It is a storehouse of various rules and parts of speech. Of course, for local residents, studying them does not present any problems, but foreign citizens sometimes have to work hard to understand what this or that part of speech or this or that rule means. In most cases, a serious difficulty occurs precisely at the stage of studying the sacrament. Of course, it’s not only foreign citizens who don’t understand what it is. Many Russian speakers quite often confuse participles, for example, with adjectives.
So what is a communion? In the rules of the Russian language, a participle is defined as a special one that has the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective. Apparently, the difficulties we talked about earlier come from here. So, what features does the participle receive from the verb, and which from the adjective?
Let's start with the verb. First of all, teachers always say that the participle received temporal categories from the verb. According to the rules of the Russian language, a participle can be either present or past, but never future. Types of participles were also derived from the most powerful part of speech - the verb. Well, and return.
Now let's turn to the adjective. Here everything is somewhat simpler than with a verb. The ability to change genders and numbers was derived precisely from this part of speech. In addition to these important properties, participles can also be inflected according to the principle of adjectives.
Types of participles are, in principle, a simple topic, but they can also cause a lot of trouble, so let's talk a little about them. So, earlier we mentioned that participles are formed from a verb. In this regard, some features of the verb moved to the participle, in particular aspect. If we turn to the rules associated with the verb, we will see that its types are divided into perfect and imperfect.
The types of participles can be determined by asking a question. If the participle is formed from a verb answering the question “what to do?”, then it should be classified as an imperfect form. The perfect participle is formed from a verb that answers the question “what to do?” As you can see, there may not be any problems with determining the type of participle. But it should be remembered that, for example, it is possible to form only the present participle and As for the perfect, then from it you will only get the past participle.
What else should Russian language learners know? Of course, about the fact that participles can be passive and active. Here it will be somewhat more difficult than with such a concept as types of participles.
By means a sign of an object that itself produced an action. If it is indicated that an action was performed on someone, then this is already a passive, each of them has their own, by which affiliation can be determined.
So, the suffixes of the active participle include -ushch, -yushch, -ashch, -yashch, as well as -vsh and -sh. Passive participles can be formed using suffixes such as -em, -im, -nn-, -enn, -t.
Participle– a part of speech, which is a special form of a verb that denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”.
As a verbal form, participles have the following grammatical features:
- Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) dozing(what to do? - take a nap); the cat jumped(what to do? - jump);
- Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) dozing, cat (what?) escaped);
- Refundability: returnable and non-refundable.
Morphological and syntactic features of participles
There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has characteristics that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some features of adjectives, such as
- object attribute designation
- and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number and case).
Participles are active and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in a sentence plays the role of the nominal part of the compound predicates. For example: Textbook revealed on page ten.
Participles can be inflected by case, number and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verbal characteristics, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: A lost book, a lost briefcase, a lost panel.
Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Active and passive participles are formed using suffixes.
Types of participles and their examples.
Passive participles.
Passive participles- these are those participles that denote a characteristic created in one object under the influence of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) drawn or drawn by a student.
Formed from verb stems in the present and past tenses using suffixes:
- -om- (-em-) – for verbs of the first conjugation
- -im- – for verbs of II conjugation
- -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense
Examples: read, carried, lit, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split
Active participles.
Active participle is a participle that denotes a characteristic produced by the subject/object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.
Active participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tenses using suffixes
Verbs have a special participle form. For example: working, working (from the verb to work); builder, built (from the verb to build). A participle is a form of a verb that has the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.
Like an adjective, a participle denotes a characteristic of an object. But unlike an adjective, a participle denotes such a feature of an object that indicates the action or state of the object; working man, i.e. the person who works; sleeping baby, i.e. the child who is sleeping.
The participle has a number of characteristics of a verb: 1) the participle can be present and past tense: working- present tense, worked- past tense; 2) the participle can be perfect or imperfect: worked- imperfect species, worked- perfect view; 3) the participle can be reflexive; washable; 4) the participle requires the same case as other verbal forms: reading (what?) a book; compare: reading a book, reading a book, reading a book (but reading a book).
On the other hand, the participle has a number of characteristics of an adjective: 1) the participle changes in gender and number, like an adjective: working, working, working, working (compare: mighty, mighty, mighty, mighty); 2) the participle is declined like an adjective: working, working, working and so on.
In a sentence, the main role of a participle is the same as that of an adjective: it usually serves as a secondary member of the sentence (attribute).
Active and passive participles.
Active participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs. Passive participles are formed only from transitive ones.
A real participle is a participle that shows the attribute of an object that itself produces or has produced an action: a student who draws painted, (or painted) a picture.
A passive participle is a participle that shows the attribute of an object that is experiencing action from another person or object: a picture drawn (or painted) by a student.
Perfect and imperfect participles.
Active and passive participles retain the form of the verb from which they are formed: read-reader, read, readable(imperfect view); read - read, read(perfect view). At the same time, participles of both present and past tense are formed from imperfective verbs. And only past participles are formed from perfective verbs.
Formation of active participles of present and past tenses.
I. The active participles of the present tense are formed from the base of the present tense using the suffixes -уш- (-уж-) for verbs of the 1st conjugation, -аш- (-яж-) for verbs of the 2nd conjugation.
1) Carrying - carrying 2) Holding-at-holding
Work-yut-working Vid-yat - seeing Bor-yut-sya - struggling Build-yat-sya - under construction
II. Active past participles are formed from an indefinite stem using the suffix -вш- if the stem ends in a vowel, and the suffix -ш- if the stem ends in a consonant: read - read, see - seen, carry - carried.
The active present and past participles of reflexive verbs retain the particle -sya: struggling-struggling; fight - struggling.
The case and gender endings of participles are the same as those of adjectives.
Note. Participles on powerful (powerful, lying) penetrated into the literary language from the Old Church Slavonic language. In the Old Russian language these participles corresponded to participles in -chiy (mighty, recumbent), which later turned into ordinary adjectives, i.e. lost the meaning of the duration of action. Therefore, in Russian there are such pairs: standing - standing, flowing - flowing, pricking - prickly. The first word of each pair is of Old Church Slavonic origin, the second is of Russian origin.
Formation of passive participles of the present and past tenses.
Passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.
I. Present passive participles are formed from the present tense stem using the suffix -em- for many verbs of the 1st conjugation and the suffix -im- for verbs of the 2nd conjugation: kita-yut, read-e-th; they see, they see.
Note. From some verbs of the 1st conjugation, passive present participles are formed using the suffix -om: ved-ut, ved-om-y; attracted, attracted. These participles are bookish in nature.
II. Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive form of the verb:
a) using the suffix -nn-, if the base of the indefinite form of the verb ends in -а(-я), -е: read - read; sow - sown; seen-seen.
b) Using the suffix -enn-(-yonn-), if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in a consonant or in (and the suffix -i- is omitted): carried away - carried away; baked - baked; paint - painted; illuminate - illuminated; convince - convinced; glorify-glorified.
At the same time, for verbs of the 2nd conjugation, alternations of sounds occur (s-sh, z-zh, t - h - shch, d-zh-zhd, v-vl, etc.).
c) From some verbs, passive past participles are formed using the suffix –t- we-th - washed; vi-th - twisted; mint - crumpled; touch - touched; grate- grated; lock - locked; mo-mo-t - ground; stabbed - stabbed.
Notes 1. Verbs of group c) include verbs of the 1st conjugation if the stem of the indefinite form ends in and, y, y, oh, and also I (a), alternating with n or m: vi-t - twisted, we-t - washed, touch-touched, prick - pricked, min-t (mn-u) - crumpled, squeeze (squeeze-y, squeeze-y ) - compressed.
2. For verbs whose indefinite stem ends in -er-, the final e of the stem is omitted: grate - grated.
Short form of passive participles.
Passive participles have two forms - full and short: read - read; open - open.
The full form of participles in a sentence is usually a modifier. The short form of passive participles is not inflected and serves as a predicate in the sentence.
Compare: 1. The fog-shrouded forest is noisy. -The forest is shrouded in fog. (The word shrouded is a definition, and the word shrouded is a predicate.) 2. The children approached the open door. -The door is open. (The word open is the definition, and the word open is the predicate.)
Passive participles of the short form are formed using the suffix -я- or less commonly -t-.
Unlike full participles, short participles have one n: read book - book read, painted floors - floors painted.
Declension of participles.
Full participles have the same case endings as adjectives.
The past participles are also declined: fought, fought, fought and so on.
Transition of participles into nouns and adjectives.
A participle can be used in the meaning of an ordinary noun or adjective. For example, in sentences: 1. The workers of the USSR joyfully greet the May Day holiday, 2. Students are preparing for spring tests - words from students and workers have the meaning of nouns.
A participle that turns into an adjective loses the meaning of time and denotes a permanent property of an object. Passive past participles especially often turn into adjectives. For example: baked bread, loaded barge. Such participles do not have explanatory words. Passive participles without prefixes, which have turned into adjectives, are written with one n. For example, wounded animal (compare: animal wounded by a bullet); baked bread (compare; well-baked bread).
Passive participles with prefixes are always written after two n (-NN-): frozen, strengthened, red-hot, chosen, educated. Participles with the suffix -ovanny-y, even if they have turned into adjectives, are also written with two organized team, qualified worker.
Spelling particles Not with participles.
Particle Not with participles in full form it is written separately if the participle has an explanatory word with it.
Particle Not with participles it is written together if the participle does not have explanatory words with it.
There was a winding road leading to the garden. uncleared track.
On unmown the meadow was full of flowers..
Unfinished a glass of milk stood on the table. There was a winding road leading to the garden, cleared by no one track.
In the meadow, still not mowed down by collective farmers, the flowers were colorful.
Not finished drinking as a child a glass of milk stood on the table.
With participle in short form negation Not written separately: Job Not finished. More materials needed Not collected.
Notes 1. With explanatory words denoting the degree (extremely, completely, completely, very, very, extremely etc.), not written together with the participle, for example: a completely unresolved issue, an extremely rash act.
2. If it is not part of intensifying negations - far from, not at all, not at all and others standing before the participle, then the negation is not written separately, for example: It’s far from a thoughtful decision, it’s not a resolved issue at all.
Participle As a morphological phenomenon, it is interpreted ambiguously in linguistics. In some linguistic descriptions, the participle is considered an independent part of speech, in others - a special form of the verb. In the description we offer, we proceed from the point of view of the participle as a special form of the verb.
Participle is a special form of a verb with the following characteristics:
1. Indicatessign of an object by action and answers the questions which? what is he doing?, what has he done?, what has he done?.
2. Possessesmorphological features of verb and adjective .
The features of a verb include:
view (perfect - SV and imperfect - NSV),
repayment ,
time (present and past).
pledge (active and passive).
The characteristics of an adjective include:
genus ,
number ,
case (for full participles),
completeness / brevity (only for passive participles).
3. Participles agree with nouns like adjectives and in a sentence they are the same members as adjectives, that isdefinition Andnominal part of a compound noun predicate (short participles - only part of the predicate).
Dependence of the number of participial forms on transitivity and verb type
A verb can have from one to four participial forms, depending on its transitivity and aspect.
Transitive verbs can have the forms of active and passive participles,intransitive verbs have only active participle forms.
Verbsperfect form have only past participles,Verbsimperfect form can have participles of both present and past tense. Thus,
– transitive verbs Not perfect form have all 4 participles (reading, read, read, read ),
– intransitive verbs are not perfect form have 2 participles - active present and past tense (sleeping, sleeping ),
– transitive verbsperfect form also have 2 participles - active and passive past tense (read, read ).
– intransitive verbsperfect form have only 1 participial form - the active past participle (overslept ).
Active participles
Active participles denote a sign of an object thatdoes the action himself: boy reading a book .
Active participles of the present tense are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs of the NSV from the base of the present tense using suffixes:
- ush-(-yush-) Forverbs I conjugation : running, running, running ,
- ash-(-box-) Forverbs II conjugation : lying, hundred-box .
Active past participles are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV and SV from the past tense stem using suffixes:
-vsh- for verbs with a stem,ending with a vowel : read-vsh-y ,
-sh - for verbs withbased on a consonant : nes-sh-y .
Verbs can form active past participles from another stem:
Some verbs in-sti ( lead, gain ) form the participles in question from the present/simple future tense stem (and not from the past tense stem):having found (future tense base)gained , the basis of the past -found ), leading ;
Verbsgo Andfade These participles are formed from a special base, not equal to any others:faded, faded .
Some verbs can form two participles from different stems: one from the past tense stem dried and the other from the infinitive stemdried out , and the choice of suffix is carried out in accordance with the given rule.
Passive participles
Passive participles indicate a sign of the object to which the action is directed:book read by a boy .
Passive participles of the present tense are formed from transitive verbs NSV, from the stem of the present tense using the suffix:
- eat- (sometimes -om) forverbs I conjugation : read, know ,
-them - Forverbs II conjugation : stored .
Passive participles can be formed from single intransitive verbs:guided Andcontrolled formed from intransitive verbslead and manage (the meaning of the object with these verbs is expressed by a noun in the form not of V. p., but of T. p.: to manage, to manage the plant).
Verbs do not have passive present participlesbeat, write, sew, revenge and others.
Present passive participle of a verbdawat b is formed from a special base (let's go ).
Verbmove has two passive participles in the present tense:moveable Andmovable .
Passive past participles are formed from the transitive verbs NSV and SV (participles from verbs NSV are few) from the past tense stem using suffixes:
-n(n)- from verbson - at, -at and -et : read - nn-th ,
- en(n)- frombases on consonant and -it : carried away, built ,
-T- from the basicsna -nut, -ot, -eret and from monosyllabic verbs and their derivatives:closed, closed, locked, bi-th, broken.
Passive past participles of verbs are not formedfall in love , search , take .
Some verbs have -sti, -is Passive past participles are formed from the present/future stem:given , newfound , spun , stolen .
Passive present and past participles can also be formed by adding the postfix -xia to the active voice form:Fine selling (= selling) / selling books.
Passive participles have full and short forms:a letter written by me - a letter written by me . Short participles have the same grammatical properties as short adjectives, that is, they do not change by case and appear in a sentence primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.
Morphological analysis of the participle
Morphologically, the participle is parsed according to the following plan:
I. Part of speech (special form of a verb). General meaning. What verb is it derived from? Initial form - nominative singular masculine
II. Morphological characteristics. Constant signs: a) active or passive, b) tense, c) aspect, d) reflexivity. Inconstant features: a) full or short form (for passives), b) case (for participles in full form), c) number, d) gender.III. Syntactic role.
Sample parsing of a participle
A revolving glass door with brass steamer rails ushered him into a large pink marble lobby. The grounded elevator housed an information desk. A laughing female face looked out from there (I. Ilf and E. Petrov).
Analysis of the participle as a verb form:
I.Rotating (which one?) - adj., (spin + -box-)
beginning rotating shape.
II.Fast. signs: real, present time, NSV, return;
non-post signs: I. p.; in units number, in women kind.
III.Door (what?) revolving (definition)
I.Grounded (what?) - pr., (ground + -enn-);
beginning form grounded
II.Fast. signs: passive, past. time, NE, non-return;
non-post signs: fully form, pp., units including, husband kind.
III.Elevator (what?) grounded (definition)
I.(what?) - prib., (laugh + - yush-);
beginning Laughing form.
II.Fast. signs: valid, present time, NSV, return;
non-post signs: I. p., in units. number, on Wed. kind.
III.Face (what?) laughing(definition)
The participle is a special independent part of speech in the Russian language, which combines the properties of a verb and an adjective. This is manifested in the fact that the participle is formed from a verb, but answers questions characteristic of an adjective: which one?, what one does?, what one did?, what one did?. Schoolchildren and linguistic students should be able to correctly determine the type of participle. This is a constant morphological feature of the participle; it significantly affects the interpretation of the meaning of the word. To determine the type of participle and avoid mistakes, it is important to use advice and follow the algorithm.
Determine the type of participle. Recommendations
- First, determine from which verb the participle was formed. This part of speech combines the characteristics of an adjective and a verb. The view can be passive and active. Either an object performs some action, or some action is performed on the object:
- the active participle denotes the action of an object, for example: reader - someone is reading, a person is reading a book;
- the passive participle describes an action performed with an object, for example: read - something is being read, a book is being read by a person.
- the active participle denotes the action of an object, for example: reader - someone is reading, a person is reading a book;
- You can determine the type of participle by asking the appropriate questions:
- what did he do? what is he doing?– questions of the actual participle;
- what's being done?- question of the passive participle.
- what did he do? what is he doing?– questions of the actual participle;
- Put the participle in full or short form. Note whether the participle you are considering can have both forms. Remember an important sign of the type of this part of speech:
- the real participle has only a full form in Russian; it cannot be put into a short form without violating language norms;
- the passive participle can have both forms: full and short; for example: readable - readable.
Active participles are put into a short form only in some dialects, choosing separate words for this. You can immediately distinguish a violation of the norm of the Russian language: reading - reading.
- the real participle has only a full form in Russian; it cannot be put into a short form without violating language norms;
- Please note: short passive participles change in Russian according to numbers and genders. For example: read - readable - readable - readable.
- Parse the participle according to its composition. It is advisable to carry out a complete analysis of the word according to its composition in order to accurately find the suffix. It is this part of the participle that is its formal specific feature. Each type of this part of speech has specific suffixes:
- active participles: suffixes –ash-, -ush-, -yash-, -sh-, -vsh-;
- passive participles: suffixes –em-, -nn-, -enn-.
- active participles: suffixes –ash-, -ush-, -yash-, -sh-, -vsh-;
- Draw your own summary table of characteristics of the type of participle. Include in it all the useful information about different methods for determining the type of this part of speech: by questions, suffixes, the presence of short and long forms. Provide your table with your own examples. Then it will be much easier for you to correctly determine the type of participle, and you will quickly remember all the information, using different types of memory.
- Please note that some participles have long since moved to another part of speech. Outwardly, they resemble participles, but in fact they are adjectives, since they denote actions and states that have become permanent features of objects. For example, canned peas. Such words should be treated as adjectives.
How to determine the type of participle correctly? Follow the algorithm and remember the recommendations.
- Write down on a separate piece of paper the participles whose type you need to determine.
- Remember your table and start looking at the words in accordance with it. To begin, ask the communion question.
- Check whether this participle has a short, full form.
- Parse the word according to its composition. Select the suffix and find out what type it corresponds to. Determine the type of participle.
- Test yourself: write down the verb from which the participle is formed. Make up a phrase with it. Think about it: are we talking about an action performed by an object or an action that someone performs on an object? Draw your final conclusions and write down the type of participle.