Verb mood is a non-constant grammatical feature that shows the speaker’s assessment of an action. Its various types indicate how the speaker evaluates the action: either he considers it possible under some condition, or desirable, or real.
They can be of three types:
Lesson summary for 6th grade
Note:
The topic is designed for two lessons. First lesson - general concept about mood, familiarization with verb moods; second lesson - . The lessons are compiled in accordance with § 74 of the textbook by L. M. Rybchenkova.
Verb mood.
learning new material;
development of skills in morphological analysis of verbs, spelling skills;
nurturing love for the Russian language and interest in learning it.
Cognitive: searching for information, determining the meaning of information, constructing statements, reflecting on activities;
Regulatory: goal setting, activity planning;
Communicative: ability to express thoughts;
Personal: self-determination, meaning formation, moral assessment.
Lesson type:
Combined
Homework:
Oral story about verb moods based on the table ex. 524, choose your own examples.
Ex. 529 by analogy with the last task: write down the text, replacing present tense verbs with past tense verbs.
Schoolchildren set up tents and go to collect brushwood for a fire. Several people remain near the counselor. They peel potatoes and bring water from the stream. The girls collect branches and cover the tents with them, and lay sleeping bags on top of the branches. This is how the children prepare dinner and overnight stays. It gets dark quickly. Everything around calms down and falls asleep.
Organizing time.
Updating basic knowledge:
A) Repetition of spelling “b at the end of 2nd person verbs singular» ; explanatory dictation.
You walk through the forest, look around and suddenly see here and there families of mushrooms: growing in the shade, hidden from mushroom pickers. While you are collecting them, you walk around each clearing several times. If you feel tired, sit down on a tree stump somewhere and rest. You notice a bell nearby. It seems that if you hit it, it will ring!
B) morphological analysis verbs from the 1st sentence (repetition of the present, future and past tense of the verb, aspect, transitivity, reflexivity).
C) Creating a problematic situation: characterize the verb BACK from the last sentence; can we determine the tense of this verb? What makes it so unusual?
Learning new material.
A) Lesson topic, goal setting, motivation, work planning.
B) Observation of linguistic material (exercise 524): which sentence reports a real action, which one reports a possible one, which one reports a desirable, necessary one?
We are getting ready for the masquerade. Don't be afraid, come with us. We wouldn't have taken you.
C) Reading theoretical material in a textbook, preparing an oral answer based on the table (work in pairs):
The mood of the verb expresses the attitude of the action to reality: it actually happens or is only possible, desirable or necessary. Indicative verbs denote real actions that happened (past tense), are happening (present tense), or will happen (future tense).
For example: caught, catches, will catch.
Verbs of the conditional and imperative moods do not denote real, but possible or desirable, necessary actions.
For example: I would catch, catch.
D) Ex. 525: write down verbs from the text, indicate their tense and type.
Threw - past, perfect;
hiding - present, imperfect;
got there - past, perfect;
flew - past, perfect;
I will rest - future, perfect;
will end - future, perfect;
I will mourn - future, imperfect.
A distinctive feature of indicative verbs is that they have tense forms.
D) Let's explain the meaning of the phrase:
“The starting point for verb tense is the moment of speech, that is, the moment when we speak.”
What does it mean? (Using the example of verbs I was drawing, I am drawing, I will draw). Students explain, make sentences, tell what drawings they would use to illustrate these sentences.
E) Analysis of materials in the table ex. 527: 
What types of verbs have forms of all three tenses?
What kind of verbs do not have a present tense form?
What do you think is the reason for this?
Based on the materials in the table, talk about how the aspect and tense of a verb are related.
(The perfective verb denotes an action that has a limit, a result, but in the present tense the action is happening, there is no result yet, therefore perfective verbs cannot be in the present tense).
G) Form from the verbs in ex. 528 forms of the past tense singular masculine:
knit, lift, cover, saw, listen, throw, believe, notice, notice, manage, freeze, smile, fight, remain silent.
Indicate suffixes and endings. Draw a conclusion about how the past tense form of the verb is formed. (From the stem of the infinitive using the suffix L).
H) Changing the text: write down a fragment of the text, putting the verbs in the past tense form. How will the meaning of the text change? (Text on screen or pre-written on the board).
The snowstorm howls and whistles in the fields. She drives clouds of snow across the sky and makes snowdrifts on the ground. The blizzard covers paths and paths and hurries the belated traveler home. It buzzes in the wires, drums on the windows. There's a snowstorm everywhere. She hums and roars in different voices.
Checking, summing up, evaluating.
Reflection: what new did you learn about the verb? What inclinations are there? What mood did you use in class today? What is its distinctive feature?
What was the most interesting thing in the lesson? What type of work did you like best? What was difficult that will need to be repeated?
A fairly simple question, although it causes some difficulties for many. In fact, everything is much simpler than it seems at first glance.
What is this?
Before going into the rules regarding inclinations, you need to understand what they are. This is a special grammatical indication of the connection between action and reality. That is, it's not independent part speech, but a verb form showing an already existing or possible future action.
Types and forms of verb moods
In linguistics, the following types of this category are distinguished:
- Indicative.
- Subjunctive.
- Imperative.
- Desirable mood (intermediate between subjunctive and imperative).
- Permissible.
- Prepositional.
- Intentional mood (expressing intention).
- Negative pleading (expression of a request that the action not be carried out).
- Unreal (characteristic of Indian and Pacific languages; it characterizes an action that has almost happened).
- Paraphrase (used in the Latvian language; exists to transform direct speech into indirect speech).
The first three of these moods will be examined in more detail, because they are the ones found in verbs in the Russian language. However, since there are a whole variety of types, in the Russian language each of the available ones has different characteristics of modality, that is, it combines several moods.
Indicative, subjunctive and imperative mood - features
The indicative mood or indicative is a category that expresses a process in any tense. This type does not have a morphological indicator; instead, tense and person morphemes of the verb are used.
Additional modal characteristics of this subtype of category are determination, readiness, threat and other intonation moments.
The imperative mood or imperative is a category responsible for expressing a request, order or encouragement to action. It is also called the incentive mood. This category does not have tense forms, but it is possible to distinguish the forms of 2nd person singular and plural and 1st person plural, that is, such a verb is combined with the pronoun “you”, “you” and “we”, respectively.
Additional modal characteristics of this subtype of category are desirability, assumption, obligation and others.
Subjunctive mood or subjunctive - a category denoting desired, intended or possible process. This type does not have forms of time, but it varies in numbers and gender. A feature of this subtype is the presence of the particle “would”, that is, the question to the verb is not “what (to) do?”, but “what to (to) do?”. Therefore, this mood is also called conditional.
Other modal characteristics of this given subtype of category are desire, advice, regret.
Table with examples
Let us give examples for each type of verb mood in the table.
Indicative (indicative) | Subjunctive (subjunctive) | Imperative (imperative) |
I am writing / wrote / will write | I would write | |
You are writing/wrote/will write | ||
He/she writes/wrote/will write | He/she would write | |
We are writing / have written / will write | We are writing! |
|
You are writing / have written / will write | You write! |
|
They write/wrote/will write | They would write | |
features - not available | features - no forms of time and persons | features - no forms of time, not all forms of faces |
How to determine the mood of a verb?
It can be quite difficult to determine the grammatical category being described. But the table of verb moods that we bring to your attention will help you solve this problem. You need to ask questions from the first column and find the answers in the columns on the right. You can think of it as an algorithm that explains how to determine the mood of a verb.
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|
What does it mean | action that was, is or will be | action that could be | order, request, call to action |
In what form is it used? | all forms of person, number, tense and gender | only forms of number and gender, always in the past tense | there are no forms of gender, tense, only forms of 2 l. units and many more numbers and 1 l. pl. number |
Example for clarity | I am eating/ate/will eat tonight | He would eat tonight | Try it tonight! |
There is another simple way. To determine the mood of a verb, you must first ask yourself the question, does the word carry an order or an impulse? Thus, the imperative will be eliminated. Next you need to find the particle “would”. If it is not there, then the subjunctive will also be removed from possible options. In general, the indicative mood is the most frequently used among the other subtypes of the category, but sometimes it still doesn’t hurt to check.
As you can see, the topic of moods in the Russian language is far from the simplest, but not the most complex either. To correctly determine whether a verb belongs to this category, you just need to understand what meaning it carries and pay attention to the words surrounding the verb. Often this is what helps to draw the right conclusions.
Verbs of the Russian language are characterized by a category of mood, which serves to correlate the action expressed by a given part of speech with reality. Thus, there are indicative, imperative and conditional (subjunctive) moods of the verb. Moreover, the first two are contrasted with the third on the basis of the reality/unreality of the action. Each of the moods has its own semantic and grammatical characteristics.
Indicative mood of the verb
Verbs in the form of this mood express an action that actually occurs in one of three tenses: I slept, I sleep, I will sleep (sleep). Consequently, verbs in this mood have the category of tense, person and number (in the present and future tenses), as well as gender (in the past tense). The formal indicator of this mood of a verb is personal endings.
Imperative verb
This mood is a linguistic way of expressing an impulse to action, an order or a request. Unlike the indicative, verbs in the imperative mood are characterized only by the categories of person and number, and they do not have tense. This mood has several forms with their own formal indicators and semantic features:
The 2nd person form of both numbers is produced using the suffix -i- / suffixless and using the postfix -te. It denotes an incentive to action addressed directly to the interlocutor: run, do, touch, jump;
The 3rd person form is a call to action by third parties and even inanimate objects. The imperative mood of the verb in this case is formed in an analytical way, that is, it consists of several words: let, let, yes, plus the 3rd person form of the indicative mood, for example, long live, let them do it, let the sun rise, etc.;
the form of the 1st person is also formed analytically (by adding the words come on, let's go to initial form imperfective form or to the form of the 1st person of the future tense perfective form) and denotes an incentive to action, in which the speaker himself wants to become a participant: let's run away, let's sing, let's dance, etc.
Verbs in the form of this mood denote an unreal action - desirable or possible under certain conditions. The formal indicator is the particle would (b), which can be located either immediately before or after the verb, or distantly, separated from the verb by other members of the sentence: I would do, I would do, I would certainly do. Verbs in the form of the conditional mood are characterized by changes in gender and number.
Using one mood as another
There are often speech situations when, in order to achieve maximum effect, one mood of a verb in Russian is used to mean another, for example:
indicative as imperative: You're going to bed now!
imperative in the meaning of conditional: If I were a little more perspicacious...
conditional in the role of imperative: You should listen to the opinion of experts.
In the lesson about the concept of a verb, you learned that an action can have very different properties and can be thought of in completely different ways. And the verb expresses all this diversity in its forms. In this lesson you will learn what properties of action a verb can express using mood.
1. Educational observation
Let's consider different shapes verbs and try to determine when these actions are performed:
went
you walk
will walk
I would go
go
So, went. What did you do? - the action takes place in the past.
Are you walking?. Now. What are you doing? - this is the present tense. The action takes place now, at the moment when we pronounce this word.
Will walk. He will walk in the future after we say these words. That is, the action is only will be accomplished.
I would go. When does this action take place? Would you like to visit us more often?. Is this action being performed at all? No! Some people just want it to happen. And we can’t determine the time here!
Go! When does the action take place? In present time? In the past? In future? And not at any time! The action is presented as a request, an order. And again, it is unknown whether it will happen or not.
2. Three moods of the verb
With the help of mood, the attitude of action to reality is expressed. In Russian, the verb has three moods.
Indicative mood: an action is presented as occurring in reality in the present, past or future tense: I read, I read, I will read.
The conditional (subjunctive) mood is timeless, it denotes a desired, possible action, i.e. an action that did not happen, is not happening, but can happen under certain conditions: I would read, I would read, I would read.
The imperative mood is also timeless, and verbs in this mood denote an action that, in accordance with the order, wish or request of the speaker, may (or may not) occur: read, read.
The mood of a verb is an inconsistent feature.
3. Verbs in the conditional (subjunctive) mood
Formation of forms of the conditional (subjunctive) mood
Took + WOULD (B)
The conditional mood is an analytical form.
Verbs in the conditional mood change according to number, and in the singular - according to gender.
The tense and person of verbs in the subjunctive mood are not distinguished!
Shades of the values of the conditional mood:
If you had come earlier, we would have done everything on time. (condition, possible action)
I would love to eat ice cream right now. (desirability)
No matter how the storm starts... (fear, doubt)
4. Verbs in the imperative mood
Meaning of imperative forms:
1. Order : Stay still!(attention: Stand!- this is not an imperative mood, but an indefinite form of a verb)
2. Request: Come visit us more often.
3. A simple urge Listen carefully to what I'm going to tell you now.
4. Permission, permission: Well, okay, go for a walk.
5. Warning: Look, don't yawn, otherwise you'll miss everything!
6. Prayer: Have mercy!
7. Ironic motive: Hold your pocket wider!
Formation of imperative forms:
Suffix And+ (those): come, come, study, study
- Let (let), yes, let's+ present/future form: Let's We'll see, Yes Hello, let comes.
The verb in the imperative mood changes in numbers and persons and does not change in tenses and genders.
Note!
Hide
Hide
Cut off
Eat
Soft sign in front - those saved!
Bibliography
- Russian language. 6th grade / Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
- Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades - M.: Bustard, 2008.
- Russian language. 6th grade / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.
- Edu.glavsprav.ru ().
- Gramma.ru ().
1. Group verbs by mood:
tell me, I would say, throw it away, I would ask, I’ll throw it away, I’ll work, work, I’m getting well, I see, I’d be driving, I’m flying, I’ll walk, I’ll scatter, breathe, lose weight, lie down, lie down.
2. How to change the mood of verbs without changing a single letter?
walk, hold, carry, stop.
3. Form the imperative mood of the verbs:
get out, go, lie down.
4. In the name of which ancient children's toy the imperative mood of the verb is written together with the particle - ka ?
5. Give examples of the use of the conditional mood in the sense of imperative.
The verb is one of the most important parts of speech. It serves to describe an action, to designate a certain process, that is, without it there will be absolutely nothing, just a meaningless name for a phenomenon that cannot manifest itself in any way, having been fixed in a certain state. This nominative part of speech is characterized by such constant morphological features as aspect, reflexivity, transitivity and conjugation, while non-constant ones include gender, person, number, tense and mood. The latter will be discussed in this article. How to determine in Russian what it affects, why it is even necessary? Let's try to understand and, importantly, remember.
What is inclination? General overview
In principle, some scientists define mood as “attitude to reality.” It’s a rather abstract formulation that doesn’t really explain the meaning of this morphological feature, I must admit. But if you try to figure it out, everything becomes extremely clear.
There are three in total in the Russian language indicating a real action and is used in all three times- it is precisely this that is the most common and, therefore, the easiest to remember. Or the most difficult. Its existence in three tense forms allows you to conjugate verbs with all accessible ways, which is why you have to remember great amount endings, which is not always so easy.
It also occurs quite often in Russian. It means an order, a request, some kind of instruction - any action that a person must perform not according to his own will, but according to the will of his interlocutor. Verbs in the imperative mood exist in only two forms, which, of course, simplifies working with them, but at the same time creates certain difficulties for those who are not native speakers of Russian and cannot intuitively choose the correct ending.
In Russian, it is also called the subjunctive, and shows an unreal action that is possible under certain conditions. It is called the simplest: only one form, changing only by gender, to which a particle is added - identifying such an element in the text is not difficult.
Now that we have a basic understanding of what moods are in Russian, examples will help us understand the rule better.
Imperative mood - why, how
So, we continue to consider in Russian. As mentioned above, it means, based on the name, a command in any of its forms: an order, a request, a polite instruction - the semantic connotation depends only on the intonation, there are no features in the formation of the form depending on the motive that the speaker puts in.
The imperative mood in Russian is a rule that is deposited in our subconscious; we apply it without even thinking. But it is still necessary to understand why it is this way and not otherwise.
In order to use verbs in the imperative mood, you first need to determine who you need to address. To address a request to a person whom the speaker addresses as “you,” the appropriate singular form is used. To form it, you need to take away the ending from the verb in the indicative mood ( read-read-read..., run-run-run..., be-will-will...) and add one of two vowels ( And or th) or soft sign (read, run, be). Fortunately, native speakers of Russian usually intuitively know which ending to choose, so putting the verb in the second person singular of the imperative mood usually does not cause difficulties.
If we address a person with “you” or want to address our request to a group of people, then “those” are simply added to the singular form of the imperative mood ( read, run, be) - everything is much simpler than it seems at first glance.
Is it really that easy?
But this is the Russian language - where are there no exceptions? No one has abolished verbs in which, during conjugation, the root vowels and consonants change, or even the root completely. For example " eat-EAT-EAT, go-GO-GO" Here, unfortunately, the rule is useless; either intuition or banal subconscious knowledge of the required form will help - there is no other way.
The imperative mood in Russian is the simplest topic, to master which you need to be able to form the second person singular form of this mood, and, if necessary, simply add a “polite” ending to it.
The use of exception forms is not so frequent as to be a serious difficulty for native speakers. Foreigners, however, will have to try very hard to understand the imperative mood of the verb.
And a few more features
Firstly, you need to take into account that they are formed only from imperfective verbs - they are the ones who answer the question “What to do?” ( open-open-open), whereas perfect view, accordingly, - only from the perfect - with the question “What to do?” ( open-open-open slightly).
Another interesting thing related to the imperfect form of the verb: the presence of the suffix “va” after the roots “zna-”, “da-”, “sta-” (as in the words KNOW, GIVE, ARISE). Usually, to form the imperative mood, the verb is placed in the first person singular, corresponding to the pronoun “I” (I know, yes, I get up), that is, this suffix disappears, as in all other forms of the verb ( knows, you give, you get). But in the imperative mood the suffix returns ( Get to know, come on, get up), we should never forget about this.
What about the subjunctive? Education and Application
Let's move on to the subjunctive conditional mood. Here everything is much simpler than even in the imperative. The peculiarity of the use of this mood is that for its formation a form of the past tense is used, changing in accordance with the gender and number of the object of the statement, that is, in order to talk about an object in the singular, we use the singular forms of the past tense ( I went and drew), and if we are talking about a group of people or someone to whom we respectfully address “you”, it applies plural same past tense ( pointed, talked).
The second component subjunctive mood The particles “would” and “b” are - their choice depends on the context and is most often determined by the euphony of the phrase.
That is, when we want to show the possibility of action under any condition, we take a verb in the appropriate past tense form and add the necessary particle to it: I would say, I would go, they would laugh.
A little more about the features of use
This form, by the way, is used not only to express an action under a certain condition, but also in the case when we want to express dreams, desires ( I would like, I would dream) and fears, doubts ( wouldn't have happened). It would probably be more correct to say that all these shades are used equally, therefore the name “conditional mood” used in school textbooks is very arbitrary (it makes a funny pun), it is better to use the term “subjunctive mood”.
And now once again and briefly
In principle, the whole theory is presented above according to the simple rule of mood in the Russian language. The table will help consolidate it.
Practice, practice, and practice again!
To finally consolidate the learned material, try putting the following verbs in different moods.
- In the indicative: draw, laugh, take, rustle, answer, hate, go out, refuse, put, be proud, tear off, order, purr, hope, scratch.
- In the imperative: go, renounce, shout, call, get, dream, achieve, switch off, give, bloom, overcook, curse, boast, imagine, realize.
- In the subjunctive: paint, visit, appear, command, destroy, warm up, breathe, freeze, buy, ask, reduce, break off, do, congratulate, think.
Summing up
Indicative, subjunctive and imperative- this is one of those basic rules, which does not require special memorization and is applied for the most part automatically, according to the sense of language that each speaker has. But at the same time, in no case can one deny the need to study at least a basic theory: without knowing the rules, you will never be able to understand certain features of a linguistic phenomenon.
In any case, practice is sometimes a much more effective teacher than dry theory. The huge advantage of this particular case is that we apply this rule every day, so it won’t be difficult to learn it.