His closest associate, the Circassian Murad Bey, was unanimously elected as the new head of the Mamluks. But at the same time, as Jabarti reports, the emirs yielded to the insistence of Murad Bey’s Mamluks. And Murad Bey’s Mamluks were overwhelmingly his fellow tribesmen, as evidenced by the data of Artin Pasha, Jabarti and Clote Antoine. The cavalcade of 170 - 200 horsemen, Mamluk beys and their squires, shot by the Arnauts of Mohammed Ali on March 1, 1811, consisted only of Circassians who came from the house of Murad Bey. Murad Bey shared power with his Khushdash, the Kakhetian Ibrahim Bey. For the first time in many decades, two powerful beys lived peacefully with each other. Ibrahim Bey held the post of Sheikh al-Balad, and Murad Bey held the post of Amir al-Hajj. In modern terms, the former was the head of the Egyptian government, and the latter was the commander-in-chief of the Mamluk armed forces. In fact, each of them did what he was most inclined to do. Jabarti's chronicle convinces that in the eyes of local residents, Murad Bey was still the true ruler, since he constantly interfered in the affairs of the administration and single-handedly resolved all military issues. “Murad Bey,” writes Jabarti, “was fair-haired, of medium height and heavy build, wore a thick beard and had a rough voice. There was a scar on his face from a saber strike. He was a tyrant, unjust and cruel, arrogant, self-righteous and arrogant.” At the time of Napoleon's invasion, his squad included 1,200 Mamluks, while his co-ruler had 600 Mamluks. The decline in the number of Georgian Mamluks had, among other things, a completely objective reason: Mamluk agents and slave traders were afraid to appear near the borders of Georgia, where both the population and the rulers were anti-Turkish. After the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 - 1774. The Porte pledged not to interfere in the internal governance of Imereti and Mingrelia. In 1783, the king of Georgia (Kartli and Kakheti) Irakli II accepted the protectorate of Russia under the Treaty of Georgievsk, at the same time a Russian military detachment arrived in Georgia, which “helped repel the raids of the Adjarians.” In short, in the last third of the 18th century, Georgia became too dangerous a zone for the slave trade and the Georgian beys of Kazdogliya could not afford the luxury of being surrounded exclusively by their fellow tribesmen. The Circassian beys, on the contrary, did not experience any difficulties in this regard. Their fellow tribesmen in the Caucasus, as M. Paysonel notes, during this period “are in constant hostility among themselves and, in order to capture slaves, carry out raids, and everything captured is considered legitimate booty and is not required back.”
The strongest blow to Mamluk dominance was dealt by the invasion of French troops led by Bonaparte in 1798. And if the army of Louis IX Saint in 1249 was met by the Circassian and Kipchak Mamluks, led by the Circassian Emir Bibars, then the army of Napoleon was met by the Circassian and Georgian Mamluks, led again by the Circassian Emir - Murad Bey.
The meaning of the name Murat: The name for a boy means “goal”, “desire”, “result”. This affects the character and fate of Murat.
Origin of the name Murat: Arabic.
Diminutive form of name: Muratik, Muratka, Muratochka, Muratonka, Muratushka, Murik, Murri, Mura.
What does the name Murat mean? The name Murat has Arabic roots. Historians say that the meaning of the name Murat is “intention, desire, goal.” It must be said that in some countries such an option as Murad is popular. It appeared in honor of the fact that the Murad River flows through the Armenian Highlands in Turkey, being the most important tributary of the Euphrates. In history, there are known sultans of the Ottoman Empire who bore the name Murat. From him the surnames Muradov and Muratov were subsequently formed.
Angel Murat Day: not celebrated, since the name Murat is not included in the list of Orthodox and Catholic holidays.
Astrology:
- Zodiac – Cancer
- Planet – Moon
- Color - silver
- Treasured plant - water lily
- Patron - doe
- Talisman stone – selenite
Characteristics of the name Murat
Positive features: Murat is a representative of that category of men who are usually called genuine and whole. He will protect the weak, always help, and make a serious decision if special circumstances require it. This person tries to take responsibility for his actions and words and does not promise too much. This is a generous, but not wasteful person who knows how to have fun in moderation, although he does not have a good sense of humor.
Negative features: A man named Murat is non-conflict, practically uninfluenced and always acts as he sees fit - he has his own criteria for success, correctness, etc. It is difficult to argue or quarrel with him, since Murat respects any point of view and does not try to impose his own opinion as the only correct one.
Character of the name Murat: As a rule, as a child, Murat does not cause any trouble to his parents, teachers, or educators - from an early age he gets used to listening to adults. He gets along well with his peers, as he is distinguished by his sociability and lack of aggression. The name Murat rarely gets sick and is distinguished by good health. He loves animals very much, and he always has a pet at home.
Murat and his personal life
Love and marriage: For Murat, the family nest is a place where you can be yourself, relax, unwind. But he understands that common happiness must be built. He spends a lot of time with the children, tries to make pleasant surprises for his wife, and willingly helps with housework. All men's chores around the house give him pleasure. The owner will be happy to add a shelf or repair a chair. A family must have pets; Murat especially loves large breed dogs.
Talents, business, career
Choice of profession: Murat, without a doubt, is a good and responsible worker. He can become a first-class doctor, engineer, economist, director, journalist. Your own business will also be an excellent option for developing and improving your financial condition. A man knows how to earn money, but because he is confident that he is right, he can lose large sums, risking them in various projects.
Health and energy
Health and talents: The meaning of the name Murat largely depends on the time of year of his birth. So, Murat, born in winter, is in dire need of friendly support. However, the desire not to seem intrusive leads to the fact that the name Murat does not ask for help. “Autumn” Murat adapts well to circumstances and is able to find a common language even with the person towards whom he feels negative.
At work, the name Murat is very responsible and diligent. Professions related to the exact sciences are more suitable for him. Driven by vanity and pride, he will definitely achieve success in his career. Can be an artist, journalist, instructor, director.
The fate of Murat in history
What does the name Murat mean for a man's destiny?
- Murad I the Godlike (Khudavendigar) - Ottoman sultan (1359-1389), thanks to whom the Ottoman state expanded by annexing Anatolia in the Balkans
- Murad II - Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1404-1451), who contributed to the expansion of Turkish influence in the Balkan Peninsula, and also strengthened the power of the Ottomans in Anatolia
- Murad V (Murat Khan V) – 33rd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigned for less than 1 year
- Murad Bey - Mamluk leader of Egyptian origin
- Hadji-Murat Khunzakhsky - the foster brother of the Avar khans and a character in the story of the same name by L. Tolstoy
- Murad Magomedov – Russian and Soviet archaeologist, professor, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Honored Scientist of the Republic of Dagestan, specialist in the field of early medieval history of the peoples of the North Caucasus, Dagestan and South-Eastern Europe
- Murat Zhurinov – Kazakh chemist, scientist, president of the National Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan
- Murad Gaidarov is a Belarusian freestyle wrestler.
- Murad Girey Tlekhas - Azerbaijani major general, military leader
- Murad Guloyan – Armenian statesman and political figure
- Murat Aitkhozhin - academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, specialist in the field of molecular biology and biochemistry
- Murat Aliyev is a Kyrgyz and Soviet cinematographer, Honored Worker of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, who worked at the Kyrgyzfilm Film Studio.
- Murat Suyumagambetov - football player, former player of the Kazakhstan national team, striker of Tobol
- Murat Ristov is a Russian, Soviet, Kazakh singer and songwriter.
Which began the unification of the Turkish beyliks of Anatolia into a single state organism. Under him, the Ottoman state expanded its territory in Anatolia and the Balkan Peninsula, and hitherto unknown institutions such as the diwan (a body of the central administration) and the office of the Grand Vizier began to operate. Murad I turned the state, which was once a small Turkic tribe, into the Ottoman Empire.
Murad I became famous as a commander and conqueror, a just and pious sovereign. In 1362 he took possession of all of Thrace, and in 1365 he made the capital of his state the city of Adrianople, which he had captured from the Byzantine Empire and renamed it Edirne. He forced the Serbs, Vlachs and Bulgarians to pay him tribute. In 1386 he defeated the troops of the Iconian Sultan Ali Bega , and became the ruler of all Asia Minor. In 1389 on Kosovo Field Murad I defeated the united troops of Serbs, Albanians and Vlachs, but died at the hands of the Serbian governor Milos Obilic who snuck into his tent. His successor to the Ottoman throne was Bayezid , son Murad I. Death Murad I would force the Ottomans to temporarily halt their expansion into Europe and turn their attention back to the ailing Byzantine Empire.
Murad I administratively divided his state into two provinces: Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Rumelia (Balkans). During the reign of the Sultan, a special military unit was created - the Janissary Corps. Murad I He also left behind many public buildings, which were built mainly in Bursa, Edirne and Gelibolu.
Murad I the Godlike
(Gazi-Khunkar, Khudavendigar)
1281 – March 1362
Ottoman مراد اول - Murâd-ı evvel, tour. Birinci Murat, pers. خداوندگار - Khodāvandgār, “devoted to God”
3rd Ottoman Sultan |
|
March 1362 – June 15, 1389 |
|
| Predecessor | Orhan I Ghazi |
| Successor | Bayezid I the Lightning |
| Place of Birth | Anatolia, Ottoman Beylik |
| A place of death | Kosovo field, Vukova land |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
| Burial place | The internal organs were buried in the Sultan's tomb Murad on Kosovo Polje, in modern Pristina district, Kosovo. The remaining remains are buried in the Sultan's turba Murad, Osmangazi, Bursa, Ottoman Empire |
| Father | |
| Mother | Nilufer Khatun |
| Genus | Ottomans |
| Wife | 1. Gulcicek Hatun |
| Son | Bayezid I the Lightning |
| Wife | 2. Maria Tamara Khatun |
| Wife | 3. Pasha Melek Hatun |
| Daughter | Nefise Melek Hatun |
| Wife | 4. Ful Dane Khatun |
| Children | Yakub Celebi |
| Savci Bey | |
| Wife | 5. Despina Khatun |
| Unknown concubines | |
| Children | Ibrahim Bey |
| Khalil Bey | |
| Sultan Khatun | |
| Ozer Khatun | |
Murad's murder. Engraving from the German (1694) edition of “History” by Paul Rico
Expansion of the Ottoman Empire under Murad I
Mausoleum of Sultan Murad. Neighborhoods of Pristina, Kosovo
Turbe Murad in Bursa
Murad born in Bursa. His mother was Nilüfer-Khatun . Traditional Ottoman historiography considered her to be a Byzantine Greek, the daughter of Tekfur Yarhisar . This version, recorded in the 15th century, is disputed. Historian Leslie Pierce believes that names like Nilüfer were given to slaves; she fell into the harem at a later time and was most likely not a wife, but a concubine.
In the history of the Ottoman Empire Murad often referred to as the Overlord, a nickname he had since 1382. He was brave and had such a sonorous voice that it could be heard over a long distance during battle. By nature he was eloquent, strictly observed military discipline, was fair to his subjects and generous to soldiers. He himself could neither read nor write, but he was the first Osmanov started building schools. (When Murad he needed to sign some document, he dipped four fingers into the inkwell and, spreading them, applied them to the paper. This was called a tughra, and the Sultan's calligraphers turned this tughra into the imperial seal.)
K:Wikipedia:Articles without images (type: not specified)After the death of his master Muhammad Bey (-), Murad Bey began to command the Mamluk army, and his comrade Ibrahim Bey managed administrative affairs in Egypt.
In -1785, Ibrahim Bey and Murad Bey officially served as Ottoman kaymakams (governors) of Egypt. Subsequently, Ibrahim Bey and Murad Bey continued to actually govern Egypt, but new Ottoman governors were formally appointed.
In 1786, the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid I sent Kapudan Pasha Cezairli Gazi Hasan Pasha to Egypt, ordering him to remove Ibrahim Bey and Murad Bey from power. Cezairli Ghazi Hasan Pasha was able to restore Ottoman control over Egypt for a short time. Ismail Bey was appointed the new military leader of the Mamluks, and Sheikh al-Balad took charge of the civil administration. Ibrahim Bey and Murad Bey fled to Southern Egypt. In 1791 they returned to Cairo and regained supreme power.
In 1798, after being defeated by Napoleon's army at the Battle of the Pyramids, Murad Bey fled to Upper Egypt, where he organized a short-lived guerrilla campaign that was suppressed by Desaix within a year.
In 1800, Murad Bey made peace with the commander-in-chief of the French army, Jean-Baptiste Kleber, and agreed to command the garrison in Cairo, but died of the bubonic plague on his way.
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Literature
- Chandler, David The Campaigns of Napoleon New York, Macmillan, 1966.
- Juan Cole, Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. [ISBN 1-4039-6431-9]
- Herold, J. Christopher, Bonaparte in Egypt- London, Hamish Hamilton, 1962.
- Herold, J. Christopher, The Age of Napoleon. New York, American Heritage, 1963.
- Moorehead, Alan The Blue Nile New York, Harper & Row, 1962.
Excerpt characterizing Murad Bey
In the middle of the night, soldiers of the fifth company heard footsteps in the snow and the crunching of branches in the forest.“Guys, it’s a witch,” said one soldier. Everyone raised their heads, listened, and out of the forest, into the bright light of the fire, two strangely dressed human figures stepped out, holding each other.
These were two Frenchmen hiding in the forest. Hoarsely saying something in a language incomprehensible to the soldiers, they approached the fire. One was taller, wearing an officer's hat, and seemed completely weakened. Approaching the fire, he wanted to sit down, but fell to the ground. The other, small, stocky soldier with a scarf tied around his cheeks, was stronger. He raised his comrade and, pointing to his mouth, said something. The soldiers surrounded the French, laid out an overcoat for the sick man, and brought porridge and vodka to both of them.
The weakened French officer was Rambal; tied with a scarf was his orderly Morel.
When Morel drank vodka and finished a pot of porridge, he suddenly became painfully cheerful and began to continuously say something to the soldiers who did not understand him. Rambal refused to eat and silently lay on his elbow by the fire, looking at the Russian soldiers with meaningless red eyes. Occasionally he would let out a long groan and then fall silent again. Morel, pointing to his shoulders, convinced the soldiers that it was an officer and that he needed to be warmed up. The Russian officer, who approached the fire, sent to ask the colonel if he would take the French officer to warm him up; and when they returned and said that the colonel had ordered an officer to be brought, Rambal was told to go. He stood up and wanted to walk, but he staggered and would have fallen if the soldier standing next to him had not supported him.
- What? You will not? – one soldier said with a mocking wink, turning to Rambal.
- Eh, fool! Why are you lying awkwardly! It’s a man, really, a man,” reproaches to the joking soldier were heard from different sides. They surrounded Rambal, lifted him into his arms, grabbed him, and carried him to the hut. Rambal hugged the necks of the soldiers and, when they carried him, spoke plaintively:
- Oh, nies braves, oh, mes bons, mes bons amis! Voila des hommes! oh, mes braves, mes bons amis! [Oh well done! O my good, good friends! Here are the people! O my good friends!] - and, like a child, he leaned his head on the shoulder of one soldier.
Meanwhile, Morel sat in the best place, surrounded by soldiers.
Morel, a small, stocky Frenchman, with bloodshot, watery eyes, tied with a woman's scarf over his cap, was dressed in a woman's fur coat. He, apparently drunk, put his arm around the soldier sitting next to him and sang a French song in a hoarse, intermittent voice. The soldiers held their sides, looking at him.
PYRAMIDS, near the villages. Giza, on the left bank of the Nile, opposite Cairo.
After the battle of Shebreis, the main forces of Murad Bey and Ibrahim Bey concentrated near Cairo.
The latter's troops occupied the right bank of the Nile, near the village of Gez. Murad Bey positioned himself at the PYRAMIDS, in front of the village of Embabeh, adjoining the Nile with his right flank. His camp was surrounded by hastily constructed fortifications, which were, however, equipped with strong artillery. A large Arab flotilla (300 ships) was on the Pyla, covering Cairo from the French river flotilla.
The number of troops at Murad Bey and Ibrahim Bey was 90 thousand with 40 troops, but 50 thousand of them fellahs (infantry) did not represent a serious fighting force.
In addition, Ibrahim Bey's troops, located on the right bank of the Nile, did not take part in the battle.
Bonaparte decided to attack the enemy with 3 divisions from the front, moving the other 2 (Dese and Rainier) to the right, with the goal of enveloping Ibrahim Bey’s left flank and cutting off the connection between the village of Embabeh and the Upper Nile Valley.
At about 2 o'clock the last orders for the battle were given. While touring the troops, Bonaparte addressed them with one of those brilliant speeches with which he knew how to inspire his soldiers, arousing enthusiasm in them.
“Soldiers,” he said, “you came to these countries to uproot them from barbarism, bring enlightenment to the east and rid this beautiful region from the yoke of the English. Forty centuries of greatness look at you from the heights of these pyramids.”
The French were to advance in the following order: on the right flank, advanced forward, the Dese division and next to it the Rainier division; in the center - Kleber's division, under the command of Dugas (Kleber was wounded during the capture of Alexandria); on the left flank, adjacent to the Nile and located at the rear, were the divisions of Bon and Menu (the latter under the command of Vial).
Thus, the French were supposed to advance in a checkerboard pattern, with the intention of enveloping the enemy on the left and throwing him into the Nile. But Murad Bey warned the French. As soon as the latter had time to turn around in the indicated order, a significant mass of Mameluke cavalry, moving out from the fortified camp, formed in 2 lines, adjoining the village of Embabeh with its right flank, and covering the Deze division with its left, and quickly rushed to the attack.
The full force of the cavalry attack was met by the divisions of Deze and Renier, who formed a square. Strong rifle and artillery fire inflicted heavy losses on the enemy, but the Mamelukes stubbornly repeated the blows, trying in vain to cut into the square. Finally, unable to withstand the grapeshot, they rushed to the village of Punktil. But this village, which was supposed to serve as a stronghold for the extreme right flank of the French, was occupied by dismounted dragoons and sappers of the Deze division, who met the enemy with rifle fire. Repulsed from here, the Mamelukes turned back in disarray, losing a large number of killed and wounded. Meanwhile, Bonaparte moved forward the divisions of Beaune and Vial. Bona D. was attacking the fortified camp from the front, and Vial - from the left, advancing into the gap between the village of Embabeh and the Mamelukes who were attacking Dese and Rainier, with the goal of cutting off these Mamelukes from the village of Embabeh.
Bon's division, despite heavy fire from 25 enemy guns, broke into the fortifications between the river bank and the village. The enemy rushed towards the village of Embabeh, but was met by Vial's division that arrived in time, which, bursting into the village, overthrew him with bayonets.
Meanwhile, 3 other divisions were also moving forward.
The Mamelukes, who were outside the fortifications, rushed to the camp, but were repulsed.
Murad Bey was forced to retreat. The Mameluke attack on the French right flank, delaying the movement of the divisions of Deze and Renier, thereby provided Mugad Bey with the opportunity to retreat up the Nile. Bonaparte's plan to cut it off from Upper Egypt failed.
Dese and Rainier pursued the enemy to Jizekh.
As for Ibrahim Bey, he cleared his troops on the right bank of the Nile at night, burned his entire flotilla and retreated in the direction of Belbeis, on the way to Syria.
The French lost no more than 300 hours, and Murad Bey lost about 2 tons of his best cavalry, 20 guns, 400 camels, the entire convoy and food warehouse.
The next day, the elders of Cairo came to Bonaparte with an expression of submission; French troops settled around Cairo, and on July 25 Bonaparte was moved to the city.