A verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and answers the questions of what to do? what to do?
The initial form of a verb is called an infinitive. An infinitive is an unchangeable form of a verb that answers the questions of what to do? what to do? (write, write).
Infinitives can end in -9, -ch.
The constant feature of the verb is the look. Perfect verbs (what to do? To say) indicate the completeness of the action, its end or result, imperfect (what to do? To say) do not indicate the completeness of the action.
Verbs with the suffix -sya (-съ) are called reflexive (to learn). The suffix -sya (-s) differs from other suffixes in that it comes after all morphemes, it is called a postfix.
Transitive verbs are combined with a noun or pronoun in V. p. Without a preposition (love (what?) Fruit). A noun or pronoun with a transitive verb can also appear in R. p.:
If the verb has a negation (negative particle NOT): I have not read a book;
If the action does not go to the whole object, but only to its part: drank what? water.
Verbs are called intransitives unless the action goes directly to another subject: skiing. Reflexive verbs are always intransitive (to climb a hill).
Verb conjugation is a change in a verb by person and number. There are 2 conjugations in Russian.
In order to determine the conjugation of a verb with an unstressed personal ending, it is necessary to put it in an indefinite form and determine which vowel is in front of -ty.
The II conjugation with unstressed personal endings includes:
Everything is ON-IT, except to shave, lay, build;
7 on -THE: look, see, hate, endure, twirl, offend, depend;
4 on -AT: hear, breathe, drive, hold.
All other verbs refer to I conjugation.
Multi-conjugated verbs are called verbs that have endings of different conjugations, there are 4 of them in Russian: want, eat, give, run.
Inclination of the verb
The verbs in the indicative mood denote actions that have happened, are happening or will actually happen: I spoke, I say, I will speak.
Conditional verbs denote actions that are desired or possible under certain conditions. They are formed from the base of the initial form of the verb using the suffix -l and the particle would (b), which can stand before the verb, after it, or be separated from the verb in other words: I would write.
Verbs in the imperative mood express an urge to action, an order, a request: do, write.
In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have 3 tenses: present, past and future. Perfective verbs - 2: past and future.
Present tense verbs denote an action that occurs at the moment of speech, as well as constant and long-term actions: I am writing a letter.
The past tense of verbs is formed from the stem of the infinitive with the suffix -л or without the suffix: bought, carried. It means that the action took place before the moment of speech.
The future tense can be simple and complex. The form of the future simple has the verbs of the perfect form (write), the form of the future complex is the verbs of the imperfect form. They consist of T! words: the future is simple from the verb to be and the infinitive: I will write.
In the present and future tense, verbs change according to faces (say, speak, speak) and numbers (speak, speak).
Verbs that denote actions performed without a character are called impersonal: it's frozen, it's getting dark. Personal verbs can be used in an impersonal meaning: It is dripping with a light rain. - It's dripping on the street.
Past tense verbs change in numbers (draw, draw) and gender (draw, draw). The gender of the verb is determined using the ending (m.
zero ending: wrote; f. p .---------- a: wrote; average
genus ------- o: buzzed).
It is not for nothing that our ancestors called speech a "verb" in principle, as this word is interpreted in the dictionary of V. Dahl. We will analyze examples of verbs, their use, change in this article.
Verb as part of speech
The part of speech denoting action and answering the questions "what to do?", "What to do?" - this is the verb. Relating to independent parts of speech, it is determined by the general grammatical meaning.
For a verb, this is an action. However, this part of speech differs in shades of meaning.
- Any physical labor: cut, chop, knit.
- Intellectual or speech work: observe, speak, think.
- Moving an object in space: fly, run, sit.
- Subject's state: hate, hurt, sleep.
- The state of nature: it got colder, froze, it is getting dark.
Morphological and syntactic features
As for the morphological features, we will analyze all sorts of examples in detail later, but for now we will just list them. Inclination, face, time, number, recurrence, gender, species and conjugation.
As for that, most often the verb is used as a predicate, it, together with the subject, forms a predicative or grammatical basis. The verb in the sentence can spread. This function is performed by a noun or an adverb.
Infinitive
Each verb has an initial form, which is called the infinitive. We ask the following questions: "what to do?", "What to do?" Examples of indefinite verbs: learn, draw (what to do?), Learn, draw (what to do?).
The verb is unchangeable, the time is not determined by it, the person and the number are purely an action. Let us compare two examples: "I work in my specialty" - "It is necessary for a person to work for life." In the first example, the verb indicates that the action takes place in the present tense, and the speaker himself performs it (the personal pronoun "I" indicates 1 person, singular). In the second, the action is indicated in principle, without specifying the number and person.
There are still disputes among linguistic scientists about what is (s) in an infinitive: a suffix or an ending. We agree in this article with those who position it as inflection. If the verb ends in -ch (flow, bake, burn), then this is definitely part of the root. It should be borne in mind that when the word changes, alternation can occur: bake-bake; flow-flow; burn - burn.
The infinitive can act both as a predicate and as a subject: "To read is to know a lot." Here the first verb "read" is the subject, the second, "know" is the predicate. By the way, such cases require a special punctuation mark - a dash.
Kinds of the verb
The type of the verb is determined by the question to which it answers. In Russian, there are imperfect (what to do? What to do? What to do?) And perfect (what to do? What to do? What did?) Types of verbs. Examples: speaking, speaking, speaking - imperfect; say, say, said - perfect.
The types of the verb differ in semantic meaning. So, imperfect means a certain duration of action, its repetition. For example: writing - writing. The action has duration, duration. Compare with the meaning of the perfective verb: write - write - write. This indicates that the action is completed, it has some kind of result. The same verbs determine the single action (shoot).
Inclination form
Verbs also change in moods. There are only three of them: conditional (subjunctive), indicative and imperative.
If we talk about the indicative mood, then it allows the predicate to take the form of time, person and number. Examples of verbs of this mood: "We make this craft" (present) - "We will make this craft" (future tense) - "We made this craft" Or by faces: "I made this craft" (1 person) - "You made this craft "(2nd person) -" Anya made this craft "(3rd person).
Subjunctive verbs indicate the performance of an action under certain conditions. This form is formed by adding to the past tense the particle "would" ("b"), which is always written separately. Such predicates vary across persons and numbers. The time category is not defined. Examples of verbs: "We would have solved this problem with the help of a teacher" (plural, 1 person) - "I would have made this craft with the help of a teacher" (singular, 1 person) - "Anya would have made this craft with with the help of a teacher "(singular, 3rd person) -" The guys would make this craft with the help of a teacher "(plural, 3rd person).
The speaker encourages an action with a verb To prohibit an action, imperative verbs are also used. Examples: "Don't yell at me!" (ban) - "Wash your hands before eating!" (urge) - "Please write a letter" (request). Let's take a closer look at the last example. To give your petition a polite tone, add the word “please” to the imperative verb (“be kind”, “be kind”).
It should be remembered that imperative verbs end in, and it is also preserved in those that end in -sya and -te. There is an exception to this rule - the verb "lie down" (lie down - lie down - lie down).
The elapsed time implies that by the time of speaking the action has already been completed. For example: "I bought this dress last year." Usually such verbs are formed with the suffix -l- added to the infinitive stem: buy - bought. These predicates change in numbers, and in units. number - and by gender. The shape of the face is not determined.
The form of the present tense is characteristic exclusively of the imperfect species. To form it, you need to add verbs. Examples: mine - wash - wash - wash - wash.
Verbs of both types, perfect and imperfect, can have the form of the future tense. It is of two types: simple and complex. The first is characteristic of the perfective verbs: build, glue, file, etc. The complex future is formed by imperfective verbs. Let's compare: I will build, I will glue, I will saw. Thus, this form is formed with the help of the verb "to be", placed in the future simple, and infinitive.
In the present and future tenses, verbs have a face and a number. We will talk about them below.
Face and number
If the verb is in the first person, it shows that the speaker himself is doing the action. For example: "I am tempered every day, pouring myself with cold water and wiping myself with snow."
The fact that the action is performed by the speaker's interlocutor will tell us the second person of the verb. For example: "You know perfectly well how much is twice two." Verbs in the same form can have a generalized meaning, denote actions that are characteristic of any person. Most often this can be found in the proverbs: "You can't put a scarf on someone else's mouth." It is easy to distinguish such sentences: as a rule, there is no subject in them.
Verbs in the third person express the action that the object of speaking produces or produced. "Lermontov was lonely all his life." "The hurricane was so strong that centuries-old trees bent like twigs."
For each person in a singular or characteristic a certain ending of the verbs. Examples: "I am flying" - "We are flying" - "You are flying" - "You are flying" - "She (he, it) is flying" - "They are flying".
Conjugation and personal endings of the verb
Conjugation of a verb is a form implying its change in persons and numbers. It is characteristic not for all predicates, but only for those that stand in the indicative mood, present or future tense.
There are two conjugations in total. Let's present them in the table.
I conjugation All verbs, except for those in -it, plus 2 exceptions: shave, lay | II conjugation (endings) Verbs in-to, except shave, lay (they refer to I conjugation), as well as drive, hold, look, see, breathe, hear, hate, depend, endure, offend, twirl | Examples of verbs |
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We carry (I); talking (II) |
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Carry, carry (I); talk, talk (II) |
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Carry, carry (I); speaks, speaks (II) |
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Impersonal verbs
Personal verbs, examples of which we have discussed above, are not the only ones in the Russian language. They are opposed by those that designate action without a character. They are called impersonal.
With them, there is never a subject, in a sentence they play the role of a predicate. Such verbs have no category of number. That is, they define purely time, present and future. For example: "It gets colder" (present time) - "It will freeze even more at night" (future), "It got colder. It froze even more at night" (past).
Verb- a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and answers questions: what to do? what to do?
Verbs are imperfect and perfect. species, are divided into transitional and intransitive, change in inclinations.
The verb has an initial form, which is called the indefinite form of the verb (or infinitive). It shows neither time, nor number, nor face, nor gender.
Verbs in a sentence are predicates.
The indefinite form of a verb can be part of a compound predicate, it can be a subject, object, definition, or circumstance.
Types of verbs
There are two types of verbs: perfect and imperfect. Verbsimperfectanswer the question what to do ?, and the verbsperfect kind- what to do?
Imperfective verbs do not indicate the completeness of the action, its end or the result (did, painted).
Perfective verbs indicate the completeness of the action, at its end or result (made, painted).
When forming verbs of one kind from verbs of another kind, prefixes are used (sing, sing, sing, sing along).
The formation of verb species can be accompanied by an alternation of vowels and consonants in the root.
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Verbs that combine or can combine with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition are calledtransient.
Transitive verbs denote an action that goes to another object (wash the window, shake hands).
A noun or pronoun in a transitive verb can be in the genitive case.
Verbs areintransitiveif the action does not go directly to another object (talk, walk).
Intransitives include verbs with the suffix-sia (-s)(smile, get angry).
Reflexive verbs
Suffixed verbs-sia (-s) are calledreturnable
(laugh, rejoice).
Some verbs can be reflexive and non-reflexive; others are only reflexive (no suffix-syathey are not used).
Inclination of the verb
Verbs inindicative mooddenote actions that occur or will actually occur (read, read, will read, read).
The indicative verbs change in tenses.
In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have three tenses: present, past and future, and perfective verbs have two tenses: past and future simple.
Verbs inconditional mooddenote actions that are desired or possible under certain conditions.
The conditional mood of the verb is formed from the base of the indefinite form of the verb using the suffix-l- and particles would (b)(I would look, I would go). This particle can stand after the verb and in front of it, it can be separated from the verb in other words.
Verbs in the conditional mood change in numbers, and in the singular - in gender.
Verbs inimperative mood express a motivation for action, an order, a request (read, go, bring).
Imperative verbs are usually used in the form2nd person.
Imperative verbs do not change tensely.
Forms of the imperative mood are formed from the base of the present or future simple tense using the suffix-and-or zero suffix. Verbs in the imperative mood in the singular have a zero ending, and in the plural --those.
Sometimes a particle is added to imperative verbs-ka, which somewhat softens the order (tell me, play).
Verb tenses
Verbs in present tense show that the action takes place at the time of speech.
Present tense verbs can denote actions that are performed constantly, always.
Present tense verbs change by person and number.
Verbs in past tense show that the action took place before the speech.
Verbs in the past tense are formed from the indefinite form (infinitive) using the suffix -l-.
Indefinite verbs in -night, -th form masculine past tense singular without suffix -l-(oven - pitch, carry - carry, reach - reach).
Past tense verbs change in numbers, and in the singular - in gender. In the plural, verbs in the past tense do not change by person.
Verbs in future tense show that the action will take place after the moment of speech.
The future tense has two forms: simple and composite. The compound future tense of imperfective verbs is formed from the future tense of the verb to be and the indefinite form of the imperfective verb. A simple future tense is formed from perfective verbs, a composite future tense from imperfective verbs.
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Table of contents
Verbs- these are words denoting an action or state of an object (answer questions what to do? what to do?) , for example: talk, read, bring, grow, save, melt, think... Each verb has an initial form called undefined form (or infinitive). It ends in th, th, th. An indefinite form only names an action or a state, without indicating either time, number, or person.
In a sentence, the indefinite form is most often included in the compound verb predicate ( We started to train... He could not participate in the tournament), but it can also act as other members of the sentence, for example, the subject ( Study- our task), inconsistent definition ( He had a burning desire study ), circumstances ( He left study ), additions ( The teacher advised us more read ).
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Verbs are transitional and intransitive... Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another subject, the name of which is in the accusative case without a preposition, for example: read magazine, be in love opera, send telegram, bring newspapers.
All other verbs are intransitive verbs, for example: grow in the forest, fly south, threaten the enemy.
Reflexive verbs
Verbs with a special suffix -sya (sm) , are called returnable, for example: smoke (smoke), swim (bathe), build (build)... Suffix -sya (sm) always appears at the end of a verb after other suffixes or endings, for example: bathes Xia, bathe Xia, bathed Xia, bathe Xia .
All reflexive verbs are intransitive.
Types of verbs
Verbs have special forms that show how an action proceeds. These special forms are called kinds verb. Verbs are of two kinds - perfect and imperfect.
Perfect view
Perfective verbs answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of the action, its result, the end of the action, its beginning, for example: draw, throw, take away, sing, sing... They have two forms of time: past (what did you do? - drew, abandoned, faded, sang, sang) and the future is simple , consisting of one word (what will they do? - draw, draw, throw, fade, sing, sing). Verbs do not have the form of the present tense.
Imperfect species
Imperfective verbs answer the question what to do? and when denoting an action, they do not indicate its completeness, result, end or beginning, for example: draw, throw, blossom, sing... They have three forms of time: past (what they were doing? - drew, threw, bloomed, sang), the present (what are they doing? - draws, throws, blooms, sing) and the future is difficult , consisting of two words - the word will, will you etc. and the indefinite form of this verb (what will they do? - they will draw, they will throw, they will bloom, they will sing).
Inflections of verbs
Verbs have the forms inclinations, which show how the speaker evaluates the action, that is, whether he considers it real or possible under some condition, or desirable. There are three moods in Russian:
- indicative inclination showing. that the action is real, actually happening, happened or will happen, for example: We meet enemies simply: beat, beat and we will beat ... In the indicative mood, the verb changes in tense, has the forms of the present, past and future tense (see the previous example);
- subjunctive (conditional) mood, showing that action is possible only under a certain condition, for example: Without you i don't would get to the city and from amers would on the road... The subjunctive mood is formed from the past tense by adding a particle would ... In the subjunctive mood, verbs change in numbers, and in the singular in gender (that is, in the same way as verbs in the past tense change), for example: to tell - would tell(m), would tell(f), would tell(Wed. p.), would tell(plural) (note the separate spelling of the particle would);
- imperative inclination mood, denoting an action that is ordered, asked, advised to perform, for example: Whiskey her vinegar rub. Spray water. Bow, sir, weigh! ; With him do not argue you are at random and these wicked ideas give it up! The imperative mood is formed by adding a suffix -and to the base of the present (future simple) tense or without a suffix, for example: carry - carry - carry, bring - bring - bring; tell - tell - tell; cook - cook - get ready ... The plural is added -those : carry those, bring those, tell those, get ready those .
In the subjunctive and imperative moods, the verb does not change at times.
In a sentence, verbs of the indicative, subjunctive, imperative moods are predicates (see examples above).
Conjugation of verbs
Changing verbs in the present and future tense by person and number is called conjugation. Depending on the personal endings that are presented in the table, two verb conjugations are distinguished.
| Number | Face | Endings of I conjugation | Endings of II conjugation |
| The only thing | 1st 2nd 3rd | (I am) -y (-y)
(you) -you (-you) (he she it) -et (-yet) | -y (-y)
-you -it |
| Plural | 1st 2nd 3rd | (we) -em (-em)
(you) -ete (-ete) (they) -out (-yut) | -them
-you -at (-at) |
Notes (edit)
- Verbs to want, run away refer to multi-conjugate... In the singular, the verb to want is conjugated by the first conjugation ( want, want, want), in the plural - according to the second ( want, want, want). The verb to run has a plural form in the 3rd person flee(1 ref.), Other forms - of the second conjugation: run, run, run, run.
- Verbs to give and there is(to eat) refer to a special conjugation and are conjugated like this: in the singular: 1st L. - give, eat; 2nd l. - give, eat; 3rd l. - will give, eat; plural: 1st L.- give, eat; 2nd l. - give, eat: 3rd l. - will give, eat... The same endings are preserved in verbs with prefixes: serve, eat ..., serve, eat ...
Impersonal verbs
The group stands out among the verbs impersonal verbs that do not change either in numbers, or in persons, or in gender. Impersonal verbs are used in two forms:
- in a form that matches the form of the 3rd person singular present (future) tense, for example: dawn, dawn, dawn; chills; it is getting dark;
- in a form that matches the past tense neuter form, for example: dawn, dawn, dawn; shivering;
it was getting dark.
In a sentence, impersonal verbs are predicates, and with them there is no (and cannot be) a subject, for example: Buran, calmed down. Only slightly vyuzhilo; to me unwell something; Can't sleep, nanny.
The Russian language is quite difficult to learn. After all, a lot of features, rules and exceptions to them can confuse and make you think about issues related to the emergence of certain linguistic processes. A rather difficult issue in the study of the Russian language is the verb. For those who want to find out what verbs are in Russian and how to correctly apply them in colloquial speech and writing, this article has been created. It is worth considering that it is impossible to give an unambiguous answer about the characteristics of verbs, since they have different qualities and characteristics. All this is taken into account by various classifications. Let's look at them and talk about what verbs are.
Types of verbs
The type of the verb shows how the action proceeds in time. The classification, based on this characteristic of the verb, distinguishes between the perfect and imperfect types of the verb.
- Perfect verbs answer the question "What to do?" and serve to indicate the completeness of the action (read). Based on their characteristics, such verbs are designed to describe facts, what has already happened or has reached a certain limit (the long-awaited spring has come, the birds have returned from the south).
- Imperfective verbs answer the question "What to do?" and indicate the procedurality of the action (read). Examples of verbs of this kind indicate processes that are repeated, and in general, the process itself as an action (it was getting cold, winter was coming).
Often, the prefix allows you to translate a verb from one species to another, which forms a species pair (read - read).
Inflections of verbs
The question of what verbs are in the subject of mood is also interesting. This feature of the verb indicates how the action relates to reality.
- Based on this, the indicative mood is distinguished, which is closely related to the category of time, therefore the action is expressed in the past, present and future. Indicators of this mood are suffixes and personal endings (stood, stood, stood, stand, will stand).
- Imperative verbs encourage action. Their peculiarity is the inability to change from time to time (stop, sing, let's start).
- The subjunctive mood of verbs indicates the condition under which the action can take place. The indicator of this inclination is the particle would (If it hadn't been for the rain, we would have gone for a walk).
Verb tenses
Depending on the temporal characteristic, it is worth paying attention to what verbs are in this case.
- The past tense verbs indicate that the action took place before the moment of speech, it has already taken place (the girl picked a flower). The indicator here is the suffixes of the past tense.
- The present tense can be determined only in imperfective verbs, while it is expressed by personal endings (standing, standing, standing, standing, standing).
- Future tense verbs indicate the probability, the possibility of performing an action after the moment of speech (Tomorrow I will fly in a balloon). It should be borne in mind that in the Russian language the categories of time and type are closely intertwined.
Conjugation of verbs
Conjugation is a very important category of the verb. Thanks to conjugation, verbs can change by person and number. Personal endings are indicative in this category. To determine the conjugation, you should pay attention to the end of the verb (you are sick - I conjugation, you drive - II conjugation) and the type of infinitive (to be sick - I conjugation, drive - II conjugation). In this regard, verbs are special in which one part of the personal endings is an indicator of the first conjugation, and the other part of the second. These are multi-conjugate verbs, examples of which are the words want, run, read, and all derivatives from them.