In Russian, there are often sentences with words that answer the same question and belong to the same part of speech.
The concept of a homogeneous member of a sentence
Such words in a sentence perform the same function, have equivalent meaning and are connected to each other by intonation and coordinating connection. Such members of a sentence in Russian are called homogeneous. Examples of homogeneous members of a sentence:
The old green poplars rustled, groaned, and moved alarmingly. In this sentence, the homogeneous members are predicates.
The green forest rustled incessantly, evenly. In this sentence, the homogeneous members are circumstances.
Let's analyze what the main features of homogeneous members are. Firstly, they all have the same involvement in the main word with which they are directly associated. There are exceptions in which homogeneous members of the sentence do not belong to this part of speech.
For example:
I like to walk slowly, with stops.
Punctuation: homogeneous members and connecting conjunctions
Connecting conjunctions in sentences with homogeneous members are most often represented by the conjunctions “and this, and that”, “and neither, and nor”, “also, too”, “not only..., but also”.
Before conjunctions that connect homogeneous members of a sentence, a comma should be placed in three cases:
1. With a dividing and single connecting union of homogeneous members of a sentence. For example:
1.1. Crucians and carps splashed in the pond.
1.2. In the pine forest you can see a woodpecker or a squirrel.
2. If conjunctions combine several pairs of homogeneous members of a sentence. For example: Uncle Vanya’s collection included many daggers and knives, guns and pistols, decorated with stones.
3. If homogeneous members are connected to each other by repeated unions, and thus form stable combination. For example: Aunt gave us a lot of multi-colored flags: red, green, and yellow.
Notes It should be remembered that in some cases, combinations with double conjunctions and homogeneous members of the sentence can be confused. This is the most common mistake among students. Examples of sentences with combinations with double conjunctions:
I like to walk quietly in the forest, with stops.
Vivid examples of combinations with double conjunctions, which are often falsely attributed to homogeneous members of a sentence, are laughter and sin, neither fish nor fowl, etc.
Heterogeneity relations are often found in adjectives - a large leather bag, a small glass glass.
In sentences with homogeneous members, homogeneous words most often describe the dynamics of this action, the qualitative characteristics of one object. If homogeneous members have increased expressiveness, they form a series of epithets.
In some sentences we come across words that are repeated. It is important to know that they are not homogeneous members of the sentence. Example: Spring was waiting, nature was waiting. The word “waited” is repeated in this sentence two times solely to emphasize the importance of the upcoming event. Such and similar words are considered in Russian as one member of a sentence.
In order to make it easier to convey to the listener the meaning of what was said, homogeneous members of the sentence are used in the Russian language. Compare: “The shady forest calls to the traveler. The shady forest beckons the traveler. The shady forest promises coolness.” Or the same thing, but presented in one sentence: “The shady forest calls, beckons the traveler and promises coolness.”
A sentence with homogeneous predicates, examples of which you will see in this article, helps to simplify the semantic load, while eliminating the need to pile up several syntactic structures in the text.
Features of the composition of simple sentences
You probably know what simple sentences differ from complex ones. The former have only one, which, as a rule, includes a subject and a predicate (or one of these members). And complex sentences There may be two or more such bases.
But in addition to the above-mentioned ways of expressing thoughts in the Russian language, there are also so-called complicated constructions. That is, those that include, for example, homogeneous members. This means that a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates “This lecture is interesting and informative” is not entirely simple. In Russian grammar it will be considered complicated.
By the way, there is still a complication with introductory words or sentences, as well as isolations, appeals, etc. We will focus on the first version of complicated constructions.
Basic signs of homogeneity for members of a sentence
But before we start discussing homogeneous subjects and predicates, let's remember general rules, relating to all members of the sentence.
The main sign of homogeneity for both the main and secondary members of any sentence is that in this construction they will be equal, performing one syntactic function, referring to one member in the sentence and, accordingly, answering the same question.
Between them, regardless of the part of speech, there is either a coordinating or non-union syntactic connection, emphasizing their equality. The first is expressed, as a rule, using the intonation of enumeration, and the non-union connection is expressed only intonation.
What predicates can be homogeneous
And minor members, and in the Russian language, becoming a number of homogeneous ones, nevertheless can have dependent words(however, the same applies to minor members). For example: “The girl looked out the window and sighed.” In this sentence there are two homogeneous predicates (looked and sighed), but the first of them is extended by an addition (to the window), and the second has no dependent words.
Most often, all homogeneous members of a sentence - predicate, subject or others - belong to one part of speech, but there are also constructions in which they can belong to different grammatical classes, expressed by phraseological units or phrases.
For example, in the sentence “Andrey joked and laughed to tears,” the predicates are expressed by the verb (joked) and (laughed to tears), which does not prevent them from being homogeneous.
How a series of homogeneous members is grammatically arranged
To grammatically combine homogeneous members in a sentence, both enumerative intonation and conjunctions are used. The latter can be connective (and, yes), adversative (a, but), and also divisive (or, or). In the example “She either talks on the phone or runs to her friends,” the main member of the sentence is the predicate - connected by the disjunctive conjunction “or”. And in the example: “This boy is small, but smart,” they are connected by the adversative conjunction “but.”
Comma between homogeneous subjects and predicates
Main punctuation rule when writing homogeneous members of a sentence, a comma is placed between them in the absence of conjunctions. Homogeneous predicates are no exception. Examples “The rain whispered, lulled, evoked languor”, “Under the sun the drops sparkled, shimmered and seemed silver” confirm this.
But notice that in the second sentence, between two of the three predicates there is a coordinating conjunction “and”, which eliminates the comma. True, this is only possible if it is not repeated, otherwise you will have to pay attention to the subtleties.
When to use a comma in sentences with repeated conjunctions
In the construction “And his hands, and his face, and his clothes were covered with a thick layer of soot,” homogeneous subjects are connected by a repeated conjunction “and,” and this case already requires a comma to be placed between them.
In a situation where a union breaks homogeneous members into semantic pairs, each of them is taken as a single component from a homogeneous series: “Squeals and screams, laughter and the stomping of feet were heard through the open window and beckoned into the courtyard.”
Please note that homogeneous subjects and predicates in this construction are connected in different ways: the subjects “squealing and screaming”, “laughter and stomping” are collected in pairs, and there is a comma between them. And between the predicates “were heard” and “beckoned” there is a coordinating conjunction, so a comma is not needed there.
A comma is also placed in sentences where homogeneous members are connected by so-called double conjunctions (not only..., but also...; not so much... as...; if not..., then..., etc.).
Please note that in the sentence “The snow covered not only the lawn in front of the house, but also hung on the trees like a white blanket” and similar ones, the comma in the double conjunction is placed before its second part.
Comma in sentences with several rows of homogeneous members
A sentence with homogeneous predicates (you can see examples in the article) in some cases has several rows of homogeneous members. They must be distinguished from constructions where there is only one such row, and there are repeating conjunctions between homogeneous members.
In the sentence “In this house a cat and a dog lived peacefully and did not quarrel” there are 2 rows of homogeneous members (the subjects are “the cat and the dog”, as well as the predicates “they lived and did not quarrel”). They are paired connecting union“and” is not used in this construction.
Sentences with homogeneous predicates: examples of colons for the main members of a sentence
Sentences, regardless of the part of speech in which they are expressed, may contain words that have a general meaning and are equally related to each lexical unit from this series. For example, in the sentence “Fruits were piled on the counter in bright heaps: apples, pears, plums and peaches,” the generalizing word “fruit” carries a generic concept.
If a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates or other members of the sentence includes a colon after it. When reading, as a rule, there is a pause at this point: “Mom managed to do everything: cook dinner, do the laundry, wipe the dust and sing songs.”
By the way, the generalizing word always turns out to be the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members associated with it, since they have the same syntactic function.
Examples of dashes for main parts of a sentence
If homogeneous series ends with a generalizing word, then it is separated by a dash: “Milk, berries, and mushrooms - everything in the village seemed especially tasty.” “Her thin hands, curls at her temples, even the flowers on her dress - everything aroused delight and seemed beautiful” - homogeneous predicates here are separated from homogeneous subjects of a dash, since they are followed by a generalizing word.
Together with a generalizing word, an introductory word can also be used (that is, in one word, namely, somehow, etc.), then a comma is placed between them: “No fleeting glances, no sudden blush, no sighs - in a word, nothing did not escape his attentive eyes.”
Some cases when a dash is placed
A dash for homogeneous members can appear not only in the case of enumeration. So, if homogeneous predicates carry a sharp semantic opposition of one in relation to another or a sudden addition, a dash is placed between them: “I went out into the garden - and froze when I saw a squirrel on the roof of the gazebo.” The dash in such sentences emphasizes the surprise, the suddenness of the action: “The prince met Cinderella and immediately fell in love with her.”
By the way, if homogeneous members do not have unions with each other, but at the same time express opposition, they are also separated by a dash: “He is light - he is darkness, he is faith - he is unbelief.”
How to recognize heterogeneous and homogeneous predicates: examples
If words are used in a sentence to emphasize the multiplicity of objects, the duration of an action or its repetition, such members of the sentence belong to homogeneous ones.
Please note: “We sailed, sailed, sailed in a thick, impenetrable fog.” The predicate in the Russian language in this construction is considered as a single member of the sentence.
Parts of a compound predicate, which is expressed by a combination of verbs (I’ll go rest, let me look, take it and complain, etc.), cannot be homogeneous members. A construction with them cannot be considered as a sentence with homogeneous predicates.
Examples of sentences with phraseological units (neither give nor take, neither fish nor fowl, and laughter and sin, etc.) are classified according to the same criteria.
Homogeneous members of a sentence are called, answering the same question, performing the same syntactic function, relating to the same member of the sentence and interconnected by a coordinative connection. Ourlanguage - oursword , ourlight , ourLove , ourpride.
Homogeneous members are usually expressed by words of one part of speech, but can also be expressed by words of different parts of speech.
Homogeneous members can be common and non-widespread.
Common ones have dependent words. AND came up He, spread his wings, took a deep breath, sparkled his eyes And - rolled down .
A sentence may contain more than one row of homogeneous members. Russian people smart And understanding , diligent And hot to all good And beautiful .
Homogeneous members of the sentence are not:
- repeated words pronounced with the intonation of enumeration. Winters waited, waited nature . Words waited, waited are used in sentences to emphasize the multitude of objects or the duration of an action. Such combinations of words are considered as one member of a sentence;
- two verbs in the same form, acting as a single predicate (the second word has a particle Not or So). Shout or scream, like it or not, just walk like that .
- stable combinations with double conjunctions and...and, neither...nor. For example: this way and that, neither back nor forth, neither fish nor fowl .
- paired combinations of a synonymous, antonymic or associative nature, for example: sewn-covered, let's go, life-being, any-expensive, at the very least and so on.; questions and answers, buying and selling, up and down, back and forth and so on.; bread and salt, (by) mushrooms and berries, (by) hands and feet, brothers and sisters, grandchildren and great-grandchildren etc. Such combinations are not separated by a comma, but are joined by a hyphen;
- two verbs in the same form, indicating movement and its purpose or forming a semantic whole. Let's go talk to ourselves. Sit down and rest.
Homogeneous members are connected using coordinating conjunctions and intonation or only with the help intonation .
Homogeneous members of a sentence are combined coordinating conjunctions :
- connecting ( and, yes(= and) , no no): And the flowers are white Yes lush ;
- dividing ( or, then... then, either and etc.): He looked with suspicion That on the owner, That to the counselor ;
- adversative ( ah, but, yes(= but), however and etc.): She spoke little But sensibly .
In a sentence with repeated conjunctions, always by one comma fewer than homogeneous members.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
Definitions there are homogeneous when each of them refers to the word being defined, that is, when they are interconnected by a coordinating connection and pronounced with enumerative intonation. Homogeneous definitions characterize an object or phenomenon from the same side (by color, material, properties, etc.). Powerful, violent, deafening rain poured onto the steppe .
Heterogeneous definitions happen when they characterize an object from different sides. In this case, there is no coordinating connection between the definitions and they are pronounced without enumerative intonation. Starlings serve as models kind hardworking family life.
Homogeneous members of the sentence and generalizing words
With homogeneous members there can be generalizing words, which are the same members of the sentence as homogeneous ones. The generalizing word stands either before or after homogeneous members. In the grass, in the dogwood and wild rose bushes, in the vineyards And in the trees - everywhere the cicadas were singing .
Simple sentences with a complex structure are diverse. They may contain:
1) homogeneous members;
2) separation;
3) introductory words and sentences and plug-in structures;
4) appeals.
Here we consider the complication of the sentence structure by homogeneous members.
§1. Homogeneous members of the sentence
Homogeneous members- these are members of a sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question. They have equal rights, do not depend on each other and are one and the same member of the sentence. They are connected to each other by a coordinating or non-conjunctive syntactic connection.
Coordinating connection expressed intonationally and with the help of coordinating conjunctions: single or repeated. The non-union connection is expressed intonationally.
I like ice cream.
I love ice cream, chocolate, cookies and cakes.
Laughing girls ran into the room.
(simple two-part extended sentence)
Cheerful, laughing, squealing, screaming girls ran into the room.
(a simple two-part extended sentence, complicated by homogeneous members)
Any member of a sentence can be expressed by a number of homogeneous members. Subjects, predicates, objects, definitions and circumstances can be homogeneous.
There were boys, girls and their parents in the hall.
(boys, girls and their parents- homogeneous subjects)
The girl is well-mannered and well educated.
(well-mannered and educated- homogeneous predicates)
I loved books, construction sets and cartoons.
(books, construction sets, cartoons- homogeneous additions)
We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.
(in the forest, on the river- homogeneous circumstances)
It was a clear, hot, truly summer day.
(clear, hot, summer- homogeneous definitions)
Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed by words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible that are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted differently.
The girl answered the exam smartly, intelligently, and in beautiful language.
(homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, smartly and noun phrase beautiful language)
Due to the sudden downpour, we were soaked to the skin and frozen.
(homogeneous predicates, expressed by phraseological units soaked to the skin and verb frozen)
Complication by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be differently arranged punctually.
Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on the coordinating and/or non-union communications. If these are minor members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.
Homogeneous members in oral speech are designed intonationally, and in written speech punctuationally.
One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.
Masha, Seryozha and Petya were sitting around the table in the dining room and drawing.
(Masha, Seryozha and Petya- homogeneous subjects - 1st row of homogeneous members)
(sat and drew- homogeneous predicates - 2nd row of homogeneous members)
§2. Sentences with a generalizing word with homogeneous members
Rows of homogeneous members may have words with a general meaning that relate to all the words of the row. This generalizing words. The generalizing word is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it.
Generalizing words are words that mean:
- generic and specific concepts:
The room contained simple furniture: old sofa, table, two chairs.
(general word - furniture);
- words: All, All, Always, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere and others, conveying the idea of universality:
Things were scattered everywhere: on the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table.
In a sentence, generalizing words can appear both before and after rows of homogeneous members. Compare with the example above:
On the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table - things were scattered everywhere.
The punctuation of sentences depends on the place that generalizing words occupy.
§3. Distinguishing homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a series of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?
Homogeneous definitions characterize an object on one side, according to one characteristic, for example, by size, color, shape, material. Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles, according to different characteristics.
A cheerful, loudly laughing girl ran into the room.
(cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state)
A little girl ran into the room laughing loudly.
(small and laughing- heterogeneous definitions)
There were red, orange and yellow flowers in the vase.
(red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting common feature- color)
There were large red fragrant flowers in the vase.
(large, red, fragrant- adjectives denoting different features: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions)
Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous, for example:
At the end of November the first light snow fell.
(words first And easy refer to different parts speeches: first- numeral, easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members)
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that homogeneous members are members of a sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question?
Are homogeneous members of a sentence equal?
Is it true that homogeneous members are connected by a subordinating relationship?
Are sentences with several rows of homogeneous members possible?
Is the number of homogeneous members limited?
Is it true that homogeneous members cannot be connected by coordinating conjunctions?
What is the name of a word with a general meaning that homogeneous members can have?
- general word
- appeal
- circumstance
Is a generalizing word always the same member of a sentence as the homogeneous members related to it?
Dry yellow autumn leaves rustled underfoot..?
- homogeneous definitions
- heterogeneous definitions
What are the definitions in the sentence: The bushes under the window were covered with red, yellow, and orange leaves.?
- homogeneous definitions
- heterogeneous definitions