Chapter 1. Historiography and review of the research source base.
1.1. Review of documentary materials deposited in the funds
Russian State Archive of Economics.
1.2. Review of documentary materials deposited in the Russian State Academy of Economics, fund 2292 “Voluntary Fleet”.
F 1.3. Review of documentary materials deposited in the Russian State Academy of Economics, fund 7795 “All-Union Association of the Soviet Merchant Fleet for Foreign Transportation.”
1.4. Review of documentary materials deposited in the Russian State Archive of Economics, fund 7449 “Central Board of the State Merchant Fleet” of the NKPS of the USSR.
1.5. Review of documentary materials deposited in the Russian State Archive of Economics, fund 9570 “Committee of the Northern Sea Route” of the Ministry of Trade of the Russian Government in Omsk.
1.6. Review of printed publications about the pre-revolutionary Russian navy. t 1.7. Review of domestic historical research on the problem.
1.8. Statement of the research problem.
Chapter 2. Stages of fleet development.
2.1. Replenishment of the fleet in the first ten years after the end of the Great Patriotic War (periods: 1946 - 1950 and
1951 - 1955).
2.2. Replenishment of the fleet in the period 1956 - 1965.
2.3. Replenishment of the fleet in the period 1966 - 1970.
2.4. Replenishment of the fleet in the period 1971 - 1975. f 2.5. Replenishment of the fleet in the period 1976 - 1980.
2.6. Replenishment of the fleet in the period 1981 - 1985.
2.7. Prospects and programs for replenishing the fleet.
Chapter 3. Historical and technical aspect of the development of ship power plants.
3.1.General overview.
3.2. Development of internal combustion engines.
3.3. Creation of gas turbine engines.
3.4. Use of free-piston gas generators. f- 3.5. Problems of improving the quality of ship engines.
Chapter 4. Technical and economic aspects of the development of the merchant fleet.
4.1. General characteristics of the state and development of the merchant fleet.
4.2. The main factors that influenced the development of the USSR merchant fleet.
4.3. General characteristics of replenishment vessels of the Soviet merchant fleet in the period 1946 - 1970.
4.4. Compliance of the domestic maritime fleet with the transport needs of the country during the period of extensive fleet development.
4.5. The main reasons that determined the introduction of technological progress in maritime transport.
4.6. Analysis of production indicators of the Soviet merchant fleet.
4.7. The influence of technical progress on the quality of ships and the structural composition of the fleet.
4.8. Characteristics of the main types of ships that replenished the Soviet merchant fleet in the period 1971 - 1985.
4.9. Morphological analysis of ships from various periods of replenishment of the Soviet merchant fleet.
4.10. Model for assessing fleet development strategy.
Chapter 5. Organizational and technical support for fleet development.
5.1. General characteristics of the fleet development support system.
5.2. State management of the development of the merchant marine fleet.
5.3. Industry management system for fleet development.
5.4. Industry-specific material and technical base for the development of the merchant fleet.
5.5. System for ensuring the implementation of orders for fleet replenishment.
5.6. Scientific support for fleet development.
5.7. Personnel support for fleet development.
6.1. Analysis of the current state and development prospects of the global freight market.
6.2. General results of the analysis of the development of the domestic fleet.
Varyag (until June 19, 1990 - "Riga"), heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser of Project 1143.6On December 6, 1985, it was laid down at the Black Sea Shipyard in Nikolaev
(serial number 106), launched on November 25, 1988.
In 1992, with 67% technical readiness, construction was suspended and the ship was mothballed.
In 1993, according to an agreement between Ukraine and Russia, “Varyag” went to Ukraine.
In April 1998, sold to Chong Lot Travel Agency Ltd for $20 million.
- with a finished cost of about 5-6 billion dollars.
Since 2008 - renamed “Shi Lang”
basic information
Type: Aircraft-carrying cruiser
Flag State: Flag of China China
Home port: Dalian
Construction started: December 6, 1985
Launched: November 25, 1988
Put into operation: not completed
Current status: sold
Kyiv is a heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser of the Northern Fleet of the USSR Navy (USSR Navy).
Built from 1970 to 1975 in Nikolaev at the Black Sea Shipyard.
In 1993, due to a lack of funds for operation and repair, significant depletion of weapons, mechanisms and equipment, it was withdrawn from the fleet, then disarmed and sold to the PRC government. In early 1994, it was towed to Qinhuangdao, where it was converted into a museum.
In September 2003, the Kiev was towed to Tianjin.
basic information
Type: TAKR
Shipyard: Black Sea Shipyard in Nikolaev (USSR, now Ukraine)
Construction started: July 21, 1970
Launched: December 26, 1972
Commissioned: December 28, 1975
Withdrawn from the fleet: June 30, 1993
Current status: Sold Chinese company to an amusement park.
Minsk is a heavy aircraft carrier cruiser of the Black Sea Fleet of the USSR Navy, and later of the Russian Navy.
"Minsk" was launched on September 30, 1975.
Entered service in 1978.
In November 1978 it would be included in the Pacific Fleet.
In 1993, a decision was made to disarm the Minsk, its exclusion from the Russian Navy and its transfer to the OFI for dismantling and sale. In August 1994, after the ceremonial lowering of the Naval flag, it was disbanded.
At the end of 1995, the Minsk was towed to South Korea to cut its hull into metal. Afterwards, the aircraft carrier was resold to the Chinese company Shenzhen Minsk Aircraft Carrier Industry Co Ltd. In 2006, when the company went bankrupt, Minsk became part of the Minsk World military park in Shenzhen. On March 22, 2006, the aircraft carrier was put up for auction, but there were no buyers. On May 31, 2006, the aircraft carrier was put up for auction again and was sold for 128 million yuan.
basic information
Type: TAKR.
Flag State: Flag of the USSR USSR.
Shipyard: Black Sea Shipyard.
Launched: September 30, 1975.
Withdrawn from the fleet: June 30, 1993.
Current status: Sold to the entertainment center.
Novorossiysk - an aircraft carrier of the Black Sea and Pacific Fleets of the USSR Navy (USSR Navy) in 1978-1991.
For the first time in the USSR, an aircraft carrier was designed to accommodate troops on board, receive heavy transport helicopters and host Yak-38P fighters.
Built from 1975 to 1978 at a shipyard in Nikolaev (Black Sea Shipyard, director Gankevich). Changes made to the project during construction delayed the commissioning date until 1982. Since 1978, it was launched and completed floating.
On August 15, 1982, the USSR Naval Flag was solemnly raised on the ship, and on November 24 it was included in the Red Banner Pacific Fleet.
basic information
Type: aircraft carrier
Flag State: USSR Flag USSR
Launched: December 26, 1978
Withdrawn from the fleet: 1991
Current status: sold South Korea
Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral Gorshkov"
(until October 4, 1990, it was called “Baku”, then renamed “Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Gorshkov”, but recently in official documents it has been referred to in a simplified form as “Admiral Gorshkov”) - a Soviet and Russian heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser, the only ship of Project 1143.4 , sold to India on January 20, 2004. On March 5, 2004, the cruiser was expelled from the service of the Russian Navy, the current name was canceled, and the St. Andrew's flag was ceremonially lowered. Currently, the ship, after a complete rebuild, has been commissioned into the Indian Navy as the aircraft carrier Vikramaditya and is being completed afloat at one of the berths of the Northern Engineering Enterprise.
basic information
Type: Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser pr. 1143.4
Flag State: Russian Flag Russia
Launched: 1987
Withdrawn from the fleet: 2004
Current status: sold India January 20, 2004
"Ulyanovsk" (order S-107) - Soviet heavy nuclear aircraft carrier with a displacement of 75,000 tons, Project 1143.7.
Laid down on the slipway of the Black Sea Shipyard on November 25, 1988, construction ceased in 1991. By the end of 1991, most of the hull of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier had been formed, but after funding ceased, the ship, almost a third complete, was cut up on the slipway. The metal intended for the second ship of this type was also melted down.
Ulyanovsk, which was to become the flagship of the Navy, was supposed to have an air group including up to 70 aircraft, such as Su-27K, Su-25, Yak-141 and Yak-44 helicopters and aircraft. The ship was equipped with two catapults, a springboard and an aero arresting device. To store the aircraft below deck there was a hangar measuring 175x32x7.9 m. They were lifted to the flight deck using 3 lifts with a lifting capacity of 50 tons (2 on the starboard side and 1 on the left). The Luna optical landing system was located in the aft part.
It was supposed to build 4 ships. On October 4, 1988, the lead Ulyanovsk (serial number 107) was included in the lists of Navy ships and on November 25 was laid down at the Black Sea Shipyard No. 444 in Nikolaev. Commissioning was planned for December 1995.
basic information
Type: Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser
Flag State: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR
Home port: Sevastopol
Current status: disposed of
"Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov"
Aka “Soviet Union” (project),
aka “Riga” (bookmark),
aka “Leonid Brezhnev” (launching),
aka “Tbilisi” (tests))
- heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser of Project 1143.5, the only one in its class in the Russian Navy (as of 2009). Designed to engage large surface targets and protect naval formations from attacks by a potential enemy.
Named in honor of Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov, Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union. Built in Nikolaev, at the Black Sea Shipyard.
During cruises, the aircraft-carrying cruiser is based on Su-25UTG and Su-33 aircraft of the 279th naval fighter aviation regiment (based airfield - Severomorsk-3) and Ka-27 and Ka-29 helicopters of the 830th separate naval anti-submarine helicopter regiment (based airfield - Severomorsk-1).
On December 5, 2007, “Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov” led a detachment of warships that set off on a voyage to the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
Thus, the Russian Navy has resumed its presence in the world's oceans.
Large anti-submarine ships of the Komsomolets of Ukraine type (project 61, NATO code - Kashin).
As of 2009, the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Navy includes only one (SKR “Smetlivy”) of the 20 ships of the project that entered the USSR Navy in the period from 1962 to 1973. The remaining 19 ships are currently written off and dismantled for metal.
No. Name Shipyard Laid down Launched In service Decommissioned Fleet
1. Komsomolets of Ukraine Nikolaev 09/15/1959 12/31/1960 12/31/1962 06/24/1991 H
2. Smart Nikolaev 07/20/1960 11/04/1961 12/26/1963 07/03/1992 Ch, S
3. Provorny Nikolaev 02/10/1961 04/21/1962 12/25/1964 08/21/1990 H
4. Ognevoy Leningrad 05/05/1962 05/31/1963 12/31/1964 04/25/1989 B, C
5. Exemplary Leningrad 07/29/1963 02/23/1964 09/29/1965 06/30/1993 B
6. Gifted Leningrad 01/22/1963 09/11/1964 12/30/1965 04/19/1990 S, T
7. Brave Nikolaev 08/10/1963 10/17/1964 12/31/1965 11/12/1974† H
8. Glorious Leningrad 07/26/1964 04/24/1965 09/30/1966 06/24/1991 B
9. Slender Nikolaev 03/20/1964 07/28/1965 12/15/1966 04/12/1990 C
10. Guardian Leningrad 07/26/1964 02/20/1966 12/21/1966 06/30/1993 T
11. Red Caucasus Nikolaev 11/25/1964 02/09/1966 09/25/1967 05/01/1998 H
12. Resolute Nikolaev 06/25/1965 06/30/1966 12/30/1967 11/01/1989 H
13. Smart Nikolaev 08/15/1965 10/22/1966 09/27/1968 02/22/1993 C
14. Strict Nikolaev 02/22/1966 04/29/1967 12/24/1968 06/30/1993 T
15. Sharp-witted Nikolaev 07/15/1966 08/26/1967 09/25/1969 - H
16. Brave Nikolaev 11/15/1966 02/06/1968 12/27/1969 03/05/1988 B, B
17. Red Crimea Nikolaev 02/23/1968 02/28/1969 10/15/1970 06/24/1993 H
18. Capable Nikolaev 03/10/1969 04/11/1970 09/25/1971 01/06/1993 T
19. Fast Nikolaev 04/20/1970 02/26/1971 09/23/1972 11/22/1997 H
20. Restrained Nikolaev 03/10/1971 02/25/1972 12/30/1973 05/29/1991 H
21. DD51 Rajput (Reliable) Nikolaev 09/11/1976 09/17/1977 11/30/1979 05/04/1980 India
22. DD52 Rana (Destructive) Nikolaev 11/29/1976 09/27/1978 09/30/1981 02/10/1982 India
23. DD53 Ranjit (Dexterous) Nikolaev 06/29/1977 06/16/1979 07/20/1983 11/24/1983 India
24. DD54 Ranvir (Hard) Nikolaev 10/24/1981 03/12/1983 12/30/1985 10/28/1986 India
25. DD55 Ranjivay (Tolkovy) Nikolaev 03/19/1982 02/01/1986 02/01/1986 01/15/1988 India
Anti-submarine cruiser-helicopter carriers.
Moscow - sold to India, cut into scrap metal.
Leningrad - taken in tow to India, where they were cut up for metal.
Project 1164 cruisers
"Moskva" - (former name - "Slava") is the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet
"Marshal Ustinov" - part of the Northern Fleet.
"Varyag" is the flagship of the Pacific Fleet.
"Ukraine"(formerly "Admiral of the Fleet Lobov")
In 1993 it became part of the Ukrainian Navy, the decision to complete it was made in 1998, but Ukraine cannot commission it, and therefore the cruiser is standing at the pier, options for selling the cruiser are being considered.
Total:
-Out of SEVEN heavy aircraft-carrying cruisers, ONE is ready to defend Russia.
Five SOLD.
One was disposed of.
Of two anti-submarine cruisers-helicopter carriers
SOLD OUT TWO.
From 20 BOD (project 61)
19 ships written off and dismantled to metal.
Of the four missile cruisers of Project 1164
3 active.
1 per pre-sale stage.
P.p.s.:
BUILT and under construction ships and submarines of the Russian Navy:
in recent years:
Etc. 20380 “Steregushchy” Russia, 2008 Corvette --- 2 built +2 under construction
Etc. 22460 "Rubin" Russia 2009 PSKR --- 1 built
Etc. 22350 "Admiral Gorshkov" Russia 2011 Frigate --- 2 under construction (not to be confused with the aircraft carrier "A. Gorshkov" of the same name!))
Etc. 21630 “Buyan” Russia 2007 MAK (small artillery ship) --- 1 built in 2006 +2 under construction
Etc. 20370 Russia, 2001 Communications Boat --- 4 built
Etc. 20180 “Zvezdochka” Russia, 2007 PTS --- 1 in 2007 +1 under construction 5-6 units are expected in the series. minimum
Etc. 20120 Russia, 2008 Experimental diesel-electric submarine 1 built by SF - B-90 “Sarov”
Etc. 18280 Russia, 2004 Communications ship 1 built "Admiral Yu. Ivanov", +1 under construction. SSV, that is, scout
Etc. 11711 “Ivan Gren” Russia, 2012 BDK (large landing ship) 1 under construction +5 in the future Baltic Fleet
Etc. 16810 Russia, 2007 Deep-sea vehicle 2 built by "Rus" and "Consul"
Etc. 14230 “Sokzhoy” Russia, 2002 PC 2 built
Etc. 1244.1 "Grom" Russia, 2009 TFR 1 in 2009 now "Borodino", training ship
Etc. 1431 “Mirage” Russia, 2001 PC 3 BF – 2, CF – 1.
Etc. 1166.1 "Gepard" Russia, 2001 MPK 2 built "Tatarstan" and "Dagestan" Series - 10.
Etc. 1244.1 “Grom” Russia, 2011 Frigate 1 by 2011
Etc. 266.8 "Agat" Russia, 2007 MT 1 built by the Baltic Fleet (=project 02268 "Adm. Zakharyin" delivered to the Black Sea Fleet)
Etc. 10410/2 “Svetlyak” USSR, 1987 PC, about thirty built in total, of which about ten have been built since the early 2000s. 1 is under construction.
Etc. 955/A “Borey”/“Kasatka” Russia, 2007 SSBN 1 built + 3 under construction, preparing to lay down 1
Etc. 885 “Ash” Russia, 2010 SSGN 1 is almost built. 1 is under construction. It is planned to lay 1 more within a year.
Etc. 677 "Lada" Russia, 2010 DPLT 1 built. 3 are under construction.
Etc. 10830 “Kalitka” Russia, 2003 AGS 1 built
PLANNED FOR CONSTRUCTION:
Etc. 677 "Lada" Russia, 2010 DPLT 3 are being built 4 by 2015. Construction of 20-25 is planned for now.
Etc. 955/A “Borey”/“Kasatka” Russia, 2007 SSBN 1 + 3 laid down Construction of 5 to 8 is planned
Etc. 885 “Ash” Russia, 2010 SSGN 1 under construction, 1 laid down Minimum 10 planned
Etc. 20180 “Zvezdochka” Russia, 2007 PTS 1 in 2007 +1 under construction 6 in the future
20380 "Ave. Steregushchiy" Russia, 2008 Planned construction of 20
Etc. 21630 “Buyan” Russia, 2007 MAK 1 in 2006 +2 under construction KF
Construction is planned from 5 to 7-15 until 2020.
Etc. 22350 “Admiral Gorshkov” Russia, 2011 Frigate 1 under construction + 1 laid down Planned construction 20
Additional links:
1) Project 210 nuclear submarine "Losharik" built in 2003
http://www.newsru.ru/russia/12aug2003/losharik.html
2) In 2008, two small landing boats “Serna” and 1 for the Black Sea Fleet entered service with the Caspian Flotilla (CF) of Russia (plan - 30 pieces). A total of 7 pieces were built, one is under construction.
http://prospekta.net.ru/np11770.html
3) A new generation patrol ship for the Border Guard has been launched
http://www.itar-tasskuban.ru/news.php?news=2302
the total order for the PV is 20 ships of this type; in November 2009, an icebreaker patrol ship for the PV, with a displacement of 1000 tons, was commissioned.
plus for the PV there is also an order for 30 PSKA boats pr.12200 "Sobol" and 20 boats pr.12150 "Mangust", plus new patrol boats "Sprut" and border patrol ships "Mirage" (not to be confused with the missile boat "Mirage")
4) The program for the restoration of heavy missile cruisers of the Kirov type (project 1144 and its modifications).
Currently, the Russian Navy has one nuclear-powered missile cruiser, the Peter the Great. The possibility of restoring and modernizing the nuclear cruiser Admiral Nakhimov, as well as Admiral Lazarev, is being discussed. According to Vladimir Popovkin, the Ministry of Defense considers it advisable to have up to three such ships in the Navy: one of them will be in the Pacific Fleet and two in the Northern Fleet.
http://www.oborona.ru/1001/1010/index.shtml?id=4213
Addition to the list.
The following are still being built for the RUSSIAN Navy:
*Basic minesweeper of project 12700 "Alexandrite". Currently, two ships of this project are being built. Note - minesweepers, mine hunters, and not conventional MTs
* Small landing ship on an air cavity of project 21820 "Dugong".
Currently, one ship of this project is being built, and an order for up to ten Dugongs has been announced.
*Project 18280 communications vessel. One vessel of this project is currently under construction, and a total of two vessels of project 18280 have been ordered.
*Rescue vessel of Project 21300S. Currently, one vessel of this type is being built, an order for a total of four vessels of Project 21300S has been announced.
*Rescue ship "Igor Belousov"
JSC "Admiralty Shipyards" is under construction. Laid down on December 24, 2005. Delivery to the fleet is announced for 2011.
*Maritime weapons transport of project 21130 "Diskant". One ship of this project is currently under construction. Laid out in 2008, commissioned in 2011.
*Maritime weapons transport (search and transport vessel) of Project 20180. One ship of this project is currently under construction.
*Crane loader vessel of project 20360 "Dubnyak". Currently, one vessel of this project is being built, and an order for two Dubnyaks has been announced.
*Test vessel of project 11982. Currently one vessel is under construction. "Seliger" Laid down on July 8, 2009. Delivery to the fleet is announced for 2011.
*Sea rescue tug project 22030. Currently, one vessel of this project is being built, and the order of three such tugs has been announced. The first one was delivered in 2011.
*Sea rescue tug project 745MB "Morzh". Currently, two ships of this project (in the 745MB modification) are being built, and a total of four Walruses have been ordered.
*Small hydrographic vessel of project 19910. The lead vessel ("Vaigach") entered the fleet in 2008. One vessel of this type is currently under construction, and a total of four Project 19910 vessels have been ordered.
*Large hydrographic boat of project 19920 (19920B). The lead boat of this project, BGK-2090, entered the fleet in 2008. Currently one boat of this type is being built.
*Project 90600 raid tug. Since 2003, 18 Project 90600 tugs have been built (including one for the Russian Navy). Currently, 2 vessels of this project are being built, and the Russian Navy has announced an order for a total of five tugs.
* In addition, ordered:
OJSC "Baltic Shipyard "Yantar"" (Kaliningrad) Oceanographic vessel of project 22010 2013
JSC "Vostochnaya Verf" (Vladivostok) Landing boat 2011
OJSC "Okskaya Shipyard" (Navashino, Nizhny Novgorod region) Crane loader vessel project 20360 2010
JSC "Khabarovsk Shipyard" Two sea rescue tugs of project 22030 2011
JSC "Zelenodolsk Plant named after A. M. Gorky" (Zelenodolsk, Tatarstan) Two sea rescue tugs of project 745MB, 2010 and 2011
Astrakhan Ship Repair Plant Project 705B road tug, 2011
JSC "Leningrad Shipyard "Pella"" Two road tugs of project 90600, 2010 and 2011
OJSC "Sokolskaya Shipyard" (Sokolskoye village, Nizhny Novgorod region) Project 1388NZ raid boat, 2010
JSC "Shipbuilding Plant named after the October Revolution" (Blagoveshchensk, Amur region) Two self-propelled barges 2009 and 2010
35th ship repair plant (Murmansk) Project 1394 boat, 2010.
The USSR Navy, having begun its history from a period of decline, was defined by the combat regulations as an independent branch of the USSR Armed Forces. Its purpose is to defeat military and military-economic targets on enemy territory, defeat its naval forces in ocean and sea theaters of military operations, as well as to assist ground forces in coastal areas.
The USSR Navy included 4 territorially limited fleets: the Northern, Baltic, Black Sea and Pacific, as well as the Caspian Flotilla.
By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the naval composition of the RKKF consisted of 3 battleships, 7 cruisers, 59 leaders and destroyers, 218 submarines, 269 torpedo boats, 22 patrol ships, 88 minesweepers, 77 submarine hunters and a number of other ships and boats, and also auxiliary vessels. There were 219 ships under construction, including 3 battleships, 2 heavy and 7 light cruisers, 45 destroyers, 91 submarines.
By the 1980s, the USSR Navy had become the largest in the world, sharing first place in numbers and equipment with the United States - thanks to the Cold War, in which the Soviet fleet became one of the main indicators of the country's power. In 1991, it consisted of 285 submarines, 259 surface combat ships of the main classes, 1,638 aircraft, including 870 combat aircraft, and 561 naval aviation helicopters. The total tonnage of warships alone reached 2,540 thousand tons, the number of personnel - 442 thousand people. The Navy budget was 13.5 billion rubles - that is, 14% of the entire military budget. The Navy also had at its disposal a powerful shipbuilding and ship repair base with a production volume of 4.4 billion rubles and 350 thousand people working in this industry.
The merchant fleet of the USSR in 1960 ranked 11th in the world in terms of total tonnage, in 1973 - 5th, and in cargo-passenger fleet - 3rd. Another source of pride, measured mainly in statistical figures, is the icebreaker fleet of the USSR, the largest fleet in the world. kind. The most powerful icebreaker in the world was the Lenin, built in 1959. In the 70s, it was surpassed by the icebreaker Arktika, which after Brezhnev’s death received a new name, Leonid Brezhnev. Before the end of the Soviet era, three more nuclear-powered icebreakers were built: Sibir, Rossiya and Sovetsky Soyuz.
The volume of maritime passenger transportation by the Soviet fleet - domestic and international - by the mid-70s was about 40 million people a year. International ones were used mainly by foreign citizens.
And the deck of the cinematic liner “Mikhail Svetlov” became the deck of the motor ship “Pobeda”, launched in 1928 in Danzig, Germany. After the war, she, like some other ships, was transferred to the USSR Navy as reparation, sailed here along the Odessa-New York - Odessa line, survived a fire that went down in history, during the Cuban missile crisis she served to transport Soviet troops to Cuba, 68 was used as a film set for The Diamond Arm, and in the late 70s it was decommissioned and disposed of on the shores of Gadani Beach in the city of Chittagong (Bangladesh).
19:12 — REGNUM Ninety-two years ago, on October 25, 1925, the first Soviet merchant ships Grigory Zinoviev and Comrade Stalin left the slipways of the Baltic Shipyard in Leningrad. The launching of these ships marked the beginning of the Soviet merchant fleet.
(cc) www.siicex.gub.uy
On July 18, 1924, the joint-stock company “Soviet Merchant Fleet” (“Sovtorgflot”) was organized, uniting transport vessels that previously belonged to various people’s commissariats, departments and joint-stock companies, including mixed ones, with the participation of foreign capital. This association laid the foundations for centralized management of maritime transport as a single branch of the national economy. A start was made on the creation of infrastructure, including not only ships, but also ports, ship repair yards, and educational institutions.
Throughout the years of the existence of the Soviet Union, the merchant marine fleet was considered as one of the main factors in ensuring the economic and military security of the state, as well as a source of foreign exchange earnings.
After the Great Patriotic War, in the first post-war five-year plan, only 3 factories built a fleet in our country: Krasnoye Sormovo, Navashinsky and Sretensky, and from foreign countries - enterprises from Bulgaria, Hungary, Finland, and China. In subsequent years, the Nikolaev plant named after. Nosenko, Kherson, Admiralteysky, Marine Plant in Sevastopol, Gorokhovetsky, Severodvinsky, Khabarovsk, Petrozavod in Leningrad and others. Ships were built abroad in the shipyards of the GDR, the Polish People's Republic, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Hungarian People's Republic, the Socialist Republic of Romania, as well as England, Austria, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Italy, Japan and, especially, Finland, where the Soviet icebreaker was built fleet.
The merchant marine fleet was constantly replenished and in the period 1971-1985. intensively updated. During this period, the fleet annually included from 50 to 80 new ships with a total tonnage of 0.7 to 1 million tons. As a result, by the end of 1985, the maritime merchant fleet of the Soviet Union, consisting of 1,800 ships with a total tonnage of 22.3 million tons , took fifth place in the world among developed shipping countries. This period is characterized by an intensive stage of qualitative development of the merchant marine fleet. The ships that replenished the domestic merchant fleet during this period had fundamentally new designs, devices and mechanisms.
With the collapse of the USSR (due to the division of territories and property), the unified transport system of the former state was disrupted, especially its maritime component. During the division, only 10 out of 16 shipping companies remained in the Russian Federation with a fleet of 798 vessels with a total displacement of about 10 million tons. Most of the vessels were extremely old (20 years old).
“Today the Russian Federation is in the top 30-40 both in terms of tonnage and quantity,” said the director of the department of state policy in the field of sea and river transport of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, speaking at the 10th international forum “Transport Potential”. Vitaly Klyuev.
Why did Russian ships begin to sail under foreign flags?
In 1973, the USSR Ministry of the Navy asked the government to allow the department to purchase new and used ships abroad under a long-term leasing or bareboat charter scheme. The formation of Sovcomflot was the result of a decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on March 23, 1973 to indirectly break the monopoly of foreign trade and provide the USSR Ministry of the Navy with the opportunity to purchase new and used ships under a long-term leasing scheme, the so-called bareboat charter
A foreign bank gave the Soviet side a loan to purchase a ship, and the purchased property served as collateral. After repaying the loan, the ship already belonged entirely to the buyer. This scheme made it possible to expand the fleet without using public funds.
“Until the end of the 80s, banks agreed to register bareboat ships under the Soviet flag. Subsequently, due to the impossibility of foreign banks to apply the right of pledge on the territory of the USSR and then Russia, banks refused loans if they were not satisfied with the country of registration of the flag, and the most acceptable conditions could be found in the states of the “flag of convenience”, - speaks Vadim Kornilov, General Director of Sovcomflot in 1991-1999 - Foreign shipowners have already paved the way there - about 70% of the world's tonnage was registered in offshore jurisdictions (Liberia, Virgin Islands, Cyprus, Isle of Man, Bermuda, etc.). Registering a company for one ship costs several (3-5) thousand dollars there.”
It was then that a decision was made to purchase new ships and comply with the right of those countries where the leasing was issued to register ships in foreign jurisdictions.
“In the 90s, the government policy was such that ports need to be developed, and we will hire a fleet abroad, - recalled Vitaly Klyuev, director of the department of state policy in the field of sea and river transport of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. — To this day we feel the consequences of such a short-sighted approach of those years.”
Vitaly Klyuev also noted that about 60% of the total export-import cargo turnover of the Russian Federation is carried out by sea, but only 2% to 3% of this total cargo turnover is provided by ships flying the Russian flag. Everything else is transported by ships flying foreign flags.
“The Soviet Union focused on other countries in shipbuilding - Poland, Germany, Bulgaria, Romania. And those shipbuilding capacities for civil shipbuilding that were in the USSR, they went to other republics, - emphasized V. Klyuev. — And now we are heavily dependent on the product that is produced by the shipbuilding industry, and today it is a foreign product.”
The approximate ratio for the production of ships for the USSR in the period from 71 to 85 was as follows: domestic factories produced 35% of ships, socialist countries - 32.8%; Western European countries and Japan 32.2%, that is, two thirds of all ships purchased in the USSR came from abroad.
Quote from the video Rising Star. Special report by Alexander Lukyanov
How to return the Russian flag to ships?
The Ministry of Transport is taking various economic incentive measures. “Previously, this was called the return of ships under the Russian flag,” said V. Klyuev. “There is nothing to return now, all these ships are old or decommissioned. Therefore, to replenish the fleet of ships flying the Russian flag, amendments were made to Federal Law 305-FZ of 2011 “On the support of shipbuilding and shipping.”
The measures taken are producing results. According to V. Klyuev, the number of ships in the international register after the adoption of this law increased almost fourfold. More than 100 ships within the framework of this law were built at Russian shipyards with subsequent registration under the state flag of the Russian Federation. But this is not enough, although the first step has been taken.
(cc) BenutzerWofratz
The Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation has come up with the following initiative: ships flying a foreign flag will be prohibited from transporting cargo along the Northern Sea Route on domestic flights. The agency proposes to extend the concept of cabotage to the Northern Sea Route and thereby force shipowners operating in the Arctic to abandon the flags of offshore states.
“Today there is a bill in the State Duma, which stipulates that ships transporting cargo loaded in the waters of the Northern Sea Route, extracted on the territory of the Russian Federation, should be transported by ships flying the Russian flag. We hope that this issue will be resolved by the end of the year,” - said V. Klyuev.
In the first half of the 19th century. The basis for progress in science, technology, and economics was the use of a new type of energy - steam energy. The further development of the fleet was due to advances in the field of metallurgy and rolled metal. Especially with the invention of armor plates for use in iron shipbuilding
At the beginning of the 19th century. The construction of steam ships began in Russia. The first such ship in Russia, the Elizaveta, was designed and built in 1815 by Karl Bird, owner of an iron and copper foundry in St. Petersburg. With only 4 liters. With. power, the machine gave the steamboat (as the steamship was previously called) a speed of about 9 versts per hour.
The first steam ship in Russia “Elizabeth”
In 1823, about a dozen steamships were built on the Volga, including those with two engines with a total power of up to 40 hp. With. And in 1843, the steamship company “Along the Volga” was formed in St. Petersburg, which had several steamships with engines of 250-400 liters. With. capacity (“Volga”, “Hercules”, “Samson”, “Kama”, “Oka”, etc.), dozens of heavy-duty barges. This society existed until 1918.
Diesel motor ships
In 1903, the Sormovsky plant in Nizhny Novgorod built the first diesel motor ship for the Volga Shipping Company - the self-propelled tank barge "Vandal" with a displacement of 1150 tons, - with three diesel engines of 120 liters each. s., and diesel-electric transmission to propellers. "Vandal" became the world's first diesel motor ship and diesel-electric ship at the same time.
The first motor ship in the world is the oil tanker barge Vandal.
By 1913, there were more than 80 diesel motor ships in different countries of the world, of which 70 were in Russia. As for steamships, by 1913, through the efforts of all six shipping companies of the country and the government, their number was increased to 1016 (with a total displacement of 487 thousand tons), and sailing ships became 2577 (257 thousand gross tons). The Russian fleet ranked 8th in the world after the fleets of England, Germany, the USA, Norway, France, Japan, and Italy. At the same time, its own steamships, making up 65% of Russia’s commercial fleet, could provide only 8% of sea cargo transportation.
Creation of the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade (ROPiT)
In January 1856, adjutant N.A. contacted the Russian Naval Ministry. Arkas and the famous shipowner-entrepreneur N.A. Novoselsky. They proposed creating a commercial shipping joint-stock company on the Black Sea with a large number of modern ships for cargo and passenger transportation, while clarifying that in case of war these ships could be used for the military transport needs of the country.
On August 3, 1856, Emperor Alexander II approved the Charter of ROPiT (Russian Society of Shipping and Trade). Thus was born what later became the largest Russian shipping company.
By 1860, the Company had more than 40 steamships, and 30 of them had great prospects: all of them had been in operation for no more than 3 years.
The ROPiT steamship "Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna" stands at the pier in Saratov.
Around 1910 (Photo from the archive of Alexey Platonov)
Since 1863, the Company, replenishing the fleet, began to build new screw postal and passenger steamships and wheeled mixed cargo and passenger ships. In addition to the “Lazarev”, “Kornilov”, “Nakhimov”, “Chikhachev”, “Grand Duke Mikhail”, “Grand Duchess Olga” and “General Kotzebue”, by 1870, 11 more steam schooners were put into operation for cargo transportation on the Sea of Azov.
With the construction of the Suez Canal (1869), new prospects opened up, and ROPiT ships began to sail to India, China, and the Far East (Vladivostok).
Creation of the "Voluntary Fleet"
During the period 1873–1883 Public attention to the needs of the fleet increased sharply. In this regard, a Society arose in Moscow to promote Russian merchant shipbuilding (with patriotic donations). The idea of creating the Voluntary Fleet society arose, caused by the results of the Russian-Turkish War of 1878.
Fundraising was held throughout the country for an organization that would have fast and capacious ships, allowing them to be quickly re-equipped and armed, making them auxiliary cruisers in case of war. About 4 million rubles were collected, and in 1878 the society was created.
First, Dobroflot purchased cargo and passenger ships from the Germans, which were immediately registered with the navy as auxiliary cruisers: Moscow, Petersburg, Rossiya. Henceforth, a tradition was established: all new ships were named after the centers of the provinces - “Nizhny Novgorod”, “Ryazan”, etc.
Since 1879, the charter of the Voluntary Fleet society provided for the possibility of using its ships for military purposes in the event of war.
The work of Dobroflot began with transportation from Varna and Burgas of Russian troops participating in the Russian-Turkish War of 1878. Then regular flights to the Far East began. Soon the management came to the conclusion that they should not purchase, but only build ships for the society - this is more profitable. True, build not only at our factories, but also abroad. The first steamship, the Yaroslavl, based on the drawings of the English cruiser Iris, was ordered in 1880 in France.
Until 1896, a series of 6 ships with a displacement of 4500-5600 tons came from England to Russia. As a result, before the Russo-Japanese War, Dobroflot moved up to 2nd place after ROPiT. Its cargo turnover reached 196,000 tons per year.
Postcards from the early 1910s, dedicated to goods and passengers
Dobroflot steamships: Simbirsk and Ryazan.