How to learn amino acids. How to learn the basics of biochemistry

Content:

Biochemistry combines biology and chemistry. This science deals with the study of metabolic pathways (chemical transformations) in living organisms at the cellular level. In addition to the fact that biochemistry studies metabolic pathways in plants and microorganisms, it is an experimental science that requires appropriate special equipment. This broad science is based on a number of basic concepts and ideas that are taught at the beginning of a biochemistry course.

Steps

Part 1 Learn the Basics

1. 1 Remember the structure of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks from which all proteins are made. When studying biochemistry, you need to remember the structure and properties of all 20 amino acids. Learn their one-letter and three-letter symbols so that you can easily recognize them later.
   • Study the five groups of amino acids, with four acids in each group.
   • Remember important properties of amino acids such as charge and polarity.
   • Draw the structure of amino acids again and again until it is imprinted in your memory.
2. 2 Familiarize yourself with the structure of proteins. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids. To know the basics of biochemistry, you need to recognize the different levels of protein structure and be able to draw the most important ones (alpha helices and beta sheets). There are four levels of protein structure:
   • The primary structure is a linear arrangement of amino acids.
   • The secondary structure corresponds to regions of the protein in the form of alpha helices and beta sheets.
   • Tertiary structure is the three-dimensional structure of a protein molecule, which is determined by the interaction of amino acids. This is the physiological form of protein. The tertiary structure of many proteins is still unknown.
   • Quaternary structure results from the interaction of several proteins that form a larger protein molecule.
3. 3 Learn about pH levels. The pH level of a solution characterizes its acidity. It indicates the amount of hydrogen and hydroxide ions present in the solution. Acidic solutions contain more hydrogen ions and relatively few hydroxide ions. Conversely, hydroxide ions predominate in alkaline solutions.
   • Acids act as donors of hydrogen ions (H+).
   • Alkalis are hydrogen ion (H+) acceptors.
4. 4 Learn to determine pK a of a solution. The acid dissociation constant K a shows how easily the acid gives up hydrogen ions in a given solution. This constant is defined as K a = /. For most solutions, K a can be found from tables in reference books or on the Internet. The value of pK a is defined as the negative decimal logarithm of the constant K a .
   • Strong acids have very low pKa values.
5. 5 Learn to find pH from pK a using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation. This equation is used to prepare buffer solutions in the laboratory. The Henderson-Hasselbach equation is written as follows: pH = pK a + log [base]/[acid]. The pK a value of a solution is equal to the pH level of this solution if the concentrations of the acid and base are the same.
   • A buffer solution is one whose pH level does not change when a moderate amount of acid or base is added. Such solutions are important for maintaining a constant pH level.
6. 6 Learn about ionic and covalent chemical bonds. An ionic bond between atoms occurs when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. As a result, positive and negative ions are formed, which are attracted to each other. In a covalent bond, atoms exchange electron pairs.
   • Other types of interactions are also important, such as hydrogen bonding, which creates an attraction between hydrogen atoms and molecules with high electronegativity.
   • The type of bond between atoms determines some properties of molecules.
7. 7 Learn about enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that play an important role in the body - they catalyze (accelerate) biochemical reactions. Almost every biochemical reaction in the body is accelerated by a certain enzyme, so the study of the catalytic action of enzymes is the most important task of biochemistry. Catalytic mechanisms are studied mainly from a kinetic point of view.
   • Enzyme inhibition is used in pharmacology to treat many types of diseases.

Part 2 Remember Metabolic Pathways

1. 1 Read about metabolic pathways and study related diagrams. There are many important metabolic pathways to remember when studying biochemistry. In particular, these pathways include: glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle), respiratory electron transport chain, photosynthesis.
   • Read the descriptions of metabolic pathways and study their diagrams.
   • It is possible that during the exam you will be asked to draw a complete diagram of a particular metabolic pathway.
2. 2 Explore one path at a time. If you try to learn all the metabolic pathways at once, you will get confused and won't be able to remember any of them properly. Focus on one path and spend a few days on it before moving on to explore the next one.
   • Once you remember a path, try not to forget it. Draw this path often to refresh your memory.
3. 3 Draw the main path. Start by understanding the underlying metabolic pathway. Some pathways are repeating cycles (tricarboxylic acid cycle), others are linear processes (glycolysis). First, remember the shape of the path, where it begins, which substances break down and which are synthesized.
   • At the beginning of each cycle, there are starting molecules such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or glucose, and end products such as adenosine triphosphate or glycogen. First of all, remember the starting materials and final products.
4. 4 Study coenzymes and metabolites. Now take a look at this path in more detail. Metabolites are intermediate products that are formed during a process and are used in subsequent reactions. There are also coenzymes that make the reaction possible or speed it up.
   • Don't learn the material automatically, without understanding. Pay attention to how some substances are converted into others so that you can truly understand the process and not just memorize it.
5. 5 Write down the enzymes needed. The final step in studying a metabolic pathway is to add to it the enzymes necessary for the reactions to occur. This step-by-step memorization of the path will make your task easier. You will complete your study of the metabolic pathway once you have memorized the names of the corresponding enzymes.
   • You can then easily write down all the proteins, metabolites and molecules that are involved in a given metabolic pathway.
6. 6 Repeat the paths you have learned regularly. This type of information should be refreshed weekly, otherwise you will forget it. Repeat a metabolic pathway every day. By the end of the week you will have completed all the steps and can start again next week.
   • When it's time for a test or exam, you won't have to frantically memorize metabolic pathways because you'll already know them.

Part 3 Organization of studies

1. 1 Read the textbook. Reading a textbook is necessary when studying any subject. Please read the relevant material before class. Make a short summary of what you read - this will allow you to better prepare for class.
   • Read carefully. After each section, make short notes and write down the most important points.
   • Try some of the questions at the end of the section to check your understanding of the material.
2. 2 Carefully study the pictures given in the textbook. These pictures contain a lot of important information and help to better visualize what is discussed in the text. It is often much easier to understand something if you look at a picture rather than just read the text.
   • Transfer important drawings to your notes so that you can refer to them later.
3. 3 Mark your entries with different colors. There are many complex processes in biochemistry. Develop a color system for your notes. For example, you can mark complex material with one color, and use another color for simple and understandable material.
   • Use the system that suits you. Don't mindlessly rewrite your friend's notes - you won't achieve a better understanding of the material.
   • Do not overdo it. Although too many different colors will make your notes look colorful, it will not make the material easier to understand.
4. 4 Ask questions. As you read the textbook, write down any questions you have and then ask them during the lecture. Don't be afraid to raise your hand. If something is unclear to you, it is likely that other students also have questions about it.
   • If you didn't have time to ask any questions during the lecture, try talking to the teacher after class.
5. 5 Make cards. There are many technical terms in biochemistry that you may not have come across before. Learn basic terms early in the course so you can better understand the more complex ideas and concepts that build on them.
   • Make flashcards with new terms in paper or electronic form. In the latter case, you will be able to record them on your mobile phone.
   • When you have a free minute, take out the cards and look through them.

Every teacher cares about a more complete assimilation of the course. Of course, this is best helped by a figurative, emotional story and clear logic of the narrative, a positive emotional mood of students in the lesson, and good motivation to study the subject. Support circuits also work well. But in a biology course, the teacher periodically encounters material designed exclusively for “cramming.” There is almost no logic in such material; it is almost impossible to imagine it figuratively, but it is necessary to know it.
In such cases, I use simple, independently developed mnemonic techniques, some of which I would like to share with my colleagues.

Types of flowers in the Asteraceae family

It is more convenient, in my opinion, to give students all types of flowers of this family, including the two-lipped one. Then it is easier to show the origin of the false-lingulate flower and immediately point out the wide variety of Asteraceae, the presence of woody forms in the family, etc. But the kids don’t remember the names of flowers well. And once you remember the name, they can easily draw a diagram of a flower, write its formula, and draw a diagram. This simple rhyme can help:

(So ​​that I remember these flowers)*
I d am T fuck V little boy l petals.

The words in the second line begin with the same letters as the names of the flower types: I reed, d pernicious, T ribbed, V funnel-shaped, l lingual.

Ranks of taxa in plants

I don’t remember a single student, even among excellent students, who could learn the names of plant taxa in the correct sequence without mnemonics. The verse in this case is:

C Irk, O loud To floor P sharp
WITH deftly R adugu V oznes (you).

That is: ts art, O department, To lass, P order, With family, R od, V id.

Names of 20 amino acids

This material is important for students with a special interest in biology. If you arrange amino acids in accordance with the chemical properties of radicals, almost as is done in the textbook: “Biological chemistry for medical schools” ( Berezov T.T., Korovkin B.F., 1990), then their names are remembered by the following description of the autumn landscape:

Al th shaft hs. Le tit from l oga
Meh yeah about shaniy, tr aw f inal.
Gl ina gray and I, tre vog,
C ceremoniousness, you tire.
Asp idnye glu bi whether stopfall
(Fall in) gi Gantian ar cads.

That is: al anin, shaft in, le yitsin, from O l eycin, meh thionin, about lin, tr iptophan, f enylalanine, ch icin, gray in, tre onin, ts truth, you rozin, asp aragin and aspartic acid, glu tamine and glutamic acid, whether zine, gi stidin, ar ginin.

This verse also contains an indication of the number of CH2 groups in lysine and arginine. In lysine there are 4 such groups - there are also 4 syllables in the word “leaf fall”. In arginine there are 3 CH2 groups - like the syllables in the word “arcades”.

Cranial nerves

Knowledge of them can be useful even for non-biologists. In the annotations for medications, I only saw the number of one or another pair of nerves. It is difficult to “translate” such a number into a name, and such information is important when choosing a medicine. The mnemonic device in this case is as follows:

ABOUT store h health G citizens,
(Their) b sickly T ate,
ABOUT lighten up l Yuda With travail -
I clearly b lagostnoe d ate.

That is, starting from the first pair of nerves: O olfactory (I), h adjective (II), G lasomotive (III), b lock (IV), T jejunal (V), O conductive (VI), l Itseva (VII), With auditory, or striopallidal (VIII), I Gygopharyngeal (IX), b wandering (X), d additional (XI). All that remains to remember is the hypoglossal - the XII pair of nerves.

Complementarity of nitrogenous bases

Mnemonic techniques can be simpler and still be effective. Thus, at the beginning of a molecular biology course, students are confused about the complementarity of nitrogenous bases. I offer them simple and deliberately ridiculous phrases (the more ridiculous, the better they remember). For example: G stupid ts chick – G–C pair or T anxious A alligator – pair A–T.

Of course, mnemonic devices of this kind are not a panacea. Some children (according to observations, 20–30%) find it difficult to remember even such short poems. Therefore, the use of mnemonics should be voluntary. Otherwise, there will only be rejection or oddities (instead of: “The circus, a huge colorful dome...” - I received: “The circus burned down, but the clowns remained”).

Sometimes students are rejected not by the method itself, but by a specific technique. Indeed, the poems proposed above lack artistry. You can invite the students themselves to come up with a more perfect work. Usually they don’t succeed, but by repeating attempts, the guys eventually remember the material itself.

Many teachers probably use these techniques. I would like to get acquainted with their developments on the pages of “Biology”.

Ksyu

So is this some kind of joke? How to learn biochemistry?

admin

Well, how? Learn. What kind of jokes can there be? Although, what am I talking about... Most of them don’t know how to read, but I’m talking about biochemistry...

Simple example
The registration form on the website says:
Last name, initials:
That is, something like this is expected Pupkin I.I. Surname and initials.
Two out of three students fill out only last name In "fruitful years" - three out of four.
What is this? Inattention? Lack of vocabulary? I don't care?

So they teach the subject in the same way - the teacher downloaded the lecture notes, flipped through them diagonally - as if he was prepared. Oh well...

admin

As the session approaches, an avalanche-like increase in readings of this material is observed.

Gavrilenko Alena Valerievna

A wonderful article about the young science of the future, thank you. And on what sites can you find animations of molecular biology, “biochemical” videos, like on the channel It Works, in Russian. And are there even audio lectures for free downloading on the internet in Russian, or through which website is it better to order them for purchase? And, if it’s not difficult, please tell me the online servers for making changes to PDB files. Thank you.

admin

Gavrilenko Alena Valerievna

And on what sites can you find animations of molecular biology, “biochemical” videos, like on the channel It Works, in Russian.

In Russian? You can look at it on the unified educational portal, although, frankly speaking, it is at the school level. Often the information is outdated and contains errors. Most likely, you will have to translate on your own - gif editors, video editors. It is possible that you can draw or shoot it yourself. I start from the fact that every video or animation that can be found on the Internet was made for specific purposes.

Gavrilenko Alena Valerievna

And are there even audio lectures for free downloading on the internet in Russian, or through which website is it better to order them for purchase?

Audio lectures? In biochemistry??? I’ve never been interested in this question... I really can’t imagine how to teach, for example, structural biochemistry solely by ear. Teach chirality and stereoisomerism to students who are blindfolded. Even with presentations/graphics, they don’t immediately understand what it’s about...
As for free downloading... Currently, taking into account the monetization of everything and everyone, as well as taking into account the Copyright of Any Rubbish - free sources quality no content. If there is something suddenly, then it is most likely an outright pirate.
Regarding the purchase, perhaps you should pay attention to the video lectures? Look at distance learning centers at universities, search for channels on YouTube. Although everything is sad there... On the MSU channel, for example, there are as many as 7 videos from the chemistry department and 10 videos from the biology department. There are no complete sets of lectures, although I know for sure that the lectures were written by Prof. Milekyan, for example. Spirin wrote. Do you need to contact the distance learning center to find out if it is even digitized? If so, how to get/buy/exchange.

Gavrilenko Alena Valerievna

Please tell me the online servers for making changes to PDB files.

http://deposit.rcsb.org/ - depository
http://deposit.rcsb.org/depoinfo/depofaq.html - FAQ on placement.
There are all the instructions - how to check, how to format, what and how to pack files.

Alyona

I want to become an expert in protein-protein docking, no matter how funny it may sound with my zero knowledge of chemistry and physics. I pretend that I am studying protein physics by Finkelstein and molecular modeling theory and practice by Hölte, Zippl, Ronyan, Volkers - it seemed that this could help me. What literature can I use to gain some insight in my situation and what free programs can I download on my PC for protein docking?

admin

Alyona

Which literature can I use to gain some sanity in my situation?

NCBI server, of course. Key phrase to search: protein-protein docking. There, in the search for articles, you will find all the new products on the software used, algorithms, principles, etc. In any case, it’s better to start your search there.

Alyona

And what free programs can I download on my PC for protein protein docking?

There will be a problem with free ones... Since structure prediction is a potential sweet spot - drag design, for example, you will have to search hard for free software...

I would advise using server software to start with. Docking, in essence, is the prediction of a three-dimensional structure and options for its packaging with neighboring molecules (domains). The calculations are very “gluttonous” and demanding on computer resources - somehow I’m not happy with a constantly frozen computer and a calculation that lasts a week.

Again, in the Western scientific world not all are rednecks, and some software can be obtained for free under an academic license: http://www.russelllab.org/cgi-bin/tools/interprets.pl

Yes, also look towards BioLinux - a good build specifically for bioinformatics, with a free license.

Ruslan

Hello, I am interested in the map of metabolic pathways (the one indicated in the description). Can you tell me where I can download it? P.S. I did not find such an opportunity on the site indicated in the description. Thank you in advance.

admin

Ruslan

Can you tell me where I can download it?

Nowhere. There is no way to download this map in one file (in one piece).
It is available in electronic form on the specified website, in the form of a map:

Electronic version

Following the outstanding success of the two posters for over four decades, and of the electronic version hosted on ExPASy since 1994, Roche has created a new electronic version of Biochemical Pathways.

Ruslan

I did not find such an opportunity on the site indicated in the description.

By itself. They earn money from this, and a lot of it. You can use their website, constantly increasing traffic to it, or you can order an already printed map - a hefty poster like this:

Hard copy

More than 700"000 hard copies of the wall charts have been distributed to medical and life-science researchers and students around the world. The Biochemical Pathway posters are still available as paper copy from Roche: Visit the Roche website and order your copy by using the order form.

Pupkin I. I.

Under the heading amino acids necessary for humans, we mean essential amino acids. Every person who is used to taking care of their health should know about them. The group of essential amino acids includes substances that human […]

Under the heading amino acids necessary for humans, we mean essential amino acids. Every person who is used to taking care of their health should know about them. The group of essential amino acids includes substances that the human body is not able to produce on its own. But still, these connections are required for the correct functioning of all organs and systems. Therefore, it is recommended to get them from healthy foods. Through proper nutrition, a person can regularly replenish essential amino acids, which means he can always be strong, healthy and beautiful.

List of essential amino acids for humans

Most authoritative sources talk about 8 essential amino acids. They are quite well studied. And according to other sources, there are 10 essential amino acids. Our task is to speak briefly and to the point about all types. So, essential amino acids include:

• Valin;
• Phenylalanine;
• Isoleucine;
• Tryptophan;
• Histidine (modern science does not classify Histidine among the spectrum of essential amino acids, so it is more correct to call it partially essential);
• Leucine;
• Methionine;
• Arginine (please note that Arginine, in fact, is a partially replaceable substance in the body, since it is formed only on the basis of incoming food amino acids, but Arginine should not be classified as conditionally essential amino acids that appear from essential amino acids not supplied with food, and we also note that Arginine is an important substance for health and harmonious development in childhood);
• Threonine;
• Lysine.

These amino acids are extremely important for every person from birth and at any age. With their help, you can maintain ideal body condition, be resilient and successful in sports, have good health, excellent mood, mental health and always youthful appearance.

The above are the essential amino acids known to modern science. Reliable information on their content in meat, dairy and plant products is presented below.

Amino acid Valine

Best food sources of Valine:

• grain products;
• milk products;
• legumes;
• mushrooms;
• nuts - peanuts;
• meat products.

Amino acid Isoleucine

Available food sources of Isoleucine:

• meat products - chicken fillet;
• rye products;
• soybean legume;
• nuts - cashews and almonds;
• offal - animal liver;
• chickpeas - Turkish peas;
• eggs;
• different types of fish;
• almost all varieties of seeds;
• lentils.

Amino acid Leucine

Leucine Supplier Products:

• brown rice is a very healthy brown rice, suitable for diets, healthy and sports nutrition;
• eggs;
• nuts;
• fish;
• lentils;
• chicken fillet;
• oats;
• different types of seeds.

Amino acid Phenylalanine

What foods can you get the essential amino acid Phenylalanine from:

• legumes;
• milk;
• natural cottage cheese;
• different types of nuts;
• meat - chicken fillet and beef;
• various types of fish;
• aspartame (it is known that Phenylalanine appears in the body through the breakdown of the synthetic analogue of sugar Aspartame; this substitute is widely used today in the food industry).

Amino acid Lysine

Let's list which foods have a higher percentage of Lysine:

• amaranth (dietary protein product);
• fish dishes;
• wheat;
• different types of meat;
• milk products;
• many varieties of nuts.

Amino acid Tryptophan

What foods can you get more Tryptophan from:

• chicken fillet;
• legumes;
• fish;
• oats;
• cottage cheese (remember that cottage cheese contains beneficial amino acids only if it is natural and of very high quality);
• dry dates;
• turkey fillet;
• yoghurts;
• nuts - peanuts and pine;
• sesame seeds;
• milk.

Amino acid Threonine

Best food sources of Threonine:

• eggs;
• nuts;
• milk products;
• beans.

Amino acid Methionine

Suppliers of Methionine from food:

• beans;
• different types of fish;
• soybean legume;
• natural milk;
• beans;
• meat dishes;
• lentils;
• bird eggs.

Amino acid Histidine

Sources of Histidine:

• nuts - peanuts;
• meat - beef and chicken fillet;
• soya beans;
• lentil legume;
• pork - tenderloin;
• fish - salmon and tuna.

Amino acid Arginine

Good food sources of Arginine:

• 2 types of meat - beef, pork;
• nuts - peanuts;
• seeds - pumpkin seeds and sesame seeds;
• yogurt;
• cheese (it is believed that Swiss cheese is rich in arginine).

We briefly reviewed essential amino acids, naming the richest food sources. From the lists above, it is clear that it is not difficult to maintain the correct balance of amino acids in the body. Essential amino acids are really necessary for the body to function correctly, so each of us must take care of a balanced diet in accordance with the needs of our body. As you can see, essential amino acids are found in meat. They are also found in many other everyday products familiar to most of us that are easy to purchase in the store. These are plant and animal products.

Content of essential amino acids in products table

You don't need to be a scientist to find out how many amino acids each food contains. Today such information is publicly available. The table clearly reflects the most useful essential amino acids, keep it for yourself, it will be useful to you. Our table shows how many grams of amino acids are contained in a 100-gram serving of each type of food.

How many essential amino acids do foods contain?

How are essential amino acids compensated?

As we know, the human body is unable to produce any of the essential amino acids. Interestingly, the deficiency of these nutrients is sometimes slightly compensated for.

First example: Glutamic acid partially replaces the amino acid Arginine.

Second example: to reduce the need for the amino acid Methionine, Homocysteine ​​is required along with a certain amount of special substances. They are called methyl group donors. It is believed that methyl group donors help slow down the aging of the body. This group includes methionine, choline and betaine.

If your diet lacks the amino acid Phenylalanine, you can partially compensate for this deficiency by consuming the amino acid Tyrosine (Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid).

The norm of essential amino acids

Studying the composition of healthy products, you will understand that the amino acids in them are not found in one type, in a set. That is, one food product can contain several amino acids at once. Remember that animal food includes 9 valuable essential amino acids, so you cannot exclude it from your diet for a long time.

In order for the body to receive a daily dose of essential amino acids, it is enough to consume 500 g of high-quality fermented milk product or eat 300 g of good beef. Our table shows the rate of human consumption of essential amino acids. The optimal amount of amino acids in grams for one day is given, as well as examples and the required amount of food.

required daily volumes of essential amino acids for humans - content in grams per 100 g of product (amino acids in animal and plant products)

How do essential amino acids work?

Each substance performs certain functions in the human body, as a result, all organs and systems work harmoniously:

• Valine is an energy generator, supports nitrogen metabolism, regenerates tissue, organizes muscle metabolism;
• Histidine - maintains healthy joints, regulates tissue growth and stimulates regeneration processes, maintains normal hearing;
• Leucine is an energy supplier, muscle protector, regenerates all body tissues, reduces blood sugar, adds growth hormone;
• Arginine - reduces fat reserves and increases muscle mass, stimulates the production of growth hormone, anti-cancer substance, cleanses the liver, improves potency, lowers cholesterol and blood pressure;
• Isoleucine - promotes normal hemoglobin levels, increases endurance, controls blood sugar, helps restore muscles;
• Phenylalanine - transforms into Tyrosine, reduces appetite, relieves pain, improves memory, increases learning ability;
• Threonine - promotes the natural production of elastin with collagen, improves immune defense, is involved in the metabolism of fats and proteins, protects the liver from fat accumulation;
• Lysine - protects against genital herpes, helps calcium absorption, prevents osteoporosis and atherosclerosis, increases libido in women, treats hair, acts as an anabolic for muscle growth, improves memory and erection;
• Tryptophan - is involved in the production of serotonin, weakens the destructive effects of nicotine, reduces appetite, improves mood, increases the production of growth hormone, improves sleep;
• Methionine - promotes the processing rather than deposition of fats, improves the quality of digestion, saves pregnant women from toxicosis, is used in the treatment of arthritis, allergies, osteoporosis, reduces the harmful effects of radiation, and prevents the deposition of fat on the arteries and liver.

Consequences of essential amino acid deficiency

If the body constantly does not receive enough amino acids, this leads to many negative changes, including:

• increased risk of injury;
• deterioration in sports progress;
• decreased immune defense;
• growth retardation, body weight deficiency;
• metabolic disturbances.

Essential amino acids have different properties, each of them implements a separate useful function. All substances together help the human body to function normally without failures. This post contains the name of essential amino acids and identifies the main food sources. The information is intended for informational purposes only and has been verified by specialists. You already understand that the body receives essential amino acids by consuming certain foods. But you can also use dietary supplements. There are many noteworthy amino acid supplements on the market today.

1. Amino acids

Scarlet Waltz. Flies (from the log)

Copper Farewells, Grass Finale.

Gray Clay, Anxiety,

Ceremony, Silence.

Slate Depths of Leaf Fall

(Fall into) Giant Arcade.

That is: Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Proline, Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, Glycine, Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Tyrosine, Asparagine and Aspartic acid, Glutamine and Glutamic acid, Lysine, Histidine, Arginine.

2. In order not to confuse complementary nitrogenous bases, you can remember pairs of words:

Pineapple – Plate

Chicken - Nest.(Pineapple on a plate, chicken in a nest). A–T C–G.

3. Dad - X and Y

Mom - two X's.

If there is a game X,

Then only a son will be born.

Two X's (and a dot)

Only a daughter will be born.

4. Metabolism includes two opposing processes: anabolism - the process of formation of complex substances from the simplest components and catabolism - the process of decomposition of complex organic substances into simpler ones. Using mnemonic memorization techniques, you can easily remember:

anabolism – Anya builds; catabolism – Katya destroys.

5. To memorize systematic categories of animals, you can ask students to memorize the phrase: The Royal Tower Whoever opens it will immediately return as a Knight.

Or, if you prefer, this one: The Cat Tenaciously Drags the Stub of a Silver Fish Vertkoy: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

6. The ascending and descending flows of substances in a plant are called very cleverly: xylem and phloem.

Along the Phloem, the products of Photosynthesis - organic substances - move down.

Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots upward.

7. L ist

AND has

M mechanical

P blood

ABOUT educational

P conductive

ABOUT warp fabric

8. DNA contains
Inheritance information.
DNA doubling
We're calling reduplication.

9. DNA is double
And the structure is not simple.
Monomer–nucleotide,
Consists of three things
Behind the nitrogen base
How to be in formation - that’s beauty.
Deoxyribose carbohydrate,
Phosphoric acid.
There are four bases
We will remember their names:
Cytosine + guanine,
And thymine + adenine.

10. We can safely cut the hydra -
Restore your body.
This is not a sensation
A regeneration.

11. There are special organs
Their glands are called.
Scattered throughout the body
They are both here and there.
Release substances
In the ducts and outside -
What we call the glands exocrine.
If hormones are released directly into the blood,
And growth, exchange, love depend on them,
Then these endocrine We call the glands.
They function - we live normally.

12. There is a gland under the stomach,
Highlights insulin.
Two carbohydrate exchanges
We all need it.
High glucose level
He will reduce the blood to “no”.
If there is little insulin -
You will have diabetes.

13. Two organisms are mutually beneficial,
They are simply tied together like iron.
Living alone? - a huge question.
There is such cohabitation symbiosis.

14. Boletus with birch
Exchanged substance.
We are such a relationship
Mycorrhiza we're calling.

15. To make it easier to memorize the acids involved in Krebs cycle, There is a mnemonic rule:

A Whole Pineapple And a Piece of Soufflé Today Is Actually My Lunch, which corresponds to the series - citrate, (cis-)aconitate, isocitrate, (alpha-)ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate.

There is also the following mnemonic poem (its author is E. V. Parshkova, assistant at the Department of Biochemistry of KSMU):

Pike acetyl limonyl,

But the horse was afraid of narcissus,

He is above him isolimonically

Alpha-ketoglutar.

Succinated with coenzyme,

Amber fumarovo,

I saved some apples for the winter,

Turned into a pike again.

(oxaloacetic acid, citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, isocitric acid, β-ketoglutaric acid, succinyl-CoA, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, oxaloacetic acid).

Another version of the poem

The pike ate the acetate,

it turns out citrate

via cis-aconitate

will it be isocitrate

giving hydrogens to OAD,

it loses CO2

I'm extremely happy about this

alpha-ketoglutarate

oxidation is coming -

NAD stole hydrogen

TDF, coenzyme A

take CO2

and the energy is barely

appeared in succinyl

immediately GTF was born

and what remained was succinate

Now he got to FAD -

he needs hydrogen

fumarate drank water,

and he turned into malate

here NAD came to malate,

acquired hydrogens

PIKE has appeared again

and quietly hid

Guard acetate...

16. Supination and pronation (directions of hand movement): when supination and pronation they usually use an analogy with the phrase “If you carried the soup, you spilled it.” You need to stretch your hand forward with your palm up (forward with the limb hanging) and imagine that there is a plate of soup on your hand - “She carried the soup” - supination. Turning the hand palm down (backward with a freely hanging limb) - “shed” - pronation.

17. To remember the names and locations of the wrist bones (the bones are listed in a circle):

In the boat (scaphoid) under the moon (lunate)

Three (triangular) spruce peas (pea-shaped)

Yes, they took it off the hook (hook-shaped)

Fish heads (capitate).

They were in a hurry when they saw the (trapezoidal) trapezoid (trapezoid).

18. There is a leap in evolution,
Like a breath of air -
A new method of reproduction -
Internal fertilization.
Will there be progress? No problem,
After all, this is aromorphosis.

19. Work with cones during the day, walk with rods at night- to remember the specifics of the work of the photoreceptors of the retina.

20. Circus, Huge Motley Dome,

Like a Rainbow, Raised(You).

From the first letters of the “verse” it is easy to remember the correct sequence of arrangement of systematic groups of plants:

Family,

21. Ribosomes are like beads
We got into DNA.
With DNA they read
Protein molecule code.
They build the protein chain
According to information.
Together we call the whole process
Short: broadcast.

22. Here's the problem - a boy was born
Hairy and with a tail.
Return to our ancestors
Atavisms we're calling.

23. Every Girl Should Know Her Seventh Floor Exactly.

The beginning of each word corresponds to a specific function of proteins: Catalytic, Motor, Respiratory, Transport, Protective, Construction, Signal and Energy.

24. Essential amino acids

The phenomenally accurate lieutenant demands to imitate a waltz with Lisa three times.

25. Pituitary releases samatotropin.
All people in the world need it.
If the hormone is not released enough -
This trouble is just the beginning.
Here, despite any years,
You will be a dwarf forever.
Too much hormone - trouble again -
Then you will grow up to be a giant.
But even if you have grown up -
Your hand or nose will become huge.

26. The thyroid gland is an important organ
There is no replacement for it.
It releases little hormones -
There will be myxedema.
Oxidation intensity
Decreases in tissues
Heart rate
It slows down a lot.
They won't worry you
Movies about spies
And the child will be a cretin,
If there are no hormones.
If there are a lot of hormones in it
(this happens often)
That blood pressure
It's going up a lot.
With Graves' disease
Hunger awakens
The patient is often tired
Gets irritated quickly.

27. Swallowed food
It gets into the stomach.
Here are the glands of the stomach
Enzymes are secreted
Proteins are broken down here.
Pepsin and gastrixin.
Stomach protects
Mucous mucin.
Lipase breaks down
Fats from milk.
And the main part of fats
Untouched for now.
Digestion in progress
In hydrochloric acid.
Such an acidic environment
Nowhere else.

28. Can live without oxygen
Calling them anaerobes.

29. The rest of the life of the past era
It has survived well to this day.
Perhaps he is not famous for anything,
But it is important to know it, because it is relic.

30. Eyebrows, eyelashes and eyelids
Not just given to a person.
The eyes are like guards, they protect
It is protected from moisture and dust.
The organ of vision is the eye,
It has three shells.
The one that is white on the outside
Let's call it protein.
So transparent ahead -
Comparable to glass.
We simply call this part the cornea.
Layer two - it contains vessels,
Ahead he is an iris.
There is a hole in it - the pupil,
And the pigments are different.
Receptors in the retina, deep,
Everyone helps me see clearly.
We will divide them into pairs:
Some are cones, others are rods.

31. Green fern leaf
He's not entirely clean.
On the underside of the sheet
There are dark dots for a reason.
They are called sporangia
Small spores ripen in them.
And for the disputes that ripen on it
We call it a sporophyte.
The spores have ripened and fallen to the ground,
But they haven’t completely disappeared.
Disputes on the basis suddenly sprouted -
They became small shoots.
And at the shoots - look -
There are archegonia and antheridia.
They contain gamete sex cells
Sperm and eggs.
The sperm will swim up in the water -
And fertilization will occur.
And after that there will be a zygote
(It’s a great hunt to remember all this).
So here is the smallest green shoot
And it turns into a new seedling.
What is on the germ of the gamete,
Let's remember this very clearly.
If they ask, we will answer night and day,
We call the prothallus a gametophyte.

32. The leaves of the plants have changed.
All of a sudden they turned into various organs.
Barberry needles, pea tendrils,
Cactus thorns - everyone lives well.
Same origin, but different functions.
We are such bodies
We're calling homologous.

33. Fish and crayfish have gills,
We don't need to explain:
Different origins
One function is to breathe.
They have one function,
The structure is different.
We are such bodies
We're calling similar.