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison. In form, each degree can be simple (consists of one word) or compound (consists of two words): the harder, the quietest.

• relative(answer the question “which one?”)
  • relative adjectives have no degrees; indicate the material from which the object is made, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the object: tree - wood, January - January, freezing - frosty;
  • most relative adjectives cannot be combined with the adverb “very”;

Relative adjectives denote a feature of an object that cannot be present in the object to a greater or lesser extent. Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, do not combine with the adverb very, and do not have antonyms. Relative adjectives change according to case, number and gender (in singular).

• possessive- answer the question “whose?” and denote belonging to something living or a person ( paternal, sisters, fox).

Possessive adjectives denote that something belongs to a person and answer the questions whose? whose? whose? whose? Possessive adjectives vary by case, number and gender (singular).

To assign an adjective to any category, it is enough to find at least one sign of this category in the adjective.

The boundaries of the lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives are flexible. Thus, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive), dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).

Agreement of adjectives with nouns

Adjectives agree with the nouns they refer to in gender, number and case.

• Example: adjective "blue"
  • blue (Singular, m.r., Imp.) house (Singular, m.r., Imp.)
  • blue (singular, sr.r., im.p.) sky (singular, sr.r., im.p.).

Declension of adjectives.

The gender, case and number of an adjective depend on the corresponding characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually in postposition in relation to the noun; their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: red jacket, beige jackets.

• solid: red th, red Wow, red wow
• soft: syn th, syn his, syn to him
• mixed: great Ouch, more Wow, more them.

The declension of adjectives includes changes in numbers, and in the singular - also in cases and genders.

The form of an adjective depends on the noun to which the adjective refers and with which it agrees in gender, number and case.

Short adjectives change only by gender and number.

The masculine and neuter forms differ in the nominative and accusative cases, but are the same in other forms.

There are different forms of the accusative case of adjectives in the singular male and in plural relating to animate and inanimate nouns:

• V.p. = I.p. for inanimate nouns:
  • “For the violent raid he doomed their villages and fields to swords and fires” (A. Pushkin);
• V.p. = R.p. with animate nouns:
  • “Masha did not pay attention to the young Frenchman” (A. Pushkin);
  • “And the whole earth should praise forever ordinary people, to whom I would pour stars into medals for their victories” (V. Sysoev).

Masculine adjectives in -Ouch bow in the same way as on th, but always have a stressed ending: grey, young - gray, young - gray, young - about gray, about the young.

The letter designation of the endings of adjectives in a number of cases sharply diverges from the sound composition: white - bel[ъвъ], letn-him - letn [въ].

Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives:

• solid declination;
• soft declination;
• mixed declension.

Hard declension of adjectives

Adjectives with a base on a hard consonant are inclined according to the hard type, except for G, K, X, C and hissing ones: thin, white, straight, dear, boring, stupid, gray, bald, cool, well-fed.

Formation of adjectives

Adjectives are most often formed in a suffixal way: swamp - swamp n y. Adjectives can also be formed by prefixes: Not big, and prefix-suffix ways: under water n y. Adjectives are also formed in a complex suffix way: flax O seed peeler identifiable. Adjectives can also be formed by combining two stems: pale pink, three-year-old.

Morphological analysis of the adjective

1. General grammatical meaning.
2. Initial form. The initial form of an adjective is the singular form, nominative case, masculine ( blue).
3. Constant signs: discharge.
4. Non-permanent features: used in short/long (only for high-quality ones); degree of comparison (only for high-quality ones); number, gender, case (blue - used in full form, singular)
5. syntactic role - definition

Transition to other parts of speech

Most often, participles become adjectives. Pronouns can also act as adjectives ( He's not much of an artist).

Adjectives, in turn, can be substantivized, that is, become nouns: Russian, military.

Features of adjectives in other languages

Notes

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Synonyms

See what “Adjective” is in other dictionaries: Noun, number of synonyms: 1 adjective (2) Dictionary of synonyms ASIS. V.N. Trishin. 2013…

Synonym dictionary Adjective - see Adjective...

Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary Part of speech characterized by; a) designation of a feature of an object (quality, property, accessory, etc.) (semantic feature); b) changeability by cases, numbers, genders (morphological feature); c) used in a sentence as a function... ...

Dictionary of linguistic terms An adjective is a part of speech that denotes a characteristic of an object and answers the question “which”/“whose”. In Russian, adjectives change according to gender, case, number and person, and can have short form

. In a sentence, adjectives can be... ... Wikipedia

A numeral is an independent part of speech, denoting the number, quantity and order of objects. Answers the questions: how much? which? Numerals are divided into three lexical and grammatical categories: quantitative (two, five, twenty, ... ... Wikipedia separate part speech denoting an object and having a developed morphology, inherited mainly from the Proto-Slavic language. Contents 1 Categories 1.1 Number 1.2 Pa ... Wikipedia

ADJECTIVE, wow, cf. or adjective. In grammar: a part of speech denoting quality, property or belonging and expressing this meaning in the forms of case, number and (in singular) gender. Full, short adjectives. High quality...... Dictionary Ozhegova

Noun, number of synonyms: 2 name adjective (1) word (72) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Noun, number of synonyms: 1 adjective (2) Dictionary of synonyms ASIS. V.N. Trishin. 2013…

Synonym dictionary- is an independent part of speech that answers questions Which? which? which? which? whose? whose? whose? whose? and denotes the attribute of an object.
Syntactic function: in a sentence it is the definition and nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Morphological features of an adjective

Permanent:
category by meaning: qualitative, relative, possessive adjectives;
degree of comparison: comparative and superlative (for qualitative adjectives);
full or short form (for qualitative adjectives).
Non-permanent:
genus;
number;
case
Initial form- the full form of the adjective in the nominative case of the singular masculine gender.

Classes of adjectives by meaning

Adjectives in meaning can be qualitative, relative, possessive.
Qualitative adjectives call the signs indicating the qualities of an object:
in size ( small);
according to the age ( young);
by color ( bright);
by weight ( easy);
By appearance (Cute);
by internal qualities ( lazy) and etc.
Qualitative adjectives can have:
degrees of comparison ( evil - angrier - the most evil);
short form ( angry - evil - angry);
synonyms, antonyms ( angry, kind);
can form adverbs in - O, -e: evil(looked); compound adjectives by repetition: evil-despicable; abstract nouns: anger.
Relative adjectives They call signs that express the relationship of one object to another:
local ( Ukrainian language - the language of Ukrainians);
according to material ( crystal glass - glass made of crystal);
by time ( last year's meeting - last year's meeting);
as intended ( washing powder- washing powder) and etc.
They do not have degrees of comparison, short form, synonyms, antonyms, etc.
Possessive adjectives call the attribute of an object by its belonging to a person or animal: fathers(tool), grandfathers(order), bearish(den), husband(briefcase); answer questions whose? whose? whose? whose?
They have suffixes - ov- (-ev-), -in- (-yn-), -th-:

Full and short adjectives

Full adjectives
have endings:
;
change by case, gender and number:
beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful;
in a sentence they serve as a definition:
Tourists made difficult And long climb to the top.
Short adjectives
have endings:
;
vary by gender and number: beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful;
acts as a predicate in a sentence:
Climbing to the top.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives (only for qualitative adjectives)

Highlight comparative And superlative degree of comparison. The comparative degree of comparison is divided into simple and compound. Adjectives of simple degree of comparison consist of one word and have suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she () , other bases ( good - better,bad - worse,small - less more,less and an adjective in full form ( more comfortable,less interesting).
The superlative degree of comparison is also divided into simple and compound. Adjectives of simple degree of comparison consist of one word and have suffixes -aysh-,-eysh- ( ,
), other bases ( good - best,bad - worst,small - smaller). Compound degree adjectives consist of two words: most,most,least and an adjective in full form ( most noticeable,most correct,least noticeable).

Declension of adjectives (hard, soft, mixed)

In the case of a hard declension, the stem ends in a hard consonant:

In the case of soft declension, the stem ends in a soft consonant:

In the case of mixed declension, the stem ends in g, k, x:

Morphological analysis of the adjective

1. Part of speech. General value(sign of an object).
Initial form (full form I. p., unit of h., male r.).
2. Constant morphological characteristics:
quality;
relative;
possessive.
Variable morphological characteristics:
degree of comparison (for a qualitative adjective);
number;
full or short form (for a qualitative adjective);
case (in full form);
gender (singular).
3. Syntactic role.
The morning air is quiet,transparent and fresh.
Morning(air) - adj.
1. Air (what?) morning (denotation of an object). N. f. - morning.
2. Post. - relative; non-post - I. p., units. h., husband R.
3. .
Quiet(air) - adj.
1. The air is (what?) quiet (denoting a sign of an object). N. f. - quiet.
2. Post. - quality; non-post - in times. f., units h., husband R.
3. .

§1. general characteristics adjective

An adjective is an independent significant part of speech.

1. Grammatical meaning- “sign of an object.”
Adjectives include words that answer the questions: which?, whose?

2. Morphological characteristics:

• constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full/short form and degrees of comparison,
• changeable - case, number, singular - gender.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of qualitative adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - a definition, for short forms of qualitative adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.

§2. Morphological features of adjectives

An adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or unchangeable). Others, on the contrary, are impermanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a qualitative adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different kinds. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to changeable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, is considered by linguists to be permanent characteristics. Different permanent signs are expressed differently. For example:

sweeter - comparative adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet - short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. It has null ending, while the full form sweet has the ending -й.

Inconstant features: case, number, gender (singular) are expressed by endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.

§3. Classes of adjectives by meaning

Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:

• qualitative: big, small, good, bad, cheerful, sad,
• relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
• possessive: fox, wolf, father's, mother's, fathers.

Qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives denote characteristics that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
They have:

• full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
• degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.

Most quality adjectives are non-derivative words. The stems of qualitative adjectives are producing stems from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meanings of qualitative adjectives are such that most of them enter into a relationship

• synonyms: large, large, huge, huge
• antonymies: big - small.

Relative adjectives

Relative adjectives are related in meaning to the words from which they are derived. That is why they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden←gold, tomorrow←tomorrow, forest←forest, spring←spring. Features expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?

Possessive adjectives

These adjectives express the idea of ​​belonging. Unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, they answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: lisiy - -ii- [ij’], mamin - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the above examples it is clear that in initial form(im.p., singular, m.p.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings - -y, -y, -oh.

Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives and plural, like nouns, and the rest - like adjectives:

Singular

Name w.r. - a: mother’s, fox, m.r. - : , mother’s, fox, m.r. - oh, e: mom’s, fox.

Rod.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - wow, his: mom’s, fox’s.

Daten.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, him: mother’s, fox’s.

Vin.p. w.r. - u, yu: mother’s, fox, m.r. and Wed R. - as im.p. or r.p.

Tv.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.

P.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, I eat: my mother’s, fox’s.

Plural

Name - s, and: mother’s, foxes.

Rod.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.

Daten.p. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.

Vin.p. - as im.p. or v.p.

Tv.p. - s, them: mother’s, fox’s.

P.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.

Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are determined by the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:

• fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning is relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
• bitter medicine is a qualitative adjective, and bitter truth is relative (correlates with bitterness)
• light bag is a qualitative adjective, and light life - relative (correlates with ease)

§4. Full and short forms of qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have both forms: full and short.
In full form they bow, i.e. vary by number, by gender (in singular) and by case. Full adjectives in a sentence can be a modifier or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Late at night they left the house.

Late - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, complete, in the form of singular parts, zh.r., tv.p.

In short form, adjectives are not inflected. They do not change by case. Short adjectives vary in number and gender (singular). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.

The girl is sick.

Sick - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, short form, units, w.r. In modern language, as definitions, short adjectives come in stable lexical combinations, for example: a beautiful maiden, in broad daylight.

Do not be surprised:

Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much.

Relative and possessive adjectives have only the full form. Please note: possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im.p. the form of v.p. coinciding with it. ending - as in short forms.

§5. Degrees of comparison

Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how language expresses the fact that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And language conveys this content.
Degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of ​​comparison. They do this systematically. There are three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.

• Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: tall, cheerful, warm.
• The comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, taller, more cheerful, warmer, less tall, less cheerful, less warm.
• The superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.

From the examples it is clear that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In the comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is conveyed either using suffixes: higher, more cheerful, highest, most cheerful, or using words: more, less, most. Therefore, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be expressed:

• simple forms: higher, highest,
• compound forms: taller, less tall, highest.

Among simple shapes in the Russian language, as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from another stem.

• good, bad - positive degree
• better, worse - comparative degree
• best, worst - superlative

Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change differently:

• Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
• Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
• Superlative degree (simple): highest, highest, highest - changes according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.
• Superlative degree (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.

Adjectives in simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:

Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. She used to be taller, but now Ivan is taller.

Other forms of comparison can be used both as a definition and as a predicate:

I approached the older guys.
The guys were more mature than I thought.
I turned to the oldest guys.
These guys are the oldest of those who study in the circle.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is an adjective an independent part of speech?

2. What adjectives can express characteristics that are expressed to a greater or lesser extent?

   • Quality
   • Relative
   • Possessives

3. Which adjectives are characterized by lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?

   • For quality
   • For relative
   • For possessives

4. Are relative adjectives derivatives?

5. Which full adjectives have a special set of endings?

   • In quality
   • In relative
   • In possessive

6. Do adjectives change by case in their full form?

7. What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of definition?

   • For full
   • For short

8. Do all adjectives change by case?

   • Not all

9. Do all adjectives change according to gender?

   • Not all

10. Do superlative adjectives change according to case?

11. Can comparatives or superlatives be expressed in one word?

12. Can adjectives change from one category of meaning to another?

Right answers:

1. Quality
2. For quality
3. In possessive
4. For full
5. Not all
6. Not all

In contact with

1. Define an adjective.

An adjective is an independent part of speech that answers the questions: what? What? Whose? and denotes the attribute of an object.
Adjectives are divided into three categories and change according to gender, number and case. In a sentence, adjectives are most often modifiers or predicates.

2. Give examples of qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives.

Qualitative adjectives name a characteristic that can be manifested to a greater or lesser extent: beautiful (more beautiful), tall (taller).
Relative adjectives name a feature that characterizes an object in terms of material, time, place or purpose: leather (material), morning (time), urban (place), sporty (purpose).
Possessive adjectives characterize an object from the point of view of belonging: grandmother (belongs to the grandmother), mouse (belongs to the mouse).

3. What two groups are the degrees of comparison of adjectives divided into? How are degrees of comparison formed?

Qualitative adjectives can form comparative or superlative degrees of comparison; both can be either simple or compound.
The simple comparative degree is formed using the suffixes -e, -ee, -she: beautiful - more beautiful:
The compound comparative degree is formed using the word more (or less): more beautiful;
The simple superlative degree is formed with the help of the suffixes –eysh-, -aysh-: most beautiful;
The compound superlative is formed using the word most: most beautiful.

4. What rule should you use to avoid mistakes when writing short adjectives with a sibilant at the end?

In short participles with a sibilant at the end, b is not written.

5. When are one and two letters N written in adjective suffixes?

One letter n is written in adjectives with the suffixes –in-, -an- (-yan-): nightingale, icy.
Exception: tin, wood, glass.
Two letters N are written in the suffixes –enn- (-yonn-), -onn- and in cases where the word is formed using the suffix N from a word with a stem ending in n: morning, ancient (old + n).
Exception: windy.

6. How to distinguish the suffixes –k- and –sk- adjectives in writing?

The suffix -k- is written in adjectives that have a short form or with a stem on k or h. In other cases it is written -sk-.
Cossack - Cossack (base on k), sharp (sharp - kr.form), January (not on k, h).

7. How to determine when to write about, and when - e after sibilants in endings and suffixes of adjectives?

In the endings and suffixes of adjectives, o is written under stress, without stress - e. This does not apply to verbal adjectives, in which there is always E.
Kumach, pear.

8. How to distinguish adjectives with the prefix not from adjectives with the negative particle not?

Adjectives with a prefix are not written together; you can choose a synonym for them without not: gloomy (= sad).
Adjectives with particles are not written separately. It is impossible to find a synonym for them without not; with them there is a contrast with the conjunction a or the words at all, at all, not at all, not at all, etc.: not at all cheerful. Not cheerful, but sad. Not wooden.

9. Which compound adjectives are written together, and which ones are written with a hyphen?

Adjectives denoting shades of colors (dark red) are written with a hyphen; the hyphen is retained if the adjective was formed from a word that already has a hyphen (south-west - south-west). Adjectives formed from homogeneous members 9you can insert and): worker-peasant - worker and peasant.
Adjectives formed from subordinating phrase(you cannot insert and): Western European - Western Europe.