Compound verb predicate. What is a compound verb predicate? The old man started chewing again

Predicate along with the subject, it is an element of the grammatical basis of the sentence. The predicate denotes the action that the subject performs, as well as its state or attribute, therefore, the predicate answers questions what to do? what to do? what happens to the item? what is the subject? what is he? who is he? As a rule, the predicate is expressed by a verb, but there are other ways of expressing it - noun, adjective, pronoun, participle, etc.

The predicate of the Russian language is represented by three types - simple verbal predicate, compound verb and compound nominal. In order to quickly and correctly determine the type of predicate in a particular case, it is necessary, firstly, to present a diagram of the composition of the predicate, and secondly, to be able to apply the theoretical scheme to specific linguistic material. Let's look at the types of predicates, briefly describe each of them and follow the implementation with an example.

1. Simple verb predicate.

This is the simplest type of predicate - it is expressed by a verb in some mood. For example, he plays; would have come earlier etc. Most often, this type is remembered using the formula: one word in the predicate, which means the predicate is a simple verb. It is not difficult to guess that this formula is erroneous: this type includes predicates that contain 2, 3 or even more words. For example:

He will for a long time recall about the past(future complex).

Let stars forever illuminate your long, long winter journey(imperative mood).

He lost his temper (phraseologism).

They waited, waited And didn't wait (repetition of one verb in different forms).

Spring waited, waited nature(repetition of the same verb forms).

Don't be offended, but it will still be in my opinion(repetition of one verb with the particle not).

I'll go for a walk (a combination of different verbs in the same form).

2. Compound verb predicate.

This predicate is built according to the scheme: auxiliary verb + infinitive. All these elements must be present in the predicate so that we can call it a compound verb! Again, you should not think that this predicate consists of 2 components - there may be more.

He wants to enroll in the Institute.

I'm long could not with them meet.

You must study.

He was looking to have fun.

I was unable to think about it.

Note that phase verbs (those that denote the phase of action) most often act as auxiliary elements - start, continue, become, quit) or modal words ( must, must, wants).

3. Compound nominal predicate.

Such a predicate consists of a linking verb and a nominal part. The most common linking verb be, but you can also find other connections. The nominal part is expressed as an adjective. Noun, adverb, participle, pronoun, etc.

Weather was good.

The book is true Friend.

He has character harder become.

Grass beveled.

Evening quiet.

Error was obvious.

Two by two - four.

This notebook my.

As you can see, determining the type of predicate is not a difficult task; you just need to confidently and completely know the material and, most importantly, be able to navigate it.

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A compound verbal predicate is a predicate containing: an auxiliary part, the role of which is an auxiliary verb (conjugated form), expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate (mood, tense), and a main part - the indefinite form of the verb, which expresses its meaning from the lexical side. So we get the following formula: + infinitive = GHS.

Conditions for combining a conjugated verb with an infinitive

Since not every combination of conjugated verb and infinitive is expressed by a compound verbal predicate, it must satisfy the following two conditions:

• The auxiliary part must be lexically incomplete. This means that without an infinitive, one auxiliary verb is not enough to understand the meaning of the sentence. For example: I wanted - what to do?; I'm starting - what should I do? There are exceptions: if the verb in the combination “verb + infinitive” is significant, then we are talking about which it follows that the infinitive is a minor member of the sentence. For example: “Ruslan came (for what purpose?) to have dinner.”

• The action of the infinitive must necessarily relate to the subject; it is also called the subjective infinitive. Otherwise, that is, if the action of the infinitive is related to another member of the sentence (meaning that the infinitive is objective), then this infinitive is not part of the predicate, but acts as a secondary member. For comparison: 1) He wants to sing. In this example, the compound verbal predicate is expressed by the verb combination - I want to sing. It turns out the following: he wants, he will sing. 2) I asked him to sing. This sentence contains a simple verbal predicate - asked and an object - sing. That is, I asked, but he will sing.

Auxiliary. Its meaning

An auxiliary verb can have the following meanings:

• Phase - denotes the beginning, continuation, and end of an action. This meaning can be carried by the following typical verbs: become, start, start, continue, stay, finish, stop, quit, stop and others.
• Modal - denotes necessity, desirability, predisposition, ability, emotional assessment of an action, etc. The following verbs and phraseological units can have this meaning: be able, want, be able, desire, intend, refuse, try, try, count, manage, manage, try, assume, rush, get used to, be shy, love, endure, hate, be afraid, be afraid, be cowardly, be ashamed, burn with desire, set a goal, have an intention, have honor, have a habit, make a promise, etc.

Sentences with a compound verb predicate:

• She began to prepare for the move. She continued to prepare for the move. Dmitry quit smoking. They again began to talk about the hardships of modern life.
• He can sing. He wants to sing. He is afraid to sing. He loves to sing. He is ashamed to sing. He expects to sing this song.

Compound verb predicate. Examples of ways to express it

This predicate can be expressed:

Connectives in a compound verb predicate

Previously, we looked at what meanings the auxiliary part can have, and now we’ll look at what other connectives there can be in a verbal predicate:

• Short adjectives that act as auxiliary verbs. They must be used with a connective - the verb to be: They had to turn left after two kilometers.
• State words meaning possibility, necessity, desirability: We need to expand our knowledge. We need to learn the language.
• Words that express an emotional assessment of an action, which is called an infinitive, namely: fun, sad, disgusting, bitter, etc. For example, on summer days it is good to wander through a birch grove.

Simple and compound verb predicate. Main difference

Each predicate necessarily carries the following two loads:

• grammatical, which indicates tense, number, mood, gender, person;
• semantic, which names the action;

But as for the simple predicate, it can easily handle both loads with one verb. And in a verbal predicate, two words divide these loads between themselves. Eg:

• the grammatical and semantic load is carried by the verb expressed in one of the moods: playing;
• The grammatical meaning is carried by the auxiliary verb - began, and the semantic load is carried by the infinitive - play.

How to parse a predicate?

First, you need to indicate the type of predicate you have. And, secondly, to designate the subjective infinitive, which expresses its main part, the meaning of the auxiliary part (modal, phase), the form of the verb, which expresses the auxiliary part.

The old woman began to moan again.

Compound verb predicate - started to moan. Moan is the main part expressed by the subjective infinitive. Pushed is an auxiliary part that has a phase meaning, and is also expressed in the indicative mood.

Verbal and nominal predicates. Main difference

Like a compound verb, a nominal predicate contains two components:

• copula (verb in conjugated form) - an auxiliary part that is intended to express grammatical meaning (mood, tense);
• nominal part (name or adverb) - the main part expressing the lexical meaning.

Let's give examples with a nominal predicate: she became a doctor, she was a doctor, she was sick, she was sick, she came first.

Having become familiar with the components of the nominal predicate, you can compare them with the components of the verbal predicate. So, both nominal and verbal predicates contain two components. The common feature is that in both the first and second cases the auxiliary part of the verb is the conjugated form of the verb. But as for the main part, in the verbal predicate it acts as an infinitive, and in a nominal predicate it acts as a noun or adverb.

Complication of the verb predicate

The verb predicate can be complicated by the combination:

• two verbs;
• verb together with various particles.

Let's look at examples of complications of the verb predicate. This can occur due to:

Atypical cases of constructing a verbal predicate

This special type of verbal predicate can be represented in those sentences where the main members are expressed by indefinite verbs. The auxiliary part of such a predicate is atypical for a compound verb, since it is represented by the linking verb “to be”, found in compound nominal predicates. If in the present tense, then the connective “to be” is omitted (if you’re afraid of wolves, don’t go into the forest). Also, in addition to the verb “to be”, the auxiliary part can be represented by the verb “to mean” (if you don’t come, it means you’ll offend).

In addition, the linking verb “to be” (zero form in the present tense) and “ready”, “obligated”, “glad”, “intends”, “able”, “must” can act as an auxiliary part of the verbal predicate. adverbs and nouns carrying a modal meaning (was ready to wait).

Let's sum it up

First of all, you need to distinguish between simple and compound verbal predicates. We already know how they differ, so to reinforce the topic “Compound Verbal Predicate” we will provide examples of sentences with them.

• We'll stay another week. Let's stay is a simple predicate.
• I don `t want to offend you. I don’t want to offend - a compound predicate.

It is also very easy to distinguish between a compound nominal and a compound verbal predicate. Sentences with them have completely different semantic connotations, since these predicates are expressed by different members of the sentence. To consolidate the material, here is a comparison:

• She must learn. Must learn - compound verb predicate.
• The weather was bad. It was bad - a nominal predicate.

The concept of a sentence occupies a central place in the syntax of the Russian language. Identifying the subject and predicate helps to distinguish a sentence from other syntactic units. This often causes difficulties, because in the Russian language predicates are divided into three types: simple verbal predicate, compound verbal and compound nominal.

The grammatical basis of a sentence

The secondary members in a sentence rest on a foundation consisting of a subject and a predicate. The predicative basis is the determining factor in the characteristics of a sentence: simple or complex, one-part or two-part.

It is by the presence of a subject and predicate that one judges what a syntactic unit is: a sentence has them, a phrase does not. For example, I'm walking down the street. Is a proposal because has a grammatical basis: I'm coming(subject and predicate respectively). Beautiful table- phrase, because there is no predicative basis.

A sentence does not always have all the grammatical basis. There are often cases when the subject or predicate is highlighted, then the sentence will be called one-part.

When analyzing a sentence, the problem of determining the predicate and its type causes the greatest difficulties.

What is a predicate

The predicate is part of the predicative basis of the sentence and forms a connective with the subject in gender, person and number. Thanks to the predicate, the sentence relates to reality and allows native speakers to communicate with each other. It is the bearer of the grammatical meaning of a syntactic unit: it indicates the reality and time of the narrative. The predicate answers questions regarding the actions of the subject, what he is like, what happens to him, who he is and what he is.

There are two ways to determine the type of predicate:

1. Morphological. Predicates are distinguished according to their relevance to one or another part of speech: verbal (expressed by a verb) and nominal (expressed by a noun or adjective). For example, The lights are dimly lit.(predicate are burning verb). We've been friends all our lives(predicate were friends nominal, expressed by a noun with a verb link).
2. Composite. Simple and compound predicates, consisting of one grammatical whole and several words, respectively. For example, Which one of you will betray me?(predicate will betray- simple). I was embittered(predicate was embittered- compound).

These two principles for determining predicates formed the basis of their type:

• Compound verb predicate.
• Compound nominal predicate

Types of predicates: simple and compound

All predicates of the Russian language are divided into simple and compound. This affiliation is determined by the number of words in the predicate. If there is more than one word, then the predicate is compound. The presence or absence of a linking verb in their composition will help to distinguish between a simple and a compound verbal predicate.

The role of the connective is performed by verbs indicating:

• stages of action (beginning, development, continuation);
• duty;
• desirability;
• state

These can also be short adjectives, state category words and the verb to be.

There are two types of compound predicates: nominal and verbal. Both of them contain an auxiliary linking verb. The verb predicate includes the infinitive, and the nominal predicate includes the nominal part.

If in a sentence the role of the predicate is played by a verb or its grammatical form, then it will be called a simple verbal predicate.

Simple verbal predicate (SVP): definition of the concept

Consists of a verb in one of three moods: indicative (Inside the house there was emptiness - the predicate reigned), subjunctive (Inside the house there was emptiness - the predicate would reign) or imperative (Let emptiness reign inside the house - let the predicate reign).

As can be seen from the last example, ASG is not always one-word. There are cases when there are several of them, but the words are grammatically related: this can be a verb form (for example, imperative or future tense), an indivisible stable combination, or increasing expression by repeating the word.

Ways of expression

Methods of expressing a simple verbal predicate are divided into two groups: single-word and non-word.

ASG can be consistent with the subject if it takes the form of one of the moods. There are cases when the subject and predicate are not consistent - then the PGS has the form of an infinitive.

One-word ASG

Most often in the Russian language there is a one-word simple verbal predicate. Examples of sentences are presented below:

1. I hear the trampling of horses.(PGS I hear- expressed by a verb in the indicative mood)
2. Daughter, come with me.(PGS let's go to- expressed by the imperative mood of the verb)
3. Not going today means waiting until morning.(PGS wait- expressed by a verb in the initial form)
4. And the glass bam - and on the floor.(PGS bam- expressed by verbal interjection)
5. In the morning there was dew everywhere.(PGS was- expressed by the verb “to be” in the meaning of “presence”)

Ambiguous PGS

Such a predicate causes great difficulty for those who study Russian. A simple verbal predicate, consisting of several lexical units, can be characterized by the fact that the words in it are grammatically related. Sentences with a simple verb predicate that is not single-word:

1. We will argue heatedly about what happened.(PGS we'll argue- expressed by an indicative verb in the future tense)
2. I would go with you, but I need to go somewhere else.(PGS I would go- expressed by a conditional verb)
3. Let everything be your way.(PGS let it be- expressed by an imperative verb)
4. Everyone on the farm worked except Stepan. He, as always, was kicking ass.(PGS - was kicking ass- expressed by phraseological units meaning “lazy”)
5. Let me do this work for you.(PGS let's do it- expressed by a verb with a modal particle)
6. I can't wait for the cold weather to end.(PGS can not wait- expressed by repetition of cognate verbs)

Coordination of the ASG with the subject

Consider sentences with a simple verbal predicate that agrees with the subject:

1. Agreement in numbers: The car is driving along the new highway.(PGS rides- singular) - Cars are driving along the new highway.(PGS are going- plural).
2. Gender agreement: The tractor was driving.(PGS was driving- masculine) - The car was moving.(PGS was driving- feminine gender).
3. If the subject includes a word that has the meaning of quantity, then the PGS can be expressed in singular or plural: Two clouds float lonely across the sky.(subject two clouds, PGS float used in the plural) - Most students did not miss class.(Subject most students, ASG did not miss the use in the singular form).
4. If the subject is in the form of a noun with a quantitative or collective meaning (for example, people, youth, society, majority, minority), PGS can only be used in the singular. Youth build the future.(PGS builds used in singular) - The majority agreed with the director's proposal to improve production.(PGS agreed used in the singular).

There are cases when the ASG does not formally agree with the subject. In such cases it is expressed:

• Infinitive: He dances - and Vera laughs. PGS laugh expressed by a verb in its initial form.
• Verb interjection: I look and there is no bag. PGS lo and behold- an interjection that resembles a verb in form.
• The imperative mood in some forms: If she broke the vase now, things would end badly. PGS break it in the imperative mood.

Highlighting ASG in a sentence

The problem of how to define a simple verbal predicate is related to its possible ambiguity. Unlike a compound PGS, it contains words of the same grammatical form. It is this feature that distinguishes a simple verbal predicate. Examples of sentences are given below:

I started working last week. - I will work from tomorrow. In the first sentence, a compound verbal predicate containing an auxiliary verb began and infinitive work. The picture in the second sentence is completely different. Here ASG Will work- form of the future tense.

Use of PGS in speech

To add dynamics to artistic speech, a simple verbal predicate is used. Examples: The soldiers, stationed around their cannon, were each busy with their own business. Some were writing a letter, some were sitting on a gun carriage, sewing a hook to their overcoat, some were reading a small army newspaper. (V. Kataev)- in this passage, the ASG adds dynamics to the events described.

PGS is used in a conversational style of speech. In the case when it is expressed by an infinitive that does not formally agree with the subject: Senka dances, Varka laughs.(PGS laugh in the infinitive form, colloquial style).

To give speech an expressive flavor, a simple verbal predicate is also used. Examples: I bam - and broke it!(PGS bam indicates a conversational style); Thunder banging into the tree!(PGS fuck-crackers indicates the extreme degree of emotionality of the author).

Predicate.

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has the meaning expressed in questions: what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he?

The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).

Types of predicates:

Simple verb predicate. Compound verbal predicate - SGS. Compound nominal predicate - SIS

Simple verb predicate (PGS)

Ways to express a simple verbal predicate

Compound predicates.

Compound verb predicate

Compound predicates are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (tense and mood) are expressed in different words. The lexical meaning is expressed in the main part, and the grammatical meaning (tense and mood) is expressed in the auxiliary part.

Wed: He started singing(PGS). – He started to sing(GHS); He was sick for two months(PGS). – He was sick for two months(SIS).

A compound verb predicate (CVS) consists of two parts:

a) the auxiliary part (verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) the main part (infinitive form of the verb) expresses the lexical meaning.

SGS = auxiliary verb + infinitive. For example: I started singing; I want to sing; I'm afraid to sing.

However, not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate! In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, two conditions must be met:

The auxiliary verb must be lexically incomplete, that is, it alone (without an infinitive) is not enough to understand what the sentence is about.

Wed: Ibegan- what to do?; IWant- what to do?.

If in the combination “verb + infinitive” the verb is significant, then it alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a minor member of the sentence.

Wed: Shesat down(for what purpose?) relax.

The action of the infinitive must relate to the subject (it is a subjective infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.

Wed:
1. I want to sing. I want to sing– compound verb predicate ( I want - I, sing will – I).
2. I asked her to sing. Requested– simple verbal predicate, sing- addition ( asked - I, sing will - she).

Auxiliary verb meanings

Compound nominal predicate

Compound nominal predicate (CIS)consists of two parts:

a) the auxiliary part - the copula (verb in conjugated form) expresses the grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) main part – the nominal part (name, adverb) expresses the lexical meaning.

SIS = copula + nominal part

For example: Hewas a doctor; Hebecame a doctor; Hewas ill; Hewas sick; Hewas injured; Hecame first.

Types of linking verbs

Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or possessing:

Himwasthree sons; Himwasmuch money.

Verbs become, becomes, turn out to be etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:

Heturned out to bedowntown; Hebecamenear the wall.

The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a denominator, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: Hesatnear the window). If a verb becomes a connective, its meaning becomes less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( Hesat tired; more important is that he was tired, not what He sat and not stood or lying).

For the combination “nominal verb + name” to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:

the significant verb can be replaced by the grammatical connective be:

He sat tired- He was tired; He was born happy- He was happy; He came first- He was first;

the link can be made null:

He sat tired - He tired ; He born happy - He happy ; He came first - He first .

If a verb has dependent forms of a full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question Which?), then this is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). Parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

Ways to Express the Nominal Part

Note!

1) Even if the predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with a zero connective), it is always a compound nominal predicate;

2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;

3) nominative and instrumental cases – the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;

4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed as a whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.