In accordance with the Regulations on accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation, responsibility for organizing accounting is assigned to the head of the enterprise (organization). He must create the necessary conditions for proper accounting, ensure that all departments and services, as well as employees related to accounting, comply with the requirements of the chief accountant regarding the procedure for registration and submission of documents and information for accounting.
Accounting at an enterprise is carried out by the accounting department, which is its independent structural unit (service), or by centralized accounting, assigned by the chief accountant. In the absence of an accounting service, accounting and reporting can be carried out by an audit firm or a specialist on a contractual basis.
The main prerequisites for the rational organization of accounting are:
1. Studying regulations, guidelines, instructions and other regulatory documents on accounting and reporting, as well as organizational and production features of the organization.
It is necessary to ensure the scientific organization of accounting, compliance with legislation, compliance of the accounting methodology in a given organization with the accounting methodology established for all organizations, which will ensure the uniformity of accounting and reporting data across industries and the entire national economy.
In the process of identifying the organizational and production features of an organization, it is necessary to find out its organizational structure, the relationship of individual parts, their territorial location, become familiar with the features of production technology, plans of the organization, etc. The significance of these features of the organization’s work will make it possible to determine the information and timing necessary to ensure control over economic activities, the content of internal reporting, accounting objects for recording them in the appropriate registers, forms of documents and registers, the procedure for their preparation, processing and approval, and establish document flow.
2. Determining the volume and nature of accounting work.
To determine the volume and nature of accounting work, which is necessary, first of all, to establish the staffing of the accounting department and distribute work among individual employees, a list of all accounting operations to be performed per month is compiled and the standard time for completing each operation is established.
3. Establishing the structure of the accounting apparatus and the forms of its communication with individual parts of the organization.
When establishing the structure of the accounting apparatus and the forms of its connection with individual parts of the enterprise, it is necessary to resolve the issue of centralization or decentralization of accounting.
When centralizing accounting, the accounting apparatus of the enterprise is concentrated in the main accounting department, where all synthetic and analytical accounting is carried out on the basis of primary and consolidated documents coming from individual divisions of the organization (shops, departments, etc.). In the divisions themselves, only the initial registration of business transactions is carried out.
With the decentralization of accounting, the accounting apparatus is dispersed among individual production divisions of the organization, where synthetic and analytical accounting is carried out, and balance sheets and reports of factories, workshops and departments are compiled. In this case, the main accounting department draws up a consolidated balance sheet and reports for the organization, and also exercises control over the organization of accounting in individual divisions of the organization.
To ensure a rational organization of accounting, it is of great importance to develop plan his organization.
The accounting organization plan consists of the following elements:
Working chart of accounts.
It is compiled on the basis of the Chart of Accounts established by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, used in the territory of the Russian Federation.
Documentation plan
The Federal Law “On Accounting” dated November 21, 96 No. 129-FZ obliges the acceptance of primary documents for accounting if they are drawn up in the prescribed form contained in the albums of unified forms of primary accounting documentation.
Documents whose form is not provided for in these albums must contain the following details:
Title of the document;
date of document preparation;
name of the organization on behalf of which the document was drawn up;
measuring business transactions in physical and monetary terms;
the names of the positions of the persons responsible for the execution of the business transaction and the correctness of its execution;
personal signatures of these persons.
Inventory plan and methods for assessing types of property and liabilities
In accordance with the Federal Law “On Accounting,” organizations are required to conduct an inventory of property and liabilities. The procedure and timing of the inventory are determined by the head of the organization, except for cases when the inventory is mandatory.
Carrying out an inventory is mandatory:
when transferring property for rent, redemption, sale, as well as during the transformation of a state or municipal unitary enterprise;
before preparing annual financial statements;
when changing financially responsible persons;
when facts of theft, abuse or damage to property are revealed;
in the event of a natural disaster, fire or other emergency situations caused by extreme conditions;
during reorganization or liquidation of the organization;
in other cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Rules for document flow and technology for processing accounting information
Schedules for document flow and processing of accounting information, as well as job descriptions are components of the accounting organization plan. The document flow schedule will determine the volume, sequence of accounting work performed, deadlines, specific performers and allows you to eliminate the possibility of duplication, determine the intersection points of mutually controlled indicators, and evenly distribute the employment of accountants in the accounting process.
The schedule of technology for processing accounting information contains information about the purpose of documents (including the form code and name), the number of copies, the officials to whom the document is transferred; date (day, month), document code, which is provided to the accounting department; work performed on accounting document processing; The form code and name of the register compiled on the basis of the document, reporting form are also indicated here.
The procedure for exercising control over business transactions, as well as other decisions necessary for organizing accounting.
Control over business operations can be exercised either by an independent structural unit vested with control functions, or by a qualified specialist, or by a specialized professional organization on a contractual basis, or by the head of the organization personally.
An independent control structural unit of an organization is understood as the internal audit service. This unit is a professional control body empowered to conduct, at the initiative of the organization’s managers and on their behalf, financial and other inspections in the parent company, branches and subsidiaries.
The tasks of internal audit employees may include: checking accounting information in terms of its completeness, reliability of legal validity; organization of inventories, mutual and counter checks, cost control, analysis of management information, financial condition, presentation of analysis results to the organization’s managers, etc. The main goal of the internal control service is to contribute to the effective operation of the organization and strengthen its financial position.
An alternative to internal audit is external audit, which is carried out by specialists of a professional audit organization (or an independently working auditor).
A well-thought-out organization of accounting at an enterprise is a key component of the financial and economic activities of any enterprise, which allows you to solve a number of problems that determine financial success and stability.
Accounting in an enterprise: challenges and opportunities
The goal of any business is profit. But no matter how well the main activity is organized, without systematic accounting, planning, productive expenditure of funds and control in financial and economic activities, the manager is deprived of the opportunity to manage the enterprise as efficiently as possible.
Properly organized accounting at an enterprise makes it possible to:
- optimize the company's cash flows;
- carry out operational control of the financial indicators and activities of the enterprise in order to ensure maximum efficiency of all production structures and make operational management decisions;
- optimize the accounting and document flow system for financial and economic activities;
- ensure a high quality level of accounting and tax reporting.
Organization of accounting at an enterprise: forms, functions, responsible persons
Accounting in the Russian Federation is regulated by law dated December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ, as well as various Accounting Regulations (PBU) and various regulations. Responsibility for organizing accounting and its compliance with legislative norms lies with the head of the enterprise. His powers:
- an accounting service is established as a structural unit, headed by a chief accountant;
- the staff of the accounting service is drawn up and approved (positions are added and eliminated);
- accounting can be outsourced to a specific specialist or selected company;
- in a small company, accounting can be carried out personally by the manager himself or by an employee appointed by him.
Organization of accounting at an enterprise is a systemic set of functions performed by the accounting department, including accounting for:
- financial activities - funds, profits, reserves, production and sales of products;
- ITC – fixed assets, assets and materials;
- production costs;
- calculations for remuneration of employees of the enterprise;
- monetary transactions - movement of cash and non-cash funds (at the cash desk, current account, settlements with the budget, suppliers, creditors, etc.);
- document flow and preparation of financial statements.
The company must, taking into account the norms of current legislation, develop accounting and tax policies - the rules by which the company keeps records. To correctly reflect business transactions in accounting registers, a working chart of accounts is used.
An important role in the organization of accounting is played by its form used in the enterprise. The choice of the form of accounting, the list of accounting registers used, their construction, sequence and methods of entering accounting data into them is the prerogative of the enterprise, reflected in the accounting policy.
The form of accounting is determined depending on many factors - the scale and type of activity of the enterprise, the qualification level of the accounting staff and responsible employees of departments, the degree of implementation and use of automatic accounting systems in accounting and at various areas and stages of production. The following forms of accounting are distinguished:
- magazine-home;
- automated;
- journal-order;
- memorial warrant;
- simplified.
Basic forms of accounting: features and differences
Let's consider the most popular of the listed forms of accounting:
Memorial warrant
The memorial order system is the optimal form of accounting for budgetary organizations, since it allows you to clearly and consistently reflect information on each account.
Record keeping is carried out through memorial orders drawn up on the basis of verified and grouped by specific characteristics of primary documents. All completed memorial orders for the current reporting period are entered in chronological order into the registration journal, after which information on them, specifically for each synthetic account, is reflected in the General Ledger.
Magazine-home
One of the most common and applicable in any industry and form of enterprise activity. Experts consider this form of accounting to be a simplified version of the memorial order system, which allows for convenient and detailed generation of information necessary for financial reporting.
Keeping records using this form involves entering information data from primary and consolidated accounting documents into journals and statements, which indicate the amounts reflecting the debit and credit turnover on the corresponding account. At the end of the current accounting period, the final entries for each account are transferred to the General Ledger, according to which the company’s balance sheet is formed.
Simplified
A simplified form of accounting is used for small enterprises that have a small number of business operations in the reporting period.
Two options for maintaining records in a simplified form are allowed - simple and using property registers.
In the first option, all business transactions are reflected exclusively in the Business Transactions Book without the use of double entry. In the second option, in addition to the Business Operations Accounting Book, the use of accounting registers - statements is additionally provided.
The main difference between the listed forms of accounting is the registers used. The choice of the optimal form remains with the enterprise, based on the specifics of its activities. Any of the used forms of accounting can be automated, which greatly simplifies the organization and maintenance of accounting for any modern enterprise.
What is accounting? How is it organized at the enterprise? What are the basic rules and principles of accounting? We will answer these questions in the article below. Moreover, we will try to convey the information briefly in a simple and accessible form.
In order to competently keep records at an enterprise, draw up transactions, draw up primary documents, and calculate taxes, you need to understand how accounting is organized in an enterprise.
First of all, it should be noted that the main legislative projects that regulate the accounting process are the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation.
The fundamental law is No. 402-FZ, and the Regulations complement and specify it. The Law “On Accounting” was last amended on July 19, 2017. In the new edition, many points of the law are presented in a new form, and various clarifications have been made.
The above documents define the basic principles of accounting.
Basic accounting rules
- The collection and processing of information at the enterprise occurs continuously.
- From the approved Chart of Accounts, a work plan is formed on which accounting will be carried out at the enterprise. Read what the Chart of Accounts and Accounting Accounts are.
- Accounting is carried out in monetary terms in rubles and in Russian.
- For each business transaction at the enterprise, accounting entries are made using the double entry principle. Read how to do it correctly.
- For each business transaction, a primary document is drawn up, which must be drawn up at the time of the transaction or immediately after its completion. Posting for each operation should be carried out only if there is a supporting document.
- To prepare primary documents, standard forms are used (if they are developed and approved). If there is no unified form for the document, then it is drawn up in any form, but containing all the required details.
- Information from accounting documents is collected and systematized in accounting registers. The register forms have an approved form.
- An inventory (of property and liabilities) is carried out periodically. The frequency of the inventory is approved by the head of the organization.
- For the competent organization of accounting at the enterprise, an appropriate order from the manager is developed and drawn up.
These basic accounting principles are fundamental; it is on them that accounting in an enterprise is based. By following the specified accounting rules, you can be confident in the competent organization of accounting in the accounting department.
How is accounting carried out in a company?
All accounting is built on a very important principle - its continuity.
Every day, an accountant or other employee responsible for accounting records business transactions. Day after day, he reflects transactions using postings, generates documents, and fills out accounting registers. It is important to understand that this process is continuous, from the moment the company is opened until the end of its existence, the accountant must keep accounts, fill out and submit accounting and tax reports.
At the initial stage of formation of the company, it develops a working chart of accounts; for this purpose, the necessary accounts are selected from the Chart of Accounts approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, on which all transactions will be recorded. Depending on the size of the organization, as well as the characteristics of its activities, the set of accounts may vary.
Also, when opening an enterprise, an accounting policy is approved, on the basis of which accounting will be conducted.
Then, every day, the enterprise will carry out many operations: purchase of materials, fixed assets, sale of goods, production of products, payment of goods to the supplier and receipt of payment from the buyer, etc. For each such operation, the accountant fills out the corresponding primary documents, on the basis of which he makes an entry in the accounts from the approved plan.
At the end of each month, the turnover for the month and the final balance are calculated on each account. At the beginning of the next month, all accounts are opened again, the ending balance from the previous one is transferred to the next month.
During the month, every day all business transactions are recorded on open accounts using postings; at the end of the month, the accounts are closed again, balances are calculated and transferred to the next month.
This process is endless; the same actions will be performed month after month. This will be the fundamental principle of continuity in accounting.
In order to competently organize accounting in the accounting department, you need to be able to do three things:
- you need to know your working chart of accounts;
- you need to be able to draw up postings;
- you need to be able to draw up documents and fill out accounting registers.
We will try to teach you all this in further articles. Let's get acquainted with the Chart of Accounts. We will analyze in detail the accounting accounts, which transactions are recorded on which account. Let's learn how to apply the principle of double entry when preparing transactions. Let’s figure out what documents are drawn up, in what cases, and how to fill them out correctly.
The main goal of the economic activity of a commercial organization is to generate income.
In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 2 of the Civil Code, entrepreneurial activity is:
- independent,
- carried out at your own risk,
- use of property,
- sales of goods,
- execution of work,
- provision of services,
At the same time, to determine the financial result of the company’s activities, correct accounting of the organization’s business operations is necessary.
One of the most complex accounting objects is production operations. Accounting for expenses related to the cost of manufactured products (works, services) is necessary to formulate the final indicators of the company’s production activities.
Types of such activities include:
- industrial production,
- food production,
- agricultural production,
- transport services,
- construction, many other types of production, provision of services, performance of work.
- efficient use of production resources,
- reducing the cost of production,
*Calculation is a calculation in monetary form of the costs of producing one or more units of product.
Currently, the procedure for accounting for production costs is regulated by many regulatory documents. Among them:
- PBU 10/99 “Organization expenses,
- PBU “On accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation”,
- Chart of accounts for accounting financial and economic activities of organizations and instructions for its use,
- other regulatory documents.
Most of the industry instructions for accounting for production costs were developed in accordance with the Regulations “On the composition of costs for the production and sale of products (works, services) included in the cost of products (works, services) and on the procedure for generating financial results taken into account when taxing profits” (approved by Resolution No. 552 dated August 5, 1992), which does not apply from the moment Chapter 25 of the Tax Code comes into force.
At this time, companies have to independently develop an accounting procedure for production costs, which must be enshrined in the organization’s accounting policies for accounting purposes.
At the same time, in accordance with the Letter of the Ministry of Finance dated April 29, 2002. No. 16-00-13/03:
“Until the completion of work on the development and approval by ministries and departments of relevant industry regulations on the organization of accounting for production costs, calculating the cost of products (works, services) in accordance withProgramaccounting reform, as before, organizations should be guided by currently existing industry instructions (directives), taking into account the requirements, principles and rules for recognizing indicators in accounting, disclosing information in financial statements in accordance with those already adopted in pursuance of thisProgramsregulatory documents on accounting."
In our article we will look at the basic principles and some features of accounting for production activities at the present time.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTING FOR PRODUCTION OPERATIONS
For accounting purposes, costs associated with the production of products, performance of work, and provision of services are classified as expenses for ordinary activities (clause 5 of PBU 10/99).
In accordance with clause 7 of PBU 10/99, expenses for ordinary types of production activities consist of the following expenses:
- Related to the acquisition:
- raw materials
- materials,
- goods,
- other inventories.
- Arising directly in the process of processing inventories for the purposes of:
- production of products,
- execution of work,
- provision of services,
When creating expenses, you need to group them by the following elements:
- material costs;
- labor costs;
- contributions for social needs;
- depreciation;
- other costs.
According to the methods of attributing costs to the cost of products, works, services, the organization’s costs are divided into:
- straight (basic),
- indirect (invoices).
These expenses are expenses for:
- Depreciation of production equipment,
- raw materials and materials from which products are made,
- semi-finished products of our own production,
- the wages of workers directly involved in production processes, in the case where it is possible to determine which product the worker is engaged in producing.
Indirect costs include expenses that are not directly related to the production of specific products (works, services).
Indirect costs are general production and administrative expenses. Such expenses could be:
- depreciation of fixed assets,
- wages of employees who are either not involved in production processes at all, or in cases where it is impossible to identify for which specific types of products the labor of employees was used,
- Communal expenses,
- expenses for renting premises and equipment
- other general production and general business expenses.
1. Production costs are accumulated on account 20 “Main production” with analytical accounting by types of items, types of production costs, and departments.
2. General production costs are accumulated on account 25 “General production expenses” and at the end of the month are written off to account 20 “Main production” with the distribution of costs by type of item.
3. Direct expenses associated with the production and sale of goods of own production, as well as the performance of work and provision of services include:
- The actual cost of raw materials and (or) materials used in the production of goods (performance of work, provision of services) and (or) forming their basis, or being a necessary component in the production of goods (performance of work, provision of services);
- Cost of semi-finished products of own production used in production;
- Cost of finished products used in production;
- General production expenses.
- The actual cost of raw materials and (or) materials used for general production purposes;
- Depreciation charges for fixed assets for production and general production purposes;
- Depreciation charges for intangible assets for industrial and general production purposes;
- Cost of purchased goods and finished products used in production;
- Expenses for work and services of third-party organizations of a production and general production nature;
- Expenses for remuneration of key production personnel with deductions for insurance premiums;
- Deferred expenses in the part related to general production expenses.
- according to standard (planned) production cost (in accordance with clause 64 of the Regulations on accounting and reporting).
- revenue from sales of products (works, services), goods.
- are not distributed among the objects of calculation and, as conditional constants, are written off directly to the debit of account 90 “Sales of products (works, services)” with distribution between product groups in proportion to the share of proceeds from sales (in accordance with the Chart of Accounts).
- fully in the reporting year they are recognized as expenses for ordinary activities, with the exception of expenses related to the receipt of income in the future;
- expenses related to the receipt of income in future periods are taken into account as part of deferred expenses and are written off at the moment the income for which they were aimed is generated;
- The decision to include commercial and administrative expenses as deferred expenses, as well as to write them off as current expenses, is made by the organization independently.
Both direct and indirect costs are recognized for accounting purposes in the reporting period in which they occur. .
At the same time, expenses are recognized on the basis of primary accounting documents:
- drawn up according to standardized forms,
- containing the mandatory details provided for in paragraph 2 of Article 9 of the Law “On Accounting” dated November 21, 1996. No. 129-FZ.
CALCULATOR METHODS OF PRODUCTION COSTS
When organizing production accounting, you can use the following methods (or combinations thereof) of cost calculation:
- custom,
- transverse
- boiler room
- small-scale production,
- “custom” (single) production,
- performance of work under contract agreements (paid services);
- production of technically complex products (shipbuilding, aviation industry, etc.);
- production of products with a long production cycle (construction, power engineering, etc.).
For each order (group of orders), an estimate is generated (a costing card is drawn up). The organization independently develops forms of estimates and costing cards and approves them in its accounting policies.
The estimate (costing card) must contain:
- name and description of products, production services (works),
- list of raw materials, materials, and other costs necessary to complete the order.
With the order-by-order method, account 20 records costs for each open order separately.
Direct costs that are directly related to the execution of the order are reflected in the debit of account 20 in correspondence with the expense accounts. In this case the wiring is done:
Debit bills 20accounts 10/60/70/68/69/etc.
The direct costs of fulfilling order No. 3 for Weathervane LLC are reflected (raw materials, third-party services related to order fulfillment, wages of production workers, etc.).
Expenses taken into account for account25 bills 20"Primary production".
Expenses taken into account for account26 bills 20 accounts 90.2
In this case, these costs are distributed for each order in proportion to the cost distribution base. The selected distribution base must be fixed in the accounting policy for accounting purposes (clause 7 of PBU 1/2008).
You can choose one of the following distribution methods:
- Issue volume— distribution is proportional to the volume of products produced in the current month and services provided, expressed in quantitative measures.
- Planned production cost— distribution in proportion to the planned cost of products released in the current month and services provided.
- Salary— distribution is proportional to the cost of remuneration of the main production workers.
- Material costs- distribution is proportional to material costs reflected in production cost items as material costs.
- Direct costs— distribution is proportional to direct costs
- costs of main and auxiliary production for accounting,
- direct expenses of main and auxiliary production, general production direct expenses for tax accounting;
- Selected direct cost items— distribution is proportional to all direct costs by cost item.
- Revenue- distribution is proportional to revenue from each type of product (work, service).
Similarly, you can set a general distribution method for all expenses accounted for in one account or in one department.
The attribution of indirect costs to the cost of production is reflected by the posting:
Debit bills 20"Main production" Credit accounts 25 (26)
General production (general business) expenses were taken into account as part of the production costs for fulfilling order No. 3 for Weather Vane LLC.
TRADITIONAL METHOD used to account for production costs in which finished products are manufactured by processing raw materials (materials) in several stages.
When the production structure is organized in such a way that each processing stage is carried out by a separate workshop (division), the cost is determined for each production division.
The object of cost calculation using the step-by-step method can be both finished products and semi-finished products manufactured at each technological stage.
The step-by-step method is used in any production processes in which groups of constantly repeating technological operations can be distinguished (food production, oil refining and chemical industries).
Accounting for material costs is organized in such a way as to ensure control over the use of materials in production; for this purpose the following can be used:
- feedstock balances,
- calculation of the yield of product or semi-finished products, defects, waste.
Evaluation of semi-finished products of own production is also necessary because they can be sold as finished products to enterprises.
For in-house production, semi-finished products are transferred from processing stage to processing stage at actual cost. In many industries, valuation is accepted in the settlement prices of the enterprise.
Cost accounting is organized by technological stages. This allows you to determine the cost of a semi-finished product and ensure internal cost accounting, in other words, organize accounting by cost centers and cost responsibility centers.
The costs of work in progress balances at the end of the month are distributed on the basis of inventory according to the planned cost of the corresponding process.
Costs for raw materials and materials are reflected on the basis of limit cards (Form No. M-8) or invoice requirements (Form No. M-11).
In this case the wiring is done:
Debit bills 20"Main production" Credit accounts 10/21/60/70/68/etc.
Direct production costs are reflected (raw materials, semi-finished products, services of third-party organizations related to production, wages of production workers, etc.).
Expenses taken into account for account25 “General production expenses” are debited monthly bills 20"Primary production".
Expenses taken into account for account26 “General business expenses” are written off or debited monthly bills 20“Main production”, or in debit accounts 90.2 in accordance with the approved accounting policies.
All costs collected in the debit of account 20 form the cost of finished products. When finished products are released to the warehouse, the cost is reflected on the credit of this account in correspondence with the finished product accounts.
At the same time, the procedure for accounting for the output of finished products for each stage, order, process depends not only on the method of accounting for production costs, but also on the options for its assessment:
Using count 40. In this case, the debit of account 43 “Finished products” indicates the planned cost;
Without using account 40 “Output of products (works, services)”. In this case, the debit of account 43 “Finished products” indicates the actual cost.
In the first case, within a month, as finished products are released from the workshops to the warehouse, the products are accounted for at standard cost.
In this case the wiring is done:
Debit bills 43“Finished Products”Credit bills 40“Release of products (works, services)”
The standard cost of finished products produced and deposited in the warehouse is reflected.
At the end of the month, the actual cost of production is determined. It is reflected in the debit of account 40. At the same moment, deviations of the actual cost from the standard cost are determined and written off.
In this case the following wiring is done:
Debit bills 40“Output of products (works, services)” Credit bills 20"Primary production"
Finished products were capitalized at actual cost;
Debit accounts90.2 subaccount “Cost of sales”Credit bills 40“Release of products (works, services)”
The amount of the negative deviation was written off using the method "red reversal"(excess of the standard cost of manufactured products over the actual cost);
Debit accounts90.2 subaccount “Cost of sales”Credit 40 “Release of products (works, services)”
The amount of excess of the actual cost of manufactured products over the standard cost is written off.
In the case when account 40 is not used, the actual production cost is taken into account immediately on account 43 in correspondence with the production cost accounts.
In this case the wiring is done:
Debit bills 43“Finished Products” Credit bills 20"Primary production"
Finished products were capitalized at actual cost.
When using the planned cost accounting method, the cost of products (works, services) is formed based on the standard of expenses for each type of manufactured product.
The planned price is determined in advance with the participation of the organization's technology services.
Based on these standards, regulatory calculation cards are drawn up.
During production, costs are taken into account according to established standards.
In this case, the accounting policy needs to establish whether the organization will form the actual cost of finished products and work in progress, or will reflect them at the planned cost.
Regardless of the method of calculating costs, at the end of the month, account 43 “Finished products” reflects the actual cost of all manufactured products.
Direct and indirect expenses during the month are collected on account 20 “Main production”.
That part of the costs that is not included in the cost of finished goods (debit balance of account 20 at the end of the month) represents the cost of work in progress.
The actual cost of a unit of finished products transferred to the warehouse for the reporting month is determined as:
Actual cost per unit of finished product = (Sum of actual costs for the production of finished products for the month, including work in progress at the beginning of the month - Actual cost of work in progress at the end of the month) / Number of finished products.
If an organization records costs at a planned cost, then the amount of actual costs for production is determined as:
The amount of actual costs for the production of finished products for the month (taking into account the value of work in progress at the beginning of the month) = The amount of costs according to standards for the month + (or “-”) The amount of deviations for the month - The actual cost of work in progress at the end of the month.
The actual cost of work in progress with planned cost accounting is calculated using the formula:
Actual cost of work in progress at the end of the month = Cost of work in progress at the end of the month according to standards +/- Amount of deviations for the month.
The total cost of finished products transferred to the warehouse for the reporting month is calculated using the formula:
Total cost of finished products = Unit cost of finished products * Number of finished products delivered to the organization's warehouse per month.
BOILER METHOD production cost accounting is carried out for the entire production as a whole.
Its information content is minimal: accounting can provide information only about how much it cost the organization to produce all products.
Therefore, the boiler method of calculating product costs is the least common.
This method is convenient for small enterprises or for industries where homogeneous products are produced - the so-called single-product industries (for example, in the coal mining industry for calculating the cost of coal or shale in individual mines or open pits).
There is no need for any analytical accounting in such cases. The cost per unit of production in boiler accounting is calculated as the quotient of dividing the total amount of costs incurred during the period by the volume of products produced in physical terms (by the number of units of production).
Direct costs directly related to the production process are reflected in the debit of account 20 in correspondence with the expense accounts. In this case the wiring is done:
Debit bills 20"Main production" Credit accounts 10/60/70/68/69/etc.
Direct production costs are reflected (raw materials, services of third-party organizations, wages of production workers, etc.).
Expenses taken into account for account25 “General production expenses” are debited monthly bills 20"Primary production".
Expenses taken into account for account26 “General business expenses” are written off or debited monthly bills 20“Main production”, or in debit accounts 90.2 subaccount “Cost of sales” in accordance with the approved accounting policy.
In accounting and tax accounting, the procedure for recognizing production costs may vary. In particular, differences arise if:
- certain types of income and expenses that are reflected in accounting are not taken into account (partially taken into account) when calculating income tax;
- certain types of income and expenses are recognized in accounting and tax accounting at different times;
- To calculate income tax, the organization uses the cash method, etc.
Ekaterina Annenkova, auditor certified by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, expert in accounting and taxation of the Information Agency "Clerk.Ru"
Accounting is an important element of financial and economic relations in human society. In modern conditions of the emergence of a market economy and the improvement of management, the development of a new strategy for the development of enterprises, the role and importance of accounting is increasing.
Accounting is an orderly system of collecting, registering and summarizing information in monetary terms about the property, obligations of an organization and their movement through continuous, continuous and documentary accounting of all business transactions.
In accordance with Law No. 129-FZ “On Accounting”, the objects of accounting are the property of organizations, their obligations and business transactions carried out by organizations in the course of their activities.
The basic principles of accounting in the Russian Federation are the following:
Organizations are required to maintain accounting records of property, liabilities and business transactions (facts of economic activity) by double entry on interrelated accounting accounts included in the working chart of accounts.
Accounting for facts of economic activity is carried out in Russian currency - rubles;
The basis for entries in accounting registers is the data of primary accounting documents recording business transactions;
Property, liabilities and business transactions for reflection in accounting and reporting are subject to valuation in monetary terms by summing up the actual expenses incurred. It is also possible to use other types of assessments in accordance with current legislation;
Current costs and capital investments are subject to differentiation in accounting.
The head of the enterprise bears responsibility for the organization of accounting in the organization he heads and for compliance with the law when carrying out business operations.
The head of an organization (enterprise) is obliged to create the necessary conditions for the correct maintenance of accounting records, to ensure strict compliance by all structural divisions and services, employees of the organization related to accounting, with the requirements of the chief accountant or the accountant performing his functions in the organization regarding issues of registration and presentation for recording the necessary documents and information.
Since the Accounting Law places responsibility for maintaining accounting records on the chief accountant (accountant), it is advisable that the order on the accounting policy of the organization and other documents must be endorsed by the chief accountant (accountant) of the organization or another person who, in accordance with current regulations, entrusted with maintaining records in the organization.
In addition, the head of the organization is legally responsible for compliance with laws, federal laws, federal constitutional laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, legal acts of the Government of the Russian Federation and other regulatory legal acts.
The head of an organization can independently determine (depending on the volume of accounting work) the organizational accounting system in the relevant organization:
1) establish an accounting service as a structural unit headed by a chief accountant;
2) add an accountant position to the staff;
3) transfer on a contractual basis the maintenance of accounting to a centralized accounting department, a specialized organization or a specialist accountant;
4) keep accounting records personally.
Referring the issue of the form of organization of accounting to the competence of the head of the organization means that the founders, shareholders or other participants of the relevant legal entity, as well as the owner of the organization’s property, do not have the right, by their decisions, to directly determine the form of organization of accounting work.
The establishment of an accounting service as a structural unit of an organization is carried out on the basis of a corresponding order or instruction from the head of the organization. In this regard, it should also provide for appropriate changes and additions to the organization’s staffing table.
If there are more than two accountants, the accounting service must be formalized as a structural unit of the organization, headed by the chief accountant, who manages the accounting department. It is necessary to take into account that the accounting service, as a structural unit of the relevant organization, does not have the rights of a legal entity.
In the order (instruction) of the head on the establishment of an accounting service, it is advisable to approve the Regulations on the accounting service (accounting), as well as job descriptions of accounting employees.
Job descriptions are drawn up for each accounting employee in order to delineate the powers of employees and determine their rights and responsibilities. Assigning accounting areas to employees allows you to avoid duplication or non-registration of individual business transactions.
The structure of the job description of an accounting employee corresponds to the Regulations on the accounting service and has the following sections: general provisions; employee functions; rights and obligations; interaction with other employees of the accounting department and the organization; work organization; rules for evaluating performance results.
The job description of an accounting employee is drawn up by the chief accountant and approved by the head of the organization. After the employee familiarizes himself with the job description, he puts the “Acquainted” mark, date and signature.
The staffing table must include the following data: the total number of accounting employees, job titles, remuneration system and wages.
In case of transfer of accounting and reporting on a contractual basis to a centralized accounting department, a specialized organization or a specialist accountant, a civil law agreement is concluded. The most preferable in this case is a contract for the provision of services.
For accounting, organizations use various techniques and methods, the totality of which constitutes an accounting method.
Each individual technique or method is an element of an accounting method. These include: documentation; accounts and double entry, etc.
Documentation is a way of documenting business transactions using documents at the time of their completion.
Documentation of business transactions is one of the distinctive features of accounting, as it allows for continuous monitoring of business processes.
Every professional accountant knows that the basis for making an entry in the accounting registers can only be a primary document drawn up in full compliance with the requirements of current legislation.
During a tax audit, correctly executed accounting documents serve as written evidence of the fact of a business transaction or the right of an enterprise to carry out one.
A prerequisite for reflecting all business transactions carried out by an organization without exception in systemic accounting is their registration with supporting documents that have certain characteristics and meet the relevant requirements for them (they must be reliable, clear, objective, etc.). These documents serve as primary accounting documents on the basis of which accounting is conducted.
Primary accounting documents are written evidence of a business transaction or give the right to carry it out. Accordingly, the primary accounting document must be drawn up at the time of the business transaction, and if this is not possible, immediately after the completion of the transaction.
When organizing accounting using computer programs, the role of primary documents is played by magnetic storage media (disks, floppy disks, etc.), certifying the fact of a business transaction.
Primary accounting documents must be accepted for accounting if they are drawn up in the form contained in the albums of unified (standard) forms of primary accounting documentation.
Those forms of primary accounting documents for which standard forms are not provided must be approved by order or written order of the manager and contain the following mandatory details to give them legal force:
Title of the document;
Date of preparation of the document;
Name of the organization on whose behalf the document was drawn up;
Measuring business transactions in physical and monetary terms;
The names of the positions of the persons responsible for the execution of the business transaction and the correctness of its execution;
Personal signatures of these persons.
In conditions of computer processing of accounting data, the details of primary documents can be recorded in the form of codes.
Entries in primary documents must be made in ink, ballpoint pen paste, using a computer, typewriters and other means that ensure the safety of these entries for the period of time established for their storage in the archive. It is prohibited to use a pencil for notes.
It is not customary to fill out documents with red or green ink or paste.
Free lines in primary documents must be crossed out.
Additional requirements for the procedure for creating primary documents recording the facts of cash transactions, transactions with inventory, credit and settlement obligations are determined by the relevant regulatory legal acts.
The chief accountant ensures compliance of ongoing business transactions with the legislation of the Russian Federation, controls the movement of property and the fulfillment of obligations.
All primary documents received by the accounting department are subject to mandatory verification.
According to their purpose, primary documents are divided into:
On administrative documents prescribing to perform any action or a series of actions containing permission to carry out a certain business transaction (for example, an order to pay a bonus, an order from a manager to issue funds on account, a payment order to transfer funds from a current account, etc.) d.). Such documents authorize the operation, but the information contained in them is not reflected in the accounting registers;
For supporting documents confirming the fact of carrying out certain business transactions and the validity of their completion, containing information about the execution of the order (for example, invoices, advance report, receipt for the cash receipt order, etc.). The information contained in these documents is entered into accounting registers;
For combined documents that contain the functions of administrative (permitting), source documents and accounting documents (for example, a payroll statement or an expenditure cash order, which, on the one hand, is an order for the payment of funds from the cash register to certain persons, and on the other hand , – confirmation of receipt by the indicated persons of the appropriate amounts of money);
For accounting documents intended solely for accounting purposes, specifying or explaining the reflection in accounting of certain facts of economic activity or their consequences (for example, an accounting certificate, calculation of depreciation of fixed assets, etc.). These documents are needed to prepare accounting records for further use in the accounting process.
In addition, according to the volume of reflected transactions, documents are divided:
For primary documents containing information about one business transaction (receipt and expense cash orders, invoices, etc.);
For summary documents intended to summarize information about the entire set of business transactions of the same type for a certain period of time (cashier report, product report, log of business facts, etc.).
For material documents used to formalize operations for the movement of inventory (for example, an act (invoice) of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets, an act of acceptance of materials);
For monetary documents intended for processing transactions with cash and non-cash funds of the organization (payment order, cash receipt order, etc.);
For settlement documents used to formalize the organization’s settlement relationships with its partners for external obligations (invoice, invoice, etc.).
According to the method of filling out documents, they can be completed manually or using a computer.
The primary documents used to describe business transactions constitute a single information array, processed using the same accounting procedures. Most primary documents have unified forms approved by the State Statistics Committee of Russia, line ministries and departments. In relation to these documents, the use of outdated or arbitrary forms is not permitted.
The current unified forms of primary documents are mandatory for use by legal entities of all organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership (separate forms are not used by budgetary institutions):
Forms of primary accounting documentation approved by departments are mandatory for use only in organizations subordinate to these departments.
In all other cases, organizations are required to independently develop forms of primary accounting documents in the required quantity and in the form in which they satisfy the needs of reflecting the economic activities of the organization. At the same time, documents, the forms of which are created in the organization, must be standardized in such a way that their content fully provides the necessary information for accounting tasks.
The chief accountant of the organization ensures the safety of primary accounting documents (invoices, invoices, invoices, cash receipts, etc.), accounting forms, tax calculations (tax returns), their execution and transfer to the archive.
These documents must be stored until they are transferred to the organization's archives in the accounting department in special rooms or locked cabinets under the responsibility of persons authorized by the chief accountant.
Strict reporting forms must be stored in safes, metal cabinets or special rooms to ensure their safety.
The storage periods for accounting documents are regulated by:
During four calendar years of the taxpayer’s activity under tax legislation;
At least five years according to accounting requirements.
Organizations are required to store primary accounting documents, accounting registers and financial statements for periods established in accordance with the rules for organizing state archival affairs, but not less than five years.
The information contained in primary accounting documents is systematized in accounting registers. Business transactions are reflected in the accounting registers in chronological order according to the relevant accounting accounts, a list of which is given in the Chart of Accounts for the financial and economic activities of insurance organizations.
In the system of regulatory regulation, the Chart of Accounts occupies an intermediate place between regulatory documents of the second and third levels, i.e. not having a regulatory nature. However, in the practical activities of accounting services, the Chart of Accounts is given paramount importance.
The chart of accounts is a scheme for recording and grouping facts of economic activity in accounting. It contains the names and numbers of synthetic accounts (first order accounts) and subaccounts (second order accounts).
Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts establish uniform approaches to the application of the Chart of Accounts and the reflection of facts of economic activity in the accounting accounts. It provides a brief description of synthetic accounts and the subaccounts opened for them: their structure and purpose, the economic content of the facts of economic activity generalized on them, and the order in which the most common facts are reflected are revealed.
Since January 1, 2001, a new Chart of Accounts and Instructions for its application have been in force in Russia, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2000 No. 94n.
The 2001 chart of accounts is unified and mandatory for use in organizations of all sectors of the national economy and types of activity (except for banks and budgetary institutions), regardless of subordination, form of ownership, organizational and legal form, keeping records using the double entry method.
Based on the Chart of Accounts and the Instructions for its use, organizations approve a working chart of accounts containing a complete list of synthetic and analytical accounts (including subaccounts). To account for specific transactions, organizations can, in agreement with the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, enter, if necessary, additional synthetic accounts into the Chart of Accounts using free account codes.
The subaccounts provided for in the Chart of Accounts are used based on the requirements of the organization's management, including the needs of analysis, control and reporting. Organizations can clarify the content of individual ones, as well as introduce additional subaccounts, exclude or combine them.
It should be borne in mind that the organization is not obliged to use all synthetic accounts given in the Chart of Accounts. She chooses those that she really needs. For example, if an organization produces one type of product or provides one type of service, then all expenses can be considered direct and in this case there is no need to use accounts 25 “General production expenses” and 26 “General expenses”.
The grouping of accounts into sections and the sequence of their arrangement in the Chart of Accounts are based on the economic content of the facts of economic activity, summarized by synthetic positions, and are fundamentally based on the circuit flow of funds of an economic entity.
Therefore, each section combines all accounts associated with a certain stage of the circuit, regardless of the purpose and structure of these accounts. Thus, Section I “Non-current assets” includes asset accounts (01 “Fixed Assets”, 03 “Income Investments in Tangible Assets”, 04 “Intangible Assets”, 07 “Equipment for Installation”); process accounts (08 “Investments in non-current assets”), as well as regulatory accounts (02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”, 05 “Depreciation of intangible assets”).
The chart of accounts consists of eight sections, including 99 synthetic accounts, some of which are reserved, and 11 off-balance sheet accounts:
Section I “Non-current assets” (accounts 01 – 09);
Section II “Inventory” (accounts 10 – 19);
Section III “Production costs” (accounts 20 – 29 and accounts 30 – 39);
Section IV “Finished products and goods” (accounts 40 – 49);
Section V “Cash” (accounts 50 – 59);
Section VI “Calculations” (accounts 60 – 79);
Section VII “Capital” (accounts 80 – 89);
Section VIII “Financial results” (accounts 90 – 99);
Off-balance sheet accounts (accounts 001 – 011).
To correctly reflect on the accounting accounts the various and numerous transactions performed in the course of the organization’s business activities, the accountant needs to know the classification of accounts.
According to the economic content, which is determined by the content of the object and is taken into account in this account, the following groups of accounting accounts can be distinguished:
Household funds accounts;
Business process accounts;
Accounts of sources of funds.
These groups of accounts show the composition and distribution of property and the sources of its formation.
Balances on such accounts are directly reflected in the organization's balance sheet.
Household asset accounts include:
Accounts of means of labor (account 01 “Fixed assets”);
Accounts of objects of labor (account 10 “Materials”, account 11 “Animals for growing and fattening”);
Cash accounts (account 50 “Cash”, account 51 “Settlement accounts”, account 52 “Currency accounts”, account 55 “Special accounts in banks”, account 57 “Transfers in transit”, account 58 “Financial investments”);
Accounts of funds in settlements (account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”, account 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”, account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”).
The accounts of business processes include account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”, account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”, account 20 “Main production”, account 23 “Auxiliary production”, account 90 “Sales”.
Source of funds accounts include:
Accounts for sources of own funds (account 80 “Authorized capital”, account 82 “Reserve capital”, account 83 “Additional capital”, account 99 “Profits and losses” - in terms of profit);
Accounts for sources of raised funds (account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”, account 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings”, account 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings”, account 68 “Settlements for taxes and fees”, account 69 “ Settlements for social insurance and security”, account 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”, account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”).
Economic classification is necessary to determine the required list of accounts and obtain complete and reliable information about the financial and economic activities of the organization.
According to their purpose and structure, all accounting accounts are divided into the following groups:
Main accounts;
Regulatory accounts;
Transaction accounts.
Basic accounts are designed to account for and control the availability and movement of economic assets and their sources, that is, the basis of the organization’s economic activities.
The balances of these accounts are entered into the balance sheet and generally correspond to balance sheet items. In relation to balance, they are divided into active, passive and active-passive.
Main accounts, in turn, are divided into the following subgroups:
Inventory (material) accounts - designed to record the presence and movement of means of labor, objects of labor, inventory items, etc., as well as control over their safety (accounts 01, 03, 07, 10, 41, 43, 45). All inventory accounts are related to the balance sheet and, in relation to the balance sheet, are active, that is, they can only have a debit balance, which is reflected in the balance sheet asset (in sections I and II) and is confirmed as a result of an inventory (hence the name - inventory). Business transactions on inventory accounts are accounted for in monetary and physical terms;
Cash accounts – designed to account for the organization’s funds (accounts 50, 51, 52, 55, 57, 58). All these accounts are active. Their balances are reflected in the second asset section of the balance sheet and show the availability of funds of the organization as of a certain date;
Accounts of own and borrowed capital - are intended to account for the presence and movement of equity and borrowed capital (accounts 80, 82, 83, 84 - in terms of retained earnings, 66, 67, etc.). This subgroup of accounts is associated with the liability side of the balance sheet (III, IV, V sections of the balance sheet) and has a credit balance;
Settlement accounts - are intended for the settlement of this organization with other enterprises and organizations and individuals (60, 62, 71, 73, 75, 76, 79, etc.), that is, they account for receivables and payables. This is a group of active-passive accounts used only in calculations whose nature changes. Settlement accounts make up a large group of accounts.
Regulatory accounts are intended to perform the functions of clarifying (regulating) the assessment of economic assets and their sources.
Regulating accounts are directly linked to the main accounts and adjust their amounts.
They have no independent meaning and are maintained in addition to the main accounts.
Depending on this, regulatory accounts are divided into the following subgroups:
Additional accounts are accounts with the help of which the actual amount (cost) of an object is determined by adding (summing up) the amounts of the main and regulating accounts. For example, if an additional valuation of funds is made on the balance account (increase in valuation), then the account regulating the valuation is additional to the main account, and the amount of its balance is added to the amount of the balance of the main account. An example of such accounts are accounts 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” and 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets”;
Contrary accounts are accounts with the help of which the actual amount (cost) of an object is determined by subtracting the amount of the regulating account from the balance of the main (regulated) account.
An example of such accounts is account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” and account 05 “Depreciation of intangible assets”. These accounts reflect the amount of depreciation accumulated during the operation of fixed assets and intangible assets, and the fixed assets and intangible assets themselves are accounted for on active main accounts - 01 “Fixed Assets” and 04 “Intangible Assets” at their original cost. By subtracting the amount of accumulated depreciation from the original cost, the residual value is determined, that is, the actual (actual) value of these objects.
The residual (actual) value of fixed assets as of July 1 is 120,000 rubles. (RUB 250,000 – RUB 130,000).
Operating accounts are intended in accounting to record business processes and identify their results.
Since business processes (supply, production, sales) consist of a set of various business transactions, the accounts are called operating accounts.
Operating accounts are divided into four subgroups:
Collectively - distributive;
Reporting and distribution;
Calculation;
Comparing (resulting).
Collecting and distribution accounts are designed to collect (summarize) during the month (year) any homogeneous expenses for individual types and stages of production for the purpose of ongoing control over them (over the implementation of the estimate) and distribution to the appropriate accounting objects. These are active accounts.
This subgroup of accounts includes accounts 25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General business expenses”, 44 “Sales expenses”.
Reporting and distribution accounts are used to record income and expenses that are made at the expense of future reporting periods with a view to distributing them between the relevant periods and their inclusion in the indicators of economic activity of the period to which they relate (regardless of the time of their occurrence). These accounts include passive accounts 97 “Deferred expenses” and 98 “Deferred income”.
Costing accounts are designed to account for costs (expenses) associated with the production of products, the procurement of materials, and the performance of any work.
Based on the data from these accounts, an indicator of the cost of production, procured raw materials and materials, and work performed is formed.
In accounting, the calculation (determination) of the cost of products (materials, work) is called costing, which is why accounts are called costing.
Such accounts include accounts 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 40 “Output of products (works, services)”, etc.
Comparing (resulting) accounts are designed to record business processes and their results.
The result of economic activity is determined by comparing the amounts of debit and credit turnover on certain accounts.
Comparing accounts include account 90 “Sales” and account 91 “Other income and expenses”, intended to summarize information on income and expenses associated with the organization’s normal activities, and other income and expenses (except extraordinary ones).