Russia is one of the largest countries in the world in terms of population. What is the population in Russia today? And how has it changed over the years? You will learn about this from our article.
Population of Russia
The concept itself implies the number of residents permanently residing on its territory. The population of Russia is (as of January 2015) about 146 million 267 thousand inhabitants. This is the number of permanent population of the Russian Federation.
As we can see, the population of the Russian Federation was growing slowly until 1996. But after 1996, its noticeable decline began, which in the science of demography is called the process of depopulation. The decline in Russia's population continued until 2010. Scientists attribute population growth over the past 5 years not so much to an improvement in the birth-to-mortality ratio as to an increase in the influx of migrants from abroad.
Current demographic situation in the country
UN experts have described the current demographic situation in Russia as a demographic crisis. Thus, in our country there is an extremely high mortality rate. The causes of most of the deaths of Russians (almost 80%) are cardiovascular and cancer diseases.
According to various sources, the birth rate is less than 1.5 children
per Russian woman, which is a direct symptom of depopulation or
extinction of the country's population. The minimum birth rate occurred in 2002, when Russian women reproduced 1.31 children each. Today, the influx of population is created by traditionally large Muslim families from Central Asia and the Caucasus.
In Russia, since 2002 at the time of the 2010 census, the situation has worsened by 2.5 million people. Russia is the only country that has experienced population decline in the last decade. If we consider the results of 2010 to be reliable (real facts indicate that the population size is much smaller than the official results), then if existing conditions continue, by 2030 the number of Russians will decrease to 100 million people.
The current demographic situation in Russia, subject to trends
its conservation will lead to the fact that by 2050 there will be no
no more than 90 million Russians live. The simultaneous decline in fertility and
an increase in population mortality (the so-called “Russian cross”) occurs only in
the most backward and This is the situation in Russia
against the backdrop of depopulation of the country's indigenous peoples.
The catastrophic demographic situation in modern Russia is a consequence of the decline in the birth rate below the simple replacement level of the population. The current birth rate is still far from the conditions necessary for Russia's survival. In order to ensure stable population growth, each woman must have at least 2.3-2.6 children. In modern conditions, when no citizen can be confident in his future, such indicators are impossible. The rapid depletion of human resources from the Russian Federation indicates that the country is becoming unsuitable for civilized living. According to some data, at least 15 million Russians live outside the Russian Federation. This is the most active and energetic part of society, which does not agree to put up with the existing regime in the country. The demographic situation in the Russian Federation is fundamentally different from what has happened in the country for many millennia. Just recently, Russian families with many children were not a novelty. Moreover, such families were not synonymous with poor education of children and poverty. Between 1800 and 1900 (despite high infant mortality), Russia's population more than doubled.
Depopulation in Russia began after the collapse of the USSR and is now about 0.65%. The demographic situation in Russia has no analogues in
world. Despite the fact that birth rates are falling everywhere, including countries such as
China and India, such excess mortality as in our country is not observed anywhere. Experts believe that the demographic situation in Russia is due to the low profitability of childbearing, when children are not able to provide for their parents in old age. Giving birth and raising a child is associated with poverty and deprivation. The state not only does not help in the upbringing and development of children, but also prevents this in every possible way, destroying kindergartens, sports grounds and educational institutions. Young people raised on dubious television programs do not strive to get an education or find a job. They become an unbearable burden for their elderly parents, who are forced to feed them on their meager pension.
Unlike Russia, in developed countries children are a source of wealth, so women willingly give birth, feeling the support of the state. For normal civilized countries, a family with 3-4 children is not a sign of heroism. There are no signs of a change in the situation in Russia, so parents must take care of their old age on their own. The level still exceeds the birth rate, so every future pensioner must create a “safety cushion” for themselves on their own.
Our country is one of the few countries in the world where there is a low birth rate. Combined with high mortality, it has a negative impact on demographic indicators. In recent years, the birth rate in Russia has fallen sharply. Forecasts so far are also disappointing.
General information about the population of Russia
According to Rosstat, the population of Russia in 2018 was 146 million 880 thousand 432 people. This figure puts our country in ninth place in terms of population in the world. The average population density in our country is 8.58 people. per 1 km 2.
Most of the inhabitants are concentrated in the European territory of Russia (about 68%), although its area is much smaller than the Asian one. This is clearly visible from the distribution of population density: in the west of the country it is 27 people. per 1 km 2, and in the center and east - only 3 people. per 1 km 2. The highest density value is recorded in Moscow - over 4626 people / 1 km 2, and the minimum - in the Chukotka District (below 0.07 people / 1 km 2).
The share of urban residents is 74.43 percent. There are 170 cities in Russia with a population of more than 100,000 people. In 15 of them the population exceeds 1 million.
The birth rate in Russia is quite low.
In total, over 200 different nationalities can be found in the country. They are also called ethnic groups. The share of Russians is about 81 percent. In second place are the Tatars (3.9%), and in third are the Ukrainians. Approximately a percentage of the total population consists of such nationalities as Chuvash, Bashkirs, Chechens, and Armenians.
In Russia, the predominance of the elderly population over people of working age is clearly expressed. The ratio of employed to pensioners in our country is 2.4/1, and, for example, in the USA it is 4.4/1, in China it is 3.5/1, and in Uganda it is 9/1. The figures are closest in Greece: 2.5/1.
Demographic characteristics of Russia
A gradual population decline is typical for Russia. In the 50s of the 20th century, natural increase was at the level of 15-20 people per 1000 inhabitants per year. There were many large families.
In the 60s it fell rapidly, and in the 70-80s it was only a little more than 5 people.
A new sharp drop occurred in the early 90s, as a result of which it became negative and was at a level of minus 5-6 people per thousand inhabitants per year. In the mid-2000s, the situation began to improve, and by 2013, growth entered the positive zone. However, in recent years it has worsened again.
However, the dynamics of the birth rate and mortality rate in Russia are not always interrelated. Thus, the fall in the birth rate in the 60s did not lead to a change in the dynamics of mortality. At the same time, in the first half of the 90s, mortality increased sharply, but somewhat later than the birth rate fell. In the 2000s, the birth rate began to rise, but the death rate continued to increase, but not at such a rapid pace. Since the mid-late 2000s, there has been an improvement in all indicators: the birth rate has increased and the death rate has fallen. In recent years, statistics on fertility and mortality in Russia have the following features: there has been a sharp decline in the birth rate, but mortality continues to decrease.
In general, over the past 65 years, the birth rate has fallen by about half, but the mortality rate has remained almost unchanged.
Birth rate in Russia in recent decades
If we do not take the last 2 years, the overall picture of the birth rate reflects a sharp decline in the 90s and a gradual rise since the mid-2000s. There is a clear positive relationship between the rural and urban populations, but the range of fluctuations is higher for rural areas. All this is shown by the graph of the birth rate in Russia by year.
The rapid decline in the indicator continued until 1993, after which the rate slowed sharply. The bottom was reached in 1999. Then a gradual increase in values began, which reached their maximum value in 2015. For the rural population, the maximum was passed a year earlier. Since there are more urban residents than rural ones, the average indicators more clearly reflect the dynamics of the urban population.
Population dynamics of Russia
The population size is influenced not only by natural growth, but also by migration flows. Migrants mainly come from Central Asian countries. In recent years, refugees arriving from Ukraine have also affected the growth of our country’s population.
The total population of Russia increased until 1996, after which it began a steady decline, which continued until 2010. Then growth resumed again.
General demographic situation
The demographic situation in Russia, according to UN estimates, meets the criteria of a demographic crisis. The average fertility rate is 1.539. Mortality rates are traditionally high in Russia. Characteristic of our country is the sharp predominance of deaths from cardiovascular diseases over other causes, which is directly related to the destructive lifestyle of the majority of Russians. Poor diet, physical inactivity and smoking are common causes of death. The extremely unsatisfactory state of medicine, and in some places the depressing environmental situation, also has an impact. Drunkenness is common in many regions.
In terms of life expectancy, Russia lags far behind all developed countries and even a number of developing countries.
Fertility rate in Russia by region
The distribution of this indicator on the map of our country is quite uneven. The highest values are recorded in the east of the North Caucasus and in certain areas in the south of Siberia. Here the birth rate reaches 25-26.5 people per thousand inhabitants per year.
The lowest rates are observed in the central regions of the European part of Russia. This is especially pronounced in the southeast of the Central Federal District and in some regions of the Volga region. In the very center the situation is somewhat better, which is obviously due to the influence of Moscow. In general, the worst birth rates are observed in approximately the same regions where the highest death rates are recorded.
Birth rate in Russia in recent years
Since 2016, the country has seen a sharp decline in the birth rate. The number of births this year was 10% less than in the same period last year, and in 2017 the birth rate in Russia showed the same magnitude of decline compared to 2016.
In the first 3 months of 2018, 391 thousand people were born in Russia, which is 21 thousand less than in January-March last year. However, in some regions the birth rate has increased slightly. These are the Altai Republic, Chechnya, Ingushetia, North Ossetia, Kalmykia and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
At the same time, mortality, on the contrary, decreased - by 2% over the year.
The reasons for the decline in the birth rate may be natural: the number of women of childbearing age is gradually decreasing, which is an echo of the recession of the 90s. Therefore, the decrease in absolute fertility is estimated at a smaller value - 7.5%, and it may reflect a change in the socio-economic situation in the country in recent years.
Due to the low birth rate, natural increase was also low. Although 63.6 thousand fewer people died in 2017 than a year earlier, the decrease in the number of births amounted to 203 thousand people. At the same time, the total population has increased slightly due to increased migration flows from Central Asia and, to a lesser extent, from Ukraine. Thus, the birth rate in Russia in 2017 and 2018 was significantly reduced.
Forecast
According to Rosstat's forecast, the demographic situation in the country will continue to deteriorate, and migration flows will no longer be able to cover the natural population decline. Prices for hydrocarbon raw materials will obviously, as before, play a major role in the future demographic fate of the country. Thus, the birth rate in Russia will be low.
In 2015, the increase in the Northern Caucasus was +83,900 people (Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan), in the Central Federal District the decrease was 89,000.
More precisely, Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan in 2015 gave an increase not of 83,900, as you lie in the hope that no one will bother to double-check, but of 71,038 (in 2014 there was 74,423, in 2012 there was 74,492, i.e. the contribution of these republics is declining).
Also in 2015:
Ural Federal District population growth is positive +28739.
Siberian Federal District population growth is positive +22374.
Far Eastern Federal District population growth is positive +8107.
In the Central Federal District, the decline is not 89,000, as you lie, but 68,475 (in 2012, the decline in the Central Federal District was 98,466, in 2014 - 84,465, i.e., the population decline in the Central Federal District is rapidly declining).
The fact that people live longer in the Caucasus and because of this the mortality rate there is lower than in other regions of Russia is no secret. Clean mountain air not spoiled by industry and transport, clean water from mountain streams, organic products grown on small farms and mountain pastures - all this contributes to longevity.
The oldest person in Russia, 120-year-old Appaz Iliev, lives in Ingushetia.
Death rate per 1000 people:
Ingushetia - 3.3
Chechnya - 4.8
Dagestan - 5.3
North Caucasus Federal District - 7.9
Moscow — 9.9
The average for Russia is 13.0 (in 2002 it was 16.1).
Due to the abundance of centenarians in the Caucasus, the mortality rate is low and natural growth is high.
But in terms of the total number of people born among Russian regions, the Caucasus is far from leading.
The number of Russian citizens born in various federal districts of Russia in 2015:
1. Central Federal District - 458.276
2. Volga Federal District - 396.401
3. Siberian Federal District - 277.798
4. Ural Federal District - 182.541
5. Southern Federal District - 179.111
6. Northwestern Federal District - 173.468
7. North Caucasus Federal District - 160.570 (Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan - 95.455)
8. Far Eastern Federal District - 86.549
9. Crimean Federal District - 29.422
The reason for the growth is obvious.
The news is not about natural increase (birth rate minus mortality), but about the growth of the birth rate in Russia.
So in Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan the birth rate is now declining, but it is growing in other regions of Russia.
In 2015, 95.45 thousand people were born in Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan, which is 4.9% of all children born in Russia last year. That is, the contribution of these three republics to the total number of children born in Russia is less than 5%. The remaining 95% give birth in other regions.
For comparison, in 2014, 99.46 thousand people were born in Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan, which was 5.1% of all Russians born in 2014.
And in 2012, 99.92 thousand people were born in Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan, which was 5.3% of all Russians born in 2012. Etc.
Obviously, the share of Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan in the birth rate in Russia is falling, while in other regions the birth rate is growing.
Once again in the form of a table.
Born in Ingushetia, Dagestan, Chechnya.
One of the main indicators of any state is the demographic situation. After the collapse of the USSR, the population declined smoothly but surely, and only a few years ago began an uncertain and slow, but still growth.
According to the analytical report of the Higher School of Economics “Demographic context of raising the retirement age”, by 2034 life expectancy in retirement after raising the retirement age will reach 14 years and 23 years for men and women, respectively. But we have to live until 2034.
What is the demographic situation now, what problems are there in the country, and what are the authorities doing to solve them - below Reconomica will give detailed answers.
Demographic situation in Russia for 2018 - official data
First we give general basic data on the demographic situation in the country for 2018:
Population of Russia in January 2018, including Crimea: 146 million 880 thousand 432 citizens (9th largest in the world, after China, India, USA, Indonesia, Pakistan, Brazil, Nigeria and Bangladesh).
Number of migrants, permanently or most of the year in the Russian Federation: about 10 million (as of 2016), of which about 4 million are in the country illegally. Of these, about 50% are located in Moscow or St. Petersburg.
Distribution by "mainland" division: About 68% of citizens live in the European part of the country, with a density of 27 people per 1 km². The rest live in the Asian part of the country, with a density of 3 people per 1 km².
Distribution by type of settlements: 74.43% live in cities.
Basic data about settlements: 15 cities in the Russian Federation have a population of more than 1 million, 170 cities have a population of more than 100 thousand.
Number of nationalities: more than 200. The main part are Russians (81%), Tatars (3.9%), Ukrainians (1.4%), Bashkirs (1.1%), Chuvash and Chechens (1 each), Armenians (0.9%).
Ratio of pensioners and working citizens: 1:2.4 (that is, for 10 pensioners there are 24 working people). According to this indicator, the Russian Federation is among the ten worst countries. For comparison: in China it is 3.5 (35 workers per 10 pensioners), in the USA - 4.4, in Uganda - 9.
Gender division(as of 2016): about 67 million 897 thousand men and about 78 million 648 thousand women.
Age division: pensioners - about 43 million (as of 2016), able-bodied - 82 million (as of 2018), children under 15 years old inclusive - about 27 million, or 18.3% of the total number of citizens (as of 2017).
Official forecast of the population of the Russian Federation until 2035
On the website of the FSGS (Federal State Statistics Service) there is a demographic forecast until 2035. The numbers in it are:
Worst option: the number will gradually decrease, by several hundred thousand per year, and in 2035 it will be 137.47 million.
Neutral option: the number will fluctuate approximately at the current level, with a gradual decline during 2020-2034. In 2035, the population will be about 146 million citizens.
Optimistic option: the number will gradually increase, mainly due to migration growth, by an average of half a million per year. In 2035, the population will be about 157 million citizens.
Tables of fertility, mortality and natural population growth of the country since 1950
First, let's give some specifics - statistics on fertility, mortality and natural increase by year:
This was the case in the 20th century under the USSR and immediately after its collapse:
And this is what the situation looks like in the 21st century in modern Russia: 
Using these figures, it is easier to understand the demographic situation in Russia in different years.
Fertility and measures to increase it: demographic policy in Russia briefly
One of the main demographic problems is low birth rate.
As we see in the table above, the birth rate sank in the perestroika nineties, and then gradually recovered. However, the problem still remains: in comparison with mortality, not enough children are born, and in the last 23 years (since 1995) the natural increase was positive only in 2013-2015. And even then it was insignificant for a country with such a population.
The authorities have repeatedly stated that increasing the birth rate is one of the main tasks of the state. However, having a child, even one, is a big financial burden on the family. Even the minimum expense will be no less than 5-7 thousand rubles a month, and this is until adolescence (first for diapers and food, then for clothes and toys). And some parents support their children even longer - until they receive higher education (conditionally up to 20-23 years). It turns out that even if a family wants to have a child, they may simply not be able to afford it financially, and therefore postpone this decision.
To simplify life for families with children and stimulate the birth rate, the following financial support measures are being taken in the Russian Federation:
- : a measure of support for motherhood.
: a one-time benefit in the amount of 453 thousand (for 2018), which can be spent only on certain purchases (so that parents do not waste the money on their needs). The maternity capital program appeared in 2007, and is currently running until 2021. It is possible that it will be extended again, because it has already been threaded several times.
: a monthly payment that is due to a family whose total income does not reach the regional subsistence level.
In addition, the government is working on infrastructure.
Solving the problem with kindergartens and nurseries. According to current forecasts, by 2021 all children aged 2 months to 3 years should have places without queues and other problems. For this purpose, new kindergartens are being built in all regions. In total, it is planned to create more than 700 new facilities of varying capacities.
Construction of perinatal centers. Both bearing a child, and childbirth, and the first months after them require high-quality medical care. They also plan to solve this problem by building new modern centers.
Under discussion:
Prenatal certificate: a one-time payment of 100 thousand, which is due simply for the fact that a girl becomes pregnant.
Review of the child benefit system. Now everyone receives them - both low-income people and people with normal income. It is proposed to redistribute funds, allocating them only to the poor.
Benefits for families in which women give birth before the age of 30.
It is possible that all these projects will be rejected - for now they are “raw”, and decisions on them can hardly be expected in the near future.
How many children should a family have for the demographic situation to improve?
According to approximate calculations - 2 children per family. At the current moment (mid-2018) this indicator is a little short: it is 1.7. At the same time, there is a view on this problem from the side of national politics: it is necessary that more Russians be born, since the eastern territories of the country are sparsely populated, but there is also a more global view: while Russia lacks people, the planet suffers from overpopulation!
Extinction or overpopulation?
We are accustomed to considering population growth in the Russian Federation one of the goals of domestic policy, because we are told so on TV. But let’s imagine that the birth rate has increased sharply. This will lead to the development of Siberia and the Far East, deforestation and pollution of lakes. Everyone knows that the Siberian taiga is the lungs of the planet. Russia remains one of the few reserve territories on the planet where resources for humanity are still abundant. We shouldn't forget about this.
Futurologists say that in just a couple of generations, global wars for resources caused by overpopulation could begin. So does the state need to stimulate the birth rate with all its might and provoke overpopulation in a single country right now? Do we really want our children to suffer from the government’s “one family, one child” policy, as the Chinese have suffered for a long time?
Mortality in Russia
In contrast to fertility, mortality is another important indicator of the demographic situation. The country needs to strive to reduce this number, since not all citizens live to the average life expectancy.
Main causes of early deaths:
Diseases(professional or not). Most people die from cardiovascular diseases: heart attack and stroke. In the Russian Federation, the mortality rate from them is approximately 5 times higher than in Japan and Canada. In total, more than 900 thousand people died from heart disease in 2016 (remember: in total, almost 1.9 million died this year). The second largest cause is oncology (in 2016, almost 300 thousand citizens died from cancer), followed by cirrhosis, diabetes, pneumonia, and tuberculosis.
External factors(road accidents, accidents, crimes leading to death).
Voluntary death. According to WHO, in 2013-2014 there were almost 20 suicides per 100 thousand citizens. In 2015 this figure was 17.7, in 2016 - 15.4, in 2017 - 14.2. Around the world, this figure is one of the highest among most civilized countries.
Indirect factors influencing the increase in mortality are:
Bad habits. The use of drugs, alcohol and smoking is not a direct cause of death (except perhaps in cases where a person drinks himself to death or dies from a drug overdose). But all these substances harm the body, leading to diseases, or leading to fatal crimes (road accidents, murders while intoxicated, murders by drug addicts for the sake of a dose).
Poor nutrition. In our country, eating fatty, fried, high-calorie and sweet foods is considered normal. Salads with a lot of mayonnaise, fried potatoes, fast food, buns and all kinds of sweets, instant noodles - this is the basis of the menu of millions of Russians of different genders and ages. Systematic consumption of junk food over a long period of time leads to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, heart, weakened immunity, and excess weight.
Physical inactivity(sedentary lifestyle). Leads to excess weight, weakening of the musculoskeletal system, general weakening of the body and immunity.
Polluted air in cities. In any large city the air is far from healthy. The composition and concentration of impurities is different everywhere, depending on the region and the enterprises that are located in it.
Lack of vitamins(from vegetables and fruits).
Low popularity of a healthy lifestyle. Only since the late 2000s have healthy lifestyles and sports begun to gain mass popularity. But still, not all citizens are drawn to this.
Migration and problems associated with it
Since the population size is affected only by external migration (when people move between countries, and not within the state between regions and cities), we will consider only its indicators.
Issues related to migrants are often raised not only in the media, but also on various unofficial resources - forums, social networks, blogs. They lie in the fact that the bulk of visitors are residents of poorer Asian countries and southern republics (Dagestan, Azerbaijan). For the average Russian, such visitors are usually presented in a negative light because:
occupy jobs;
reduce salaries(for some places it is easier to hire a visiting Tajik who is ready to earn 2 times less than a local Russian);
often a large number of people move into one apartment, ruining the lives of the neighbors, at least in the entrance.
This is not to mention other “little things”, such as often aggressive behavior, increased crime rates and unusual cultural customs that may be unpleasant to the indigenous population).
Another thing is Russian-speaking migrants of Slavic nationality (primarily Belarusians, Moldovans and Ukrainians). At first glance, such a visitor cannot be distinguished from a Russian; he does not always agree to work for pennies; the customs and culture are almost the same.
However, if for an ordinary citizen the nationality and behavior of newcomers are important and are not always liked, then for the state the influx of new citizens is a positive factor. The reasons are:
The number of people paying tax is increasing.
Labor shortage is decreasing. Migrants most often are people of working age who get a job in Russia. Moreover, most of the newcomers are engaged in low-skilled and low-paid work, for which it is more difficult to find local performers.
There is an influx of capital. Visitors spend money within the country, buy real estate here, and open businesses.
The nation is being “rejuvenated”. As already mentioned, the majority of visitors are young and middle-aged people.
Now some numbers:
As of early 2018, In total, there are about 10 million foreign citizens in the Russian Federation. About half of them are in the country illegally. Most often, foreigners go to Moscow and St. Petersburg, followed by Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk and Yekaterinburg.
About 80% of all migrants come from neighboring countries(both those who go to work and those who move to the Russian Federation for permanent residence). Of these, about half are Asian (mostly from Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan).
In total, in 2017, almost 258 thousand foreigners received Russian citizenship. Of these, 85 thousand Ukrainians, 40 thousand Kazakhs, 29 thousand Tajiks, 25 thousand Armenians, 23 thousand Uzbeks, 15 thousand Moldovans, 10 thousand Azerbaijanis, 9 thousand Kyrgyz, 4 thousand Belarusians and 2.5 thousand Georgians. In 2016, 265 thousand people received citizenship, in 2015 - 210 thousand.
The other side of the coin is emigration (when Russians leave for other countries for permanent residence). In 2017 alone, about 390 thousand people left the Russian Federation (that is, approximately 1.5 times more than arrived. And in total, from 2013 to 2017, the outflow of the population amounted to about 2 million people.
Main problems of emigration:
Young people are the first to leave: Most of the emigrants are between the ages of 24 and 38. And these are people who could increase the birth rate, not to mention other factors.
Mostly highly qualified personnel are leaving: engineers, scientists, IT specialists, experienced entrepreneurs, doctors, builders. Both established professionals and students with in-demand specialties are leaving.
A considerable part of emigrants have income above average, and when leaving the country they withdraw their funds from the country.
Due to the outflow of wealthy and qualified citizens, the state faces the following problems:
capital flight(moreover, more money is exported than the state budget receives from visitors: in 2017 alone, about $31.3 billion was withdrawn from the Russian Federation);
personnel shortage is intensifying in important and narrow specialties (if it is easy to find a janitor from among visitors, then finding an experienced surgeon for a hospital who moved to Germany because of the high salary is a very difficult task);
demographic problem is getting worse(because young people are emigrating).
To summarize briefly: external migration for the Russian Federation is more of a problem than an advantage. Despite the large influx of visitors, the country still loses more than it receives - both in the number of emigrants and in the losses (material, intellectual) that they cause by their departure. Specialists with narrow education and experience are being replaced by low-skilled foreigners who are ready to work cheaply. In the long term, both the state and ordinary Russians will suffer from this.