The army of thousands of the Golden Horde left behind only ashes on the site of once beautiful and rich cities. It seemed that the burned and devastated Russian land would never be reborn, but misfortunes did not break the Slavs. Slowly but surely the revival of Rus' began.

Rus' spreads its wings

After the invasion of Khan Batu's troops, the surviving people were left with nothing: houses were burned to the ground, livestock was stolen by the Tatars, all the property acquired over many years was plundered by the invaders.

The southern outskirts of the Russian lands still remained dangerous for living: bandit raids, devastation, fire, and violence could be expected at any moment.

Rice. 1. Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars.

Meanwhile, in the northeast, far from the Golden Horde, life was much calmer. To protect themselves from the attacks of merciless nomads, residents of the southern cities flocked to Suzdal, Novgorod, Vladimir, Rostov, Moscow, Yaroslavl. People gradually began to restore their economy, build houses, and improve their cities.

With particular eagerness, the settlers settled on the banks of the Moscow River, where they carried out their usual activities:

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• they plowed fields overgrown with grass;
• hunted wild animals;
• developed cattle breeding from miraculously surviving domestic animals;
• melted metal;
• they forged spears, swords and tools.

New monasteries began to emerge on the devastated lands. In the 14th century, near the city of Radonezh, the famous Trinity Monastery was built, which was later renamed Radonezh. It was founded by Elder Sergius, to whom a large queue of ordinary people and nobles lined up for advice and blessing.

Rice. 2. Trinity Monastery.

Strengthening Moscow

The burned Moscow was rebuilt along with other Russian cities. At first, the Moscow principality was very weak, but began to quickly revive. The following factors contributed to this:

• increase in the number of people in the city;
• development of various crafts;
• favorable location of the city - at the crossroads of trade routes;
• active development of trade both within Rus' and with overseas merchants;
• mining of white stone near Moscow;
• providing reliable protection to all city residents.

The ruling prince, Ivan Danilovich, who was the grandson of the brave Russian hero Alexander Nevsky, also had a great influence on the strengthening of Moscow. In 1325, he headed the Moscow Principality, which he ruled for 15 years.

Rice. 3. Prince Ivan Danilovich.

He was an intelligent, thrifty and prudent person who always tried to help those in need. So, he always carried with him a leather bag with coins, which he distributed to the poor. Such a wallet was called a kalit, and very quickly the people of the Moscow prince were dubbed Ivan Kalita.

The Moscow prince managed to win the trust of the Khan of the Golden Horde. He regularly paid tribute to the Mongol-Tatars and made rich gifts. The pleased khan appointed Ivan Kalita as the chief collector of tribute from all Russian lands. The Slavs benefited greatly from this decision:

• the invasions and pogroms of the Mongol-Tatars ceased;
• Ivan Kalita established reasonable taxes that ordinary people could pay;
• Thanks to reasonable savings, the Moscow prince managed not only to regularly pay tribute to the Tatars, but also to replenish the treasury in order to rebuild Moscow with the money saved.

During the years of his reign, Ivan Kalita came to the conclusion that the cause of all the disasters of Rus' was the disunity of the Russian principalities. He was the first of the princes to persistently gather distant fiefs into a single whole with Moscow. The prince went down in history as “the first collector of Rus'.”

Lesson about the world around us in 4th grade on the topic:

"Rus' spreads its wings"

Ponomar Maya Egorovna, primary school teacher

MBOU Secondary School No. 2, Mostovsky settlement, Krasnodar Territory

Lesson objectives:

To form students’ ideas about the beginning of the revival of Rus'.

Develop students’ speech and form communication skills.

Develop the ability to work with a map, tests, textbook, and additional literature.

To cultivate interest and respect for the history of our Motherland.

Equipment: textbook “The World Around Us”, 4th grade, author. A.A. Pleshakov, map “Kiev State in XIII century."

During the classes

Organizing time. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Checking homework according to plan:

XIIIcentury?

· XIIIin the century.

· Mongol warriors.

· Batu's campaign against Rus'.

·

3.P

·

Listening to student messages.

1.What danger arose for Rus' in XIIIcentury?

Nomadic tribes of the Mongol-Tatars XIIIin the century

Student 1. In XIII century, Rus' suffered severe trials.From the east, from Asia, the steppe nomads - the Mongolians - attackedTatars. These are nomadic (moving from place to place) Mongoliantribes. The Mongol-Tatars were engaged in breeding livestock: horses, camels,cows, sheep, goats. Cattle need pastures, so the Mongols movedwandered from place to place in search of new pastures.

The Mongols lived in yurts - light houses made of poles and felt. When moving, the yurts were dismantled and loaded onto carts. The Mongols were notwhimsical and very patient people. They might not eattwo or three days and easily tolerated the cold. Even among themselves they rarelylived in peace and harmony, and only with other tribes and peoples and Even more so, they were constantly at odds. They were rumored to be crueland fierce people.

Mongol warriors.

Student 2.The Mongol tribes were strong due to their numbers and military organization. Iron discipline reigned in their army.Nomadic life made of everyth Mongol, a skilled horseman and a skilled warrior. Men a lotThey spent time hunting and practiced archery. Children from the age of two or three began to ride a horse and learn to ridefly without a miss. Women were also excellent riders andthey knew how to handle weapons no worse than men, which had always been with them.

Batu's campaign against Rus'.

Student 3. The campaign against Rus' was led by Khan Batu. In the late autumn of 1237 he led to the Russianthere is a huge army on the Chinese borders. On his way lay the Ryazan princegesture. The people of Ryazan did not have the strength to repel such a strong to the enemy. Ryazan Prince Yuri Igorevich turned for help to to the Vladimir and Chernigov princes, but they did not respond to his call for help.

The Ryazan people defended themselves for five days, but on the sixth day the defenders’ forces dried up. The Mongol-Tatars burst into the city, destroyed and burned it, and all its inhabitants died.

2.Which cities showed the greatest resistance to the Mongol-Tatars?

Defenders of Vladimir. Defense of Kozelsk.

Student 4.In February 1238, Batu's hordes besieged Vladimir. The princely family and many boyars secluded themselves in churches. The last defenders of Vladimir died in the flames of a fire in the Assumption Cathedral. Then the invaders occupied the citiesKolomna, Moscow, Tver. The conquerors destroyed and burned many beautiful Russian ski cities.

The road to rich Novgorod opened for Batu. However, he turned back. On the way back to the southern steppes, Batu’s army spent seven weeks near the small town of Kozelsk.4,000 enemy soldiers lay down under the walls of Kozelsk, but also beyondThe city's defenders died. The enemies got only ruins, but they tooKhan Batu ordered to wipe it off the face of the earth. In 1240 there was sackKyiv was captured and destroyed.

3. Pconsequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'.

Establishment of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

Student 5.Almost all of Rus' was devastated by the Mongol-Tatars. Most of the Russian lands became dependent on the Golden Horde - this is how the state of the Mongol-Tatars began to be called. From now on, Rus' had to pay tribute to the Horde. The princes had to go to the khan - the ruler of the Golden Horde - for permission to own the principalities.

Why did Rus' submit to the Mongol-Tatars? Because not there was peace and harmony between the Russian princes: they competed with each other, since everyone wanted to become the main one among everyone. AND no matter how strong each principality individually is - its militaryThis strength could not be compared with the immense strength of the Mongols.For two hundred years the Mongols ruled Russian soil. Two hundred yearsit was necessary for the Russian people to gather strength and drive the enemy from their land.

III.Screening test on the topic: “Difficult times on Russian soil.”

IV.Physical education minute.

V.Working on a new topic.

The topic of our lesson is “Rus' spreads its wings” (About how Rus' was revived)

How do you understand the word “reborn”?

Ozhegov's dictionary says that revival- this is restoration, recovery after a period of decline and destruction.

Teacher's story.

The misfortunes that befell Rus' did not break the Russian people. The surviving inhabitants, hiding in the forests, returned to their native ashes. It was necessary to rebuild life again.

The princes of North-Eastern Rus' were caring and enterprising owners. They built new cities and fortresses. Crafts were gradually revived.

Merchant caravans stretched from city to city.

New monasteries arose.It often happened like this: a reclusive monk would settle in a dense forest, and people would flock to him for advice, consolation, and some would stay and also become monks.The Trinity (later Trinity-Sergius) Monastery arose near the city of Radonezh in the middle of the century.The Trinity Monastery was founded by Sergius of Radonezh. Princes, boyars and ordinary people turned to the elder for advice and support. Sergius helped everyone with his words. Soon the monastery founded by him became famous throughout Rus'.

The northeastern lands, farthest from the Horde, became safer for life. The cities of Moscow, Tver, and Yaroslavl were located here.

- Which of the large cities of northeastern Rus' do you think was richer?

- What place does Moscow occupy in our state?

- Who made Moscow rich, who took care of this city in XIIIcentury?

What do you know about Prince of Moscow Ivan Danilovich?

Teacher's story:

Moscow Prince Ivan Danilovich took care of order in his principality. Ivan was a strong and authoritative prince. The people gave the Moscow prince Ivan Danilovich the apt nickname Kalita. This is what they called a leather money bag in Rus'.

The prince was dubbed Kalita for two reasons. Firstly, he managed to accumulate and hide a lot of gold and silver from the greedy Horde khans. Secondly, Ivan Danilovich constantly carried a wallet with coins on his belt to distribute to the poor and needy.

Under Ivan Kalita, the ruler of the Golden Horde did not send troops against the Moscow principality. The Khan was pleased with the Russian prince. Ivan Kalita not only regularly paid tribute, but also gave rich gifts.

More than eight centuries have passed since a small wooden fortress was built on the steep Borovitsky hill, which at that time was covered with dense pine forests, by order of the Russian prince Yuri Dolgoruky. The year was 1147. This date is considered to be the year of the founding of Moscow. The area of ​​that ancient settlement from end to end was only 300 steps.

In XIII century, Moscow became the center of the principality. IN XIV century, the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan Kalita hurries to strengthen Moscow. Skilled carpenters are building new oak walls and towers to replace those that burned down in 1331. It was at this time that the fortress began to be called the Kremlin. The hewn oak logs were of enormous size. Their diameter reached 70 cm. This fortress served for more than 25 years. Rafts and ships with white stone walked along the Moscow River to the city.

A market place has formed near the Kremlin - the future Red Square. The roads leading to the Kremlin eventually turned into the main streets of Moscow.

At that time, Ivan Kalita became friends with the metropolitan, who then managed all church affairs of Rus'. Vladyka Peter moved from Vladimir to Moscow.

Since then, the Russian land began to reach out to Moscow as the spiritual capital. Both the spiritual authorities and various other people from all over Rus' began to visit the Metropolitan on business. And Moscow received profit and honor from this.

In the XIV V. The Moscow principality became the strongest in Rus'.

As an inheritance from Ivan Kalita, the Moscow princes received a grand-ducal headdress. During ceremonial appearances or receptions, the Moscow Grand Dukes and Tsars always had with them special signs of power - regalia. In one hand the monarch held a scepter, in the other - a round orb, and his head was crowned with a unique and very expensive hat - a grand-ducal headdress.

In his will, Kalita called the headdress a golden cap. Later it became known as the Monomakh cap and turned into a symbol of power. The legend says that it was allegedly sent as a gift to the Russian prince by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Monomakh.

Eight gold plates, covered with the finest patterns and precious rubies and emeralds, adorn the cap. She is crowned with a cross.

VI. Lesson summary.

“And may God save the Russian land! There is no country like it in this world!”

Afanasy Nikitin.

"Walking beyond the three seas."

VII.Homework.

Tell us why Ivan Kalita is famous in history?

Write a story about Moscow during the times of Ivan Kalita.

Lesson objectives:

• forming students’ ideas about the revival of Rus', the exploits of the defenders of Rus', about Moscow during the time of Ivan III, comparing it with the reign of Ivan Kalita and Dmitry Donskoy;
• development of students’ speech, ability to work with a map, ability to draw conclusions;
• developing students' cognitive abilities through illustrations and their comparison;
• instilling interest in history.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

II. Statement of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Teacher. Dire trials befell Rus' in the 13th century. But they did not break the Russian people. The theme of our lesson is “Rus' spreads its wings.”
During the lesson, we will learn about how Rus' was revived. Let's get acquainted with the activities of Prince Ivan Kalita to expand the Moscow principality. We will find ourselves on the Kulikovo field with Prince Dmitry Donskoy and his soldiers. We will also find out what changes took place in Rus' during the time of Ivan the Third.
In the meantime, let's remember how Rus' became dependent on the Golden Horde.

III.Updating basic knowledge (Appendix 2 )

– Who are the Tatar-Mongols?
– Who led the army of conquerors?
– When did the invaders invade Rus'?
– How were Russian cities defended?

IV. Formation of new knowledge. Opening new

1. Introductory conversation

Students:

– The misfortune that befell Rus' did not break the Russian people. The surviving inhabitants, hiding in the forests, returned to their native ashes. It was necessary to rebuild life again. ( Annex 1 , slide 1)

The northeastern lands, farthest from the Horde, became safe for life. ( Annex 1 , slide 2)

The cities of Moscow, Tver, and Yaroslavl were located here. ( Annex 1 , slide 3) Immigrants from other Russian regions went here. Nature provided everything necessary for life - lands convenient for cultivation, forests rich in game, rivers, lakes.

The princes of northeastern Rus' were caring and enterprising owners; they built cities and fortresses. Blacksmiths, tanners, potters, shoemakers, carpenters, and stonemasons worked in these cities. Craftsmen who made weapons and armor were especially valued.

New monasteries arose. It often happened like this: a reclusive monk would settle in a dense forest, and people would flock to him for advice and consolation, and some would remain and become monks. ( Annex 1 , slide 4)

So monk Sergius founded the Trinity Monastery near the city of Radonezh. Sergius of Radonezh was respected in Rus'. He was modest, worked hard himself and encouraged others to work hard. Many people turned to him for advice and help. Father Sergius strove to eradicate evil on earth, to destroy the lies and shortcomings of people, but by the end of his life he realized that he was unable to do this. Then he vowed never to talk to anyone for the rest of his life. So he died in silence.

But the memory of him has been preserved for centuries. In his honor, the monastery he founded was named Trinity Lavra of Sergius, and the city where this monastery stands is called Sergiev Posad.

2. The reign of Ivan Kalita

Teacher. To continue the story about the revival of Rus', we need to take a closer look at the periods of the reign of the 3 Moscow princes Ivan Danilovich Kalita, Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy and Prince Ivan III Vasilyevich.

Students:

The people gave the Moscow prince Ivan Danilovich the apt nickname Kalita. This is what they called a leather money bag in Rus'. The prince was dubbed Kalita for two reasons. Firstly, he managed to accumulate and hide a lot of gold and silver from the greedy Horde khans. Secondly, he always carried a purse with coins on his belt to distribute to the poor.

He got the remote town of Moscow, lost in the forests, and seven even smaller towns. But over time, the tiny principality grew so much that it became the largest and strongest among the Russian lands. And Moscow turned into a rich, well-fortified city.

Under Ivan Danilovich, builders did not have to sit idle. Rafts and ships with white stones walked and walked along the Moscow River to the city. It was mined near Moscow. Skilled masons erected the first stone cathedrals on Borovitsky Hill.

Skilled carpenters surrounded the fortress with oak walls instead of the previous wooden wall. It was at that time that the fortress began to be called the Kremlin. A market place has formed near the Kremlin - the future Red Square. The roads leading to the Kremlin eventually turned into the main streets of Moscow.

Under Ivan Kalita, the ruler of the Golden Horde did not send troops against the Moscow principality. The Khan was pleased with the Russian prince. Ivan Kalita not only regularly paid tribute, but also made rich gifts. For this, Khan called him Grand Duke.

Having become the Grand Duke, Kalita began to travel to the Horde even more often and entered into great favor with the Khan. The other princes saw this, and none of them dared to argue with Ivan, everyone obeyed and feared him. The Khan completely entrusted himself to the Moscow prince and instructed him to collect tribute from all over the Russian land. Kalita handled this matter so cleverly that the Tatars were happy, and his own treasury grew larger. Then he began to buy their volosts from other princes, and where possible, he took them by force. The Moscow principality grew and became stronger year by year, and by the end of Ivan’s life it became the largest and strongest in Rus'.

Under him, the destructive Horde invasions and pogroms ceased for 40 years. Thanks to this respite, Rus' was able to begin to gather forces in order to later give a decisive rebuff to the foreign invaders. Thus, Kalita was the first to collect and merge with Moscow the disparate parts of the Russian land.

As an inheritance from Ivan Kalita, the Moscow princes received the Grand Duke's headdress. During ceremonial appearances or receptions, the Moscow Grand Dukes and Tsars always had with them special signs of power - regalia. In one hand the monarch held a scepter, and in the other a round orb, and his head was crowned with a unique and very expensive hat. This was Monomakh's hat.

The origin of Monomakh's cap is connected with a legend: it was supposedly received as a gift from Byzantium at the beginning of the 12th century by the Kiev prince Vladimir Monomakh, who was a relative of the Byzantine emperor Constantine Monomakh on his mother's side.

In fact, the hat is of Eastern origin. This is a golden pointed cap of Central Asian work. It is crowned with a cross at the top and trimmed with sable fur at the bottom. When the next king ascended the throne, he was crowned with the Monomakh cap. In 1724, the hat was replaced with the imperial crown. In history, the Monomakh cap has remained a symbol of royal power in Russia. It is now kept in the armory of the Moscow Kremlin.

Teacher: Please tell me what happened to Moscow during the reign of Ivan Kalita? How did Ivan Kalita manage to expand his principality? What did the Moscow princes inherit from Ivan Kalita? What is Ivan Kalita known in history for?

3. Dmitry Donskoy and the Battle of Kulikovo

Teacher: More than once the Russian people rose up against the Golden Horde, Rus' slowly gathered strength. The grandson of Prince Ivan Kalita, Dmitry Ivanovich, issued an open challenge to the Horde - he stopped paying the hated tribute. Meanwhile, the once powerful Golden Horde was in decline. The angry ruler of the Horde, Mamai, decided to teach the rebellious prince a lesson and equipped a large army against him. Dmitry Ivanovich understood well that in order to successfully fight the Tatar-Mongols, the Russian principalities must determine all their strength. Prince Dmitry sent fast messengers with his letters throughout the Russian land. In 30 days, such an army was assembled that had never been assembled in Rus'. There were squads of almost all Russian princes, as well as militia from different cities. The main offensive weapons were spears and arrows.

Prince Dmitry quickly led his army south to meet the Mongol ruler Mamai. The troops converged on the Kulikovo field, where the Nepryadva River flows into the Don. The morning arrived on September 8, 1380. The early morning fog hung over the future battlefield, when Russian regiments lined up here over the rows of mines, ready for battle, the breeze slightly swayed the banners. Above the main regiment a grand ducal banner with the face of Jesus Christ fluttered, and Prince Dmitry himself, in the clothes of an ordinary warrior, stood in the general formation.

Students:

There is a legend that the battle began with a duel between two warrior-heroes. Mamaia's bodyguard, Chelubey, rode out from the enemy ranks on a mighty horse. Shaking his spear, with a thunderous voice he challenged any Russian warrior who was not afraid to measure his strength to a duel. The hero Peresvet accepted this challenge. With a spear to their advantage, the riders rushed at each other and collided at full speed. Their horses barely survived, and both warriors struck each other to death. And then the Russian and Horde regiments clashed in a bloody battle. Arrows fell like rain, spears broke like straw, swords sparkled like lightning in the sun.

Mamai's army was defeated. The Russian victory was complete. But the feeling of triumph and rejoicing was mixed with bitterness and sorrow for the dead. Many glorious sons of the Motherland died on the Kulikovo Field. It was all heavily soaked in blood, and the waters of the Don, as they later said, were red.

With the victory, the Russian people had a strong hope of freeing themselves from the power of the Horde. People associated this hope with the name of Dmitry Donskoy - this is how the people began to call the thirty-year-old prince in memory of the victory.

Thus, the Battle of Kulikovo is of great importance in the history of the Russian people. It made a decisive change in Rus''s attitude towards its wild conquerors. The Russian people were clearly convinced that their main strength should lie in uniting their disparate parts. Eyes from all over the Russian land turned to Moscow: the people began to expect protection from Moscow from all their powerful enemies.

4. Reign of Ivan III

Teacher: 100 years have passed since the Battle of Kulikovo. The Moscow principality expanded and strengthened even more, annexing most of the Russian lands. The Russian army changed, guns appeared, hand-held firearms - squeaks. The main force in the Russian army was the forged army - well-armed cavalry; during the campaigns it was supported by the ship's army - the foot army, which was delivered to the battlefield by boats.

Students:

In the summer of 1480, Moscow Prince Ivan III learned that the Horde Khan Akhmat was leading his troops to Rus'. By the time of the reign of Ivan III, Rus' had also changed - all the principalities united around Moscow. The Moscow prince was now the chief among all the princes.

Ivan III led the army to meet Akhmat. The chronicle says that there were 180 thousand people in the Russian army. The narrow Ugra River flows not far from Kaluga. The Russian army occupied the fords and all attempts of Khan Akhmat to cross the river ended unsuccessfully. The famous standing on the Ugra began. Russian - Mongolian troops stood opposite each other on opposite sides of the river, and no one dared to be the first to begin the attack. This continued until October. Frost struck and the river became covered with ice. Unexpectedly, Khan Akhmat withdrew his army. This – November 11, 1480 – is considered to be the day of the liberation of Rus' from the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Thus ended Rus'’s dependence on the Horde.

5. Generalization

Teacher: What kind of person was Ivan III? What decisive step did he take? What general tasks did Russia face during the reign of Ivan Kalita, Dmitry Donskoy, and Ivan the Third? How did the actions of Ivan the Third in relations with the Golden Horde differ from the actions of Ivan Kalita?
– What conclusion did you draw for yourself?

Working with a historical map

Find North-Eastern Rus' on the map (see previous page). Name its cities. Test yourself using the textbook text.

The misfortunes that befell Rus' did not break the Russian people. The surviving inhabitants, hiding in the forests, returned to their native ashes. It was necessary to rebuild life again.

The northeastern lands, farthest from the Horde, became safer for life. The cities of Moscow, Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov, Tver, Yaroslavl were located here. Immigrants from other Russian regions headed here. Nature provided everything necessary for life - lands suitable for cultivation, forests abundant in game, rivers and lakes rich in fish.

The princes of North-Eastern Rus' were caring and enterprising owners. They built new cities and fortresses. Old crafts were gradually revived. In the cities of North-Eastern Rus', skilled blacksmiths, tanners, potters, shoemakers, carpenters, and stone cutters worked. Craftsmen who made weapons and armor began to be especially valued - armor makers, shield makers, archers, and chainmailers.

Merchant caravans stretched from city to city. Merchants traded calmly and profitably under princely protection.

New monasteries arose. It often happened like this: a reclusive monk would settle in a dense forest, and people would flock to him for advice, consolation, and some would stay and also become monks.

Near the city of Radonezh in the middle of the 14th century, the Trinity (later Trinity-Sergius) monastery arose. It was founded by Sergius. They began to call him Sergius of Radonezh. Princes, boyars and ordinary people turned to the elder for advice and support. Sergius helped everyone with his words and refused to refuse anyone. Soon the monastery founded by him became famous throughout Rus'.

Moscow Prince Ivan Kalita

Moscow Prince Ivan Danilovich, grandson of Alexander Nevsky, took care of order in his principality. He reigned from 1325 to 1340.

Moscow, the center of the principality, became richer and grew under him. Merchants and artisans moved to Moscow, attracted by the opportunity to live under reliable protection. Muscovites traded successfully. In the summer, many ships with goods stood on the piers near the Moscow River. In winter, sleigh trains pulled along.

Under Ivan Danilovich, builders did not sit idle. Rafts and ships with white stone walked along the Moscow River to the city. It was mined near Moscow. Skilled masons erected the first white stone cathedrals on Borovitsky Hill.

Skilled carpenters surrounded the fortress with new oak walls instead of the previous log fence. It was at that time that the fortress began to be called the Kremlin. A market place was formed near the Kremlin - a place of trade.

Ivan managed to gain the confidence of the Khan of the Golden Horde. The Moscow prince was allowed to collect tribute for the Horde himself. Who knows how much of the collected money remained in the hands of the thrifty prince?! These savings were useful to him - he bought a lot of new lands, steadily expanding his possessions.

The prince was thrifty, but did not skimp when it was necessary to help the disadvantaged. On his belt he always wore a purse with money (in Old Russian “kalyta”), from which he gave to the poor. That's why they called him Kalita.

As an inheritance from Ivan Kalita, the Moscow princes received a grand-ducal headdress. In his will, Kalita called it a golden cap. Later it became known as the Monomakh cap and turned into a symbol of power. Legend says that it was sent as a gift by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Monomakh to one of the Russian princes. Eight gold plates, covered with the finest patterns and precious rubies and emeralds, adorn the cap. She is crowned with a cross.

The Moscow principality became the strongest in North-Eastern Rus'. Ivan Kalita began to collect Russian lands around Moscow.

• Follow on the map how Russian lands gathered around Moscow.

Let's discuss!

What role did the personal qualities of Ivan Kalita play in the success of his reign?

check yourself

1. What facts about the revival of North-Eastern Rus' can you give?
2. Why is Ivan Kalita famous in history? Why did he get such a nickname?

Homework assignments

1. Write it down in your dictionary: monastery.
2. Based on the illustration (see above), tell us about Moscow during the times of Ivan Kalita.
3. Using the Internet, prepare a message about Monomakh's hat.

Next lesson

Let's find out how Rus' fought for independence. Using the map we will determine the location of the Battle of Kulikovo. Let's try to understand what role the Battle of Kulikovo played in the history of Russia.

Remember what military feats of the defenders of our Fatherland you know.