Any pronoun. Classes of pronouns in Russian

An independent part of speech that indicates objects, their quantity and characteristics, but does not name them? Of course, we are talking about pronouns. To use pronouns correctly, you need to clearly distinguish between their categories - the most important characteristic this part of speech in Russian.

What categories are pronouns divided into?

Let's look at a table of pronouns of different categories with examples of their use in speech for greater clarity:

Personal pronouns

They point to a person, replacing the indication of his name, position, position in society. They are divided into first, second and third person depending on the person being referred to, as well as singular and plural.

• Do you know that girl? She sunk into my soul (3rd person, singular, female);
• If You could imagine how it was all at the wrong time (2nd person, plural);
• Our relationship is already at the level where it disappears " I" and " We"(1st person, singular and plural).

Personal pronouns can be inflected according to cases:

• I did what I was asked to do (I - me);
• You're only saying that because you weren't invited to the party (you - you);
• They completely forgot that they are not welcome here (they are them).

Such forms of pronouns are called suppletive.

Reflexive pronouns

Points to the person who is speaking. It has no gender or number, but is declined in cases (except for the nominative form).

• He's not sorry at all myself(r.p.);
• Allow me to myself rest at least a little (d.p.);
• Need a little more care About Me(p.p.);
• I have a reason to be proud yourself(etc.).

Possessive pronouns

Indicate the person who owns the action, characteristic or object. They change according to the context in which they fall according to the rules of adjectives.

• My intuition told me to me that something bad will happen;
• I was warned about his antics;
• Her loud laughter is well known throughout the area.

Demonstrative pronouns

One of many objects, actions, characteristics is identified and indicated:

• I only like this tea;
• With me before such never happened;
• This very funny story.

Pronouns that, this, this have grammatical characteristics of gender, number and case, and the pronoun that's how it is- only gender and number.

Relative pronouns

Used to build complex sentences as connecting links:

• It was hard for me to understand, oh how says the teacher;
• It's always a pity to part with things, which awakens many memories in you;
• He often thought about his dog and thought about the people in whose in her hands now.

Determinative pronouns

Summarize what they are talking about we're talking about. They have grammatical characteristics of gender and number, and can be inflected according to cases, like adjectives.

• Any the work deserves praise (singular, female, im.p.);
• We are ready for any news (plural, d.p.);
• This verse is dedicated himself to a handsome man (singular, male, d.p.).

Indefinite pronouns

Used to indicate unknown objects, characteristics, actions:

• This story happened some years ago;
• Somebody must tell the truth;
• Give me for some time gram of salt please.

Negative pronouns

They act as an amplifier of the negative connotation of a sentence, and also deny the presence of something:

• Nobody I couldn’t imagine that everything would end this way;
• It seemed that she not at all did not regret what she had done;
• This dog is nobody's.

May appear in speech with a preposition: not from anyone, with anyone, not because of anything, under no circumstances.

Interrogative pronouns

Used to generate questions:

• Which hour?
• How go to this street?
• Who dare to do this to you?
• What can I do for you?

The Russian language has a huge amount speech capabilities, for example, allowing you to replace meaningful words others, without changing the meaning, but giving the narrative greater dynamism and variety. What are pronominal words and what is their role in language?

It is assigned an independent role among parts of speech. Pronominal words refer to objects without specifying their names, characterize the number, circumstances and characteristics of these active objects. The pronoun as a part of speech therefore has a generalized lexical concept.

In contact with

Classification and distinctive features

There are a lot of pronominal words, they differ in categories, functions and meanings. A table of pronouns will help you figure this out:

Transition to other parts of speech

Pronouns carry a substitutive meaning in the text of sentences - they are used to replace other parts of speech, or transform into them.

Syntactic features in sentences

Pronominal words can occupy parsing offers any place except the predicate. Thus, personal pronouns of the 3rd person serve as the subject. The defining feature is which part of speech in this case is replaced by such a pronoun in the text.

Important! In order to correctly determine which part of the sentence the pronoun will play, it is necessary to correctly pose a question to it.

The subject or nominal part of the predicate is usually noun pronouns, sometimes pronominal adjectives.

We are going to the theater. Who read this play? Something will happen soon. Some on the exam passed the test successfully.

All categories of pronouns can be additions: Relatives came to visit me. You won't be able to tell everything. You're wearing beautiful clothes.

As definitions adjectives appear(determinative pronouns, possessive pronouns, interrogative, indefinite, demonstrative). I'll invite my friends for a walk. For some time now I stopped trusting him. No difficulties will change our plans.

A circumstance as a member of a sentence contains questions: where from?, why?, how? There is no specific distinction as to whether the pronoun in this case is an adverbial adverbial or an object. Both options are considered correct:

You give the teacher a headache. It was fun to be with him.

Correct spelling grammar

There are certain rules for writing pronominal words with various prepositions and particles. Use with prepositions and other words can be merged, separate or using a hyphen. Not with pronouns - important topic, which requires careful study.

How to write negative pronouns and how to distinguish an indefinite pronoun:

Spelling with the prefixes “not” and “nor”:

• In the absence of a preposition between the prefixes and the root, “not” and “neither” are written together: there is no one to ask, someone else, no one in sight, several years, something interesting.
• With a preposition before the root it is written separately: nothing to complain about, doesn’t relate to anything, no passerby, didn’t play with anyone, no one to try for.
• When using “not” in the sense of negation, everything must be written separately: we didn’t do it, we didn’t come ourselves, we didn’t come here, it doesn’t apply to everyone.

Learning Pronouns

Important! You should remember: for nothing, for no reason, for nothing, not at all.

Together, separately or with a hyphen

• In the case when a pronoun in a phrase is replaced without loss of meaning by another part of speech or is completely excluded from it, they are written separately with the preposition: behind that turn - behind the turn - behind the sharp turn; along this route - along the route - along a difficult route.
• At merging a preposition and any attribute pronouns-adverbs are formed, which are written together: then pour water, be therefore, therefore he did not answer, because it matters.
• With the prefix “some-” or the postfixes “-” and “-” it is correct to write using a hyphen: somehow leaves, someone brought it, is located somewhere, is located somewhere.

Pronouns in Russian

Types of pronouns, lesson

Conclusion

There are a lot of pronouns in the Russian language, and their types are quite diverse. No other language gives such a role to this part of speech. They differ in their functions in speech and their roles in syntax and grammar. The ability to replace other parts of speech without losing meaning allows you to compose a competent and logically correct sentence and add variety to the text.

There are 9 categories of pronouns according to their meaning:

1. Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate participants in the dialogue (me, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation and objects (he, she, it, they).

2. Returnable: myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject with the person or thing named by the word myself (He myself won't offend. Hopes myself were not justified).

3. Possessives: my, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object (This my briefcase. His the size is very convenient).

4. Index fingers: this, that, such, such, so much, this(obsolete), this one(obsolete). These pronouns indicate the attribute or quantity of objects.

5. Definitive: himself, most, all, every, every, any, other, different, everyone(obsolete), all kinds(obsolete). Determinative pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.

6. Interrogative: who, what, which, which, whose, how many. Interrogative pronouns serve as special question words and indicate persons, objects, characteristics and quantity.

7. Relative: the same as interrogatives, in the function of connecting parts of a complex sentence (conjunctive words).

8. Negative: no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one's. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute.

9. Undefined: someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns with the prefix some- or suffixes - That, -or, -someday.

Classifications of pronouns according to grammatical features

According to their grammatical characteristics, pronouns correlate with nouns, adjectives and numerals.

TO pronouns-nouns include all personal pronouns, reflexive myself Who And What (nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone and etc.).

Pronominal nouns indicate a person or thing.

TO pronouns-adjectives include all possessives, all attributives, demonstratives this, that, such, such, this, that, interrogative-relative which, which, whose and the negative and indefinite ones derived from them (no one, no one, some, some, some and etc.).

Pronominal adjectives indicate the attribute of an object.

TO numeral pronouns include pronouns so many, How many and those educated from them (a few, some and etc.).

Pronominal numerals indicate quantity.

Also distinguished pronouns-adverbs, i.e. words that indicate a sign of action (where, when, there, for some reason and etc.). These pronouns complement the categories of attributives (everywhere, always), index (yes, there) interrogative, relative (where, why), uncertain (somewhere, sometime) and negative (nowhere, never) pronouns.

Pronoun – independent part speech that indicates an object, sign or quantity, but does not name them. In the Russian language, there are nine categories of pronouns according to meaning, each of which includes a group of words with certain lexical and grammatical features.

Examples of pronouns in phrases: every hour, my pencils, some students, talk about themselves, he came. In the Russian language, pronouns can be divided into personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, demonstrative, attributive, negative, and indefinite.

How to determine which category a pronoun belongs to?

To find out the rank of a pronoun, you need to determine its meaning in speech, as well as highlight grammatical features. The proposed table of pronouns includes a list of types of pronouns by meaning with examples.

Note! Unchangeable words when, why, how, where, no way, never, nowhere and others, some linguists classify them as pronouns (V.V. Babaytseva), and others as adverbs (M.T. Baranova, M.M. Razumovskaya), therefore their place in the system of parts of speech is not fully determined.

Classifications of pronouns by meaning and grammatical features

1. Personal pronouns: I, you, we, you, he (she, it, they) - pronouns indicating persons who participate in speech:

• These are noun pronouns;
• a constant morphological feature for all personal pronouns is the person (I, we - first person; you, you - 2nd person; he (she, it, they) - 3rd person);
• the constant morphological feature of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person is number (I, you - singular; we, you - plural);
• all personal pronouns change by case, while not only the ending, but also the whole word changes (I - me, you - you, he - his);
• The 3rd person pronoun he changes in number and gender (singular) - he, she, it, they. 2.

The reflexive pronoun self is a pronoun that denotes that an action performed by someone is directed at the actor himself:

• it is a noun pronoun;
• the reflexive pronoun has no gender, person, number or nominative case form;
• the reflexive pronoun changes according to cases (self, itself, by itself).

3. Possessive pronouns: my, yours, ours, yours, yours - indicate the attribute of an object according to its affiliation:

• These are adjective pronouns;
• possessive pronouns change according to number, gender (singular), case (my, my, mine, mine, mine, etc.).
• When indicating belonging to a third party, the frozen forms of the genitive case of personal pronouns are used - his, her, theirs.

4. Interrogative pronouns: who? What? Which? whose? which? How many? Where? When? Where? where? For what? and others - used in interrogative sentences:

• Who? What? – pronouns-nouns; have no gender, person, number; change according to cases (who, whom, what, what, etc.);
• Which? whose? which? – pronouns-adjectives, change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases (which, which, which, which, which, etc.);
• How many? – numeral pronoun; changes according to cases (how many, how many, how many, etc.); Where? When? Where? where? For what? and others - pronominal adverbs;
• unchangeable words.

5. Relative pronouns coincide with interrogatives - who, what, which, whose, which, how many, where, when, where, where, why and others, but are used not in the role question words, and in the role of allied words in subordinate clauses:

• I know who is to blame for our failure;
• I know how much effort he put into completing this task;
• I know where the money is hidden.

The morphological and syntactic characteristics of relative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns.

6. Indefinite pronouns: someone, something, some, some, someone's, some, several, how many, somewhere, ever, somewhere, from somewhere, for some reason and others - indicate for vague, unknown objects, signs, quantity.

• Indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, some- and postfixes -that, -or, -something:

who → someone, someone, someone, anyone, anyone, someone; how much → several, how much, how much; where → somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere.

• The morphological and syntactic characteristics of indefinite pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which indefinite pronouns are derived.

7. Negative pronouns: no one, nothing, none, no one’s, not at all, nowhere, never, from nowhere, there is no need and others - indicate the absence of objects, signs, quantity.

• Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, nor-: who → no one, how much → not at all, where → nowhere, when → never.
• The morphological and syntactic characteristics of negative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which negative pronouns are derived.

8. Demonstrative pronouns: that, this, this, that, such, so much, here, here, there, here, from there, from here, then, therefore, then and others - these are means of indicating certain objects, signs, quantity (with distinction one from the other):

• that, this, this, that, such are adjective pronouns and change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases (that, that, that, those; such, such, such, such, etc.);
• so much – numeral pronoun; changes according to cases (so many, so many, so many, etc.);
• there, here, here, there, here, from there, from here, then, therefore, then and others - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.

9. Determinative pronouns: himself, most, all, every, each, other, other, any, everywhere, everywhere and others - serve as a means of clarifying the subject, attribute in question:

• himself, most, all, every, each, other, other, any - pronouns are adjectives and change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases (every, every, every, every, everyone, etc.);
• everywhere, everywhere, always - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.

In our Russian language, there are separate words that allow you to eliminate unnecessary tautologies, while making the pronunciation more literate and beautiful.

Here we will try to figure out what pronouns are, what they are, how to correctly combine them with other parts of speech.

What is this pronoun

The term “pronoun” refers to completely different groups of words that have different grammatical and lexical forms that allow you to replace repeating elements of absolutely any text.

Worth considering: the pronoun does not indicate a specific object or feature, but what was said in the text before it.

In a word, the term as a part of speech is an independent word, but does not carry clear specifics. It can only point to what was said before.

Girl Masha I went to the zoo with my mother. She I wanted to see a tall giraffe.

“Girl Masha” - specifically indicates a specific girl, “she” defines a sign of the fair sex. But if the text talked about Masha, then “she” will point to her; in some sentences this pronoun is more appropriate than repeating the girl’s name. There are many such examples.

What are the pronouns in Russian?

Depending on which parts of speech, as well as parts of the sentence they replace, several categories are distinguished. Signs characteristic of these types and examples are given in the table below.

Pronoun grades

How to determine the person of a pronoun? Using the examples from the table, as well as the principles of case declension, this is easy to do.

How to determine the category

The determination algorithm is reduced to parsing text sentences into grammar basics, defining the members that these elements are. If necessary, you need to ask a question, determine what the searched word indicates (using the table, correlate it with the category).

Correlation with other parts of speech

In relation to other parts of speech, variants of this category are divided into several types.

The first 4 classes answer questions from those parts of speech to which the search words belong:

• noun pronouns;
• adjective pronouns;
• pronouns-adverbs;
• numeral pronouns;
• pronouns are words of the state category.

The 1st includes personal variants of this part, the 2nd includes possessive and some relative ones, all the rest may include different categories of pronouns.

Grammatical features

The grammar, as well as the spelling of words in this part of speech, is determined by the category of a particular word. This is how personal and some interrogative pronouns are declined well. However, they can change completely.

Relatives are used without question: they are a kind of “bridge” of complex sentences.

Syntactic role

In sentences, pronouns can be both main and secondary members. Moreover, they most often replace nouns and adjectives, numerals, adverbs, and therefore perform the role of those members that they replace.

A sentence can have elements of this part of speech: subjects (he), modifiers (whose? which?), additions (that).

Numeral pronouns together with a noun can be one part of a sentence: subject or object.

Conclusion

Thus, the correct use of pronouns in your speech will give it not only emotionality and beauty, but will also show the literacy of a native Russian speaker.