Indefinite pronouns (someone, something, some, several, some, someone, anyone, anyone, some, some, any, some, whose, whose , someone's, etc.) indicate indefinite objects, signs, quantity: Someone was playing the violin... the girl sang in a soft contralto, laughter was heard (M. Gorky); He was ready to go to the ends of the world to do something (M. Gorky); And from the darkness of the branches something terrible, dark, cold looked at those walking (M. Gorky); It became scary, as if in this silence some danger was silently lurking for him (V. Kataev); For some time he sat motionless, listening with one ear to the noises and rustles of the night (V. Kataev). Someone, something, something, some, some are indefinite pronouns.
Indefinite pronouns are formed by attaching to interrogative and relative pronouns the prefixes some- (something, some, etc.) and non- (someone, something, several, etc.), which is always under stress, as well as the suffixes -that , -either, -someone (someone, anyone, anyone, etc.).
Indefinite pronouns vary according to the type of pronouns from which they are formed. The pronouns someone, something, anyone, somebody, some, someone's, etc. change like interrogative and relative pronouns, while the endings of pronouns with the suffixes - that, - or, - sometimes in indirect cases words appear inside before the suffix: someone, someone, someone, someone, about someone; some, some. to some, somehow, about some; someone's, someone's, someone's, someone's, about someone's.
In indefinite pronouns with a prefix, some prepositions in indirect cases appear after this prefix: some with someone, some about something, some with someone, behind something, etc.
The pronoun someone has only one form of the nominative case: Once upon a time there lived a certain man without roots... (I. Krylov). The pronoun something has two forms - nominative and accusative: Something unexpected happened (i.p.). I saw something unexpected (v.p.).
The pronoun "some" is obsolete, in modern language used rarely and, as a rule, only in the nominative case: A certain rich man, Mr. Kovalevsky, decided at his own risk and fear to build a water supply system for the city (V. Kataev).
The pronoun changes somewhat, like the pronoun how many (see table on p. 95). In the nominative and accusative cases, it requires the placement after itself of nouns in the form of the genitive case, plural: Several more anxious days have passed (V. Kataev); The boy was surprised that a policeman and several civilians (V. Kataev) were standing at the gangway.
In a sentence, indefinite pronouns are subjects: Someone came to your house (A. Griboyedov)
(committed (who?) - someone); additions: I wanted to tell you about this for a long time, but, I don’t remember, I was entertained by something
(N. Gogol) (entertained (with what?) - with something); definitions: My soul here is somehow compressed by grief (A. Griboyedov) (grief
(to a k and m?) - somehow).
More on the topic Indefinite pronouns:
- 35. semantic and stylistic features of reflexive and possessive, defining, indefinite pronouns. Mistakes made when using pronouns.
Indefinite pronouns Indicate unknown, uncertain persons, objects, and their signs. Someone, something, some, some, several, someone, something, some, whose, anyone, anything, some, whose, anyone, anything, any, someone's, something, some, some. Pronouns with particles (affixes) -to, -something, -something are synonymous, but each of them has special shades of meaning. Someone, something means “unknown who”, “unknown what” They told me that so-and-so came to pick me up(Pushkin). Something suddenly flashed... rustling... quieter(Pushkin). Someone, something mean “no matter who” (“anyone”), “no matter what” (“whatever”). If any of you, comrades, see Zubov, please send him to me(3akrutkin). Take at least some of the products(Fadeev). Someone, something are close in meaning to the pronouns someone, something, but differ in their bookish character. It seemed to him that he already understood the essence of art better than anyone else. I now have to sift through stacks of magazine articles to find anything useful.(Tendryakov). Some people, some things mean “some, few people”, “some, few things” won't be to your taste(Azhaev). I still remember something from philosophy and rhetoric(Chekhov).
Dictionary-reference book linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what “indefinite pronouns” are in other dictionaries:
indefinite pronouns- 1) someone, something, someone, something (local noun); 2) some, some, someone’s, some (local adj.); 3) which is, a lot, a little, several, how many (place number); 4) somewhere, somewhere, for some reason, somehow (local adverb) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
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Indefinite pronouns
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TABLE OF CONTENTS- SPELLING I. Spelling of vowels in the root § 1. Checkable unstressed vowels § 2. Unchecked unstressed vowels § 3. Alternating vowels § 4. Vowels after sibilants § 5. Vowels after ts § 6. Letters e e § 7. Letter th II. Spelling of consonants... ... A reference book on spelling and style
The pronouns something, something, anything, anything, something, someone, some-who, anyone, someone are close in meaning, but differ in semantic and stylistic shades. The pronoun something (someone) indicates the unknown for both the speaker and the listener. For example: Someone is calling on the phone. Something is not noted in this document.
The pronoun something (someone) indicates something unknown to the listener, but to some extent known to the speaker. For example: I will say something on this issue. The difference between the pronouns something and something (someone and anyone) is that the particle - that gives the meaning “it is unknown what or who”, and the particle - something gives the meaning “it doesn’t matter what or who”. For example: He knows something important. Tell us something about yourself. Indefinite pronouns with the particle -something can be used with a predicate verb in the form of the future tense, imperative or subjunctive mood, as well as in interrogative sentences.
For example: We will definitely see something interesting.
If anyone is looking for me, let me know. Do you expect anything from me? Pronouns with the particle -has more general meaning compared to pronouns with the particle -something. For example: Ask someone (one of the unknowns) - ask someone (any of the unknowns).
Spelling of pronouns
Having examined in this work cases of correct and erroneous use of pronouns in speech, we will dwell on their spelling. Summarizing the material given in various manuals and textbooks on the Russian language, among the basic rules we highlight the following:
When declension of the pronouns whose, whose the soft sign is written:
Name whose portrait, whose book
R.p. whose portrait, whose book
D.p. whose portrait, whose book, etc.
Pronouns with the prefix some- and particles -, - either, - are written with a hyphen.
In negative pronouns, the particle not is written under stress, and without stress - nor. For example: no one to ask, no one to ask.
In negative pronouns, neither and nor are prefixes and are written together. When there is a preposition, not and neither are particles and are written separately. For example: There is no one to ask; can't be compared to anything.
It is traditionally indicated that in speech indefinite pronouns can express three shades of meaning and, in accordance with this, are divided into three groups, each of which performs its own function:
1) Pronouns expressing the meaning of the unknown: someone, something, someone, something, some: “A bullet grazed the arm of Richard Galins while he was decorating the Christmas tree. The next evening, someone struck Windshield truck belonging to Michael Clerk" (Koms. pr. 1989. February 18); "On Monday, by order of the vice-mayor, the baths will still be closed... There are rumors about the transfer of the baths to some kind of joint venture" (Moscow koms. 1991. October 25. ).
2) Pronouns expressing the meaning of insignificance: anyone, anything, anyone, any, how much, etc.: “Would any of the tourists refuse to purchase a badge with a catchy inscription: “I learned to ski in Bakuriani"? (Koms. pr. 198o. April 21); “I came to a rally for the first time in my life, because I believed and still believe that any serious issues cannot be resolved in this way” (Koms. pr. 1991. March 21).
3) Pronouns expressing the meaning of approximateness, incompleteness of coverage: some, some, something, someone, some, some, several, something, etc. For example: “When I was driving blindfolded back in the shaking darkness, something began to become clear to me” (Moscow news, 1991. No. 10); “Our historical past is no longer such ephemeral matter: it can be locked in an archive, it can be covered with varnish. Some things need to be wiped off, others need to be rewritten” (Stol. 1991. No. 3).
Obviously, in the first case, the use of an indefinite word is due to the fact that the author does not have complete information about what he reports. In the second and third cases, the author has the necessary information, but uses vague pronouns, since either, in the opinion of the writer, this information is unimportant for the reader, or, after an approximate indication, in the further presentation this information is given in full.
In addition, in journalistic texts, indefinite pronouns are often used in one more case. They are resorted to when the author deliberately does not want to directly name those persons, those phenomena about which we're talking about. Moreover, usually these are persons or phenomena to which the writer/speaker has a negative attitude. For example: “The rolling wave of anti-Soviet campaigns shows that some people now needed to cast a shadow on the traditionally good relations between France and the USSR” (Izv. 1987. April 11), or: “But then why all last years Has the government purchased and continues to purchase alcohol from abroad? Is it because it’s more important for someone to “quench” drunken riots and don’t give a damn about the increasing stupefaction of society?” (My Moscow. 1991. No. 1).
These messages assume that the author and the reader are equally aware of who they are talking about: in the first case, these are persons hostile to the USSR; in the second - representatives of power who use it for their own selfish interests, indifferent to the fate of the people. Precisely counting on the reader's awareness, the author does not name exact names. That is, here indefinite pronouns perform another function that is very characteristic of journalistic speech - euphemistic (i.e., they deliberately indirectly, smoothly name phenomena of a negative nature).
It is important to emphasize that in speech, indefinite pronouns are not always used correctly. This is especially often observed in journalistic and socio-political texts. There are several cases of unsuccessful use indefinite pronouns.
1. The text uses a pronoun with the meaning of an approximate indication, without further explanation, and the reader expects complete and accurate information from the journalist. Most often this is associated with the use of the pronoun some, as well as the words definite, known, separate, which, when used figuratively, acquired a pronominal meaning and act as synonyms for some.
This example is illustrative. The price reform being carried out in our time has long been the subject of discussion in the press and, naturally, aroused the keenest interest among readers. A lot of materials were dedicated to her; one of them is an interview published in Pravda with the deputy chairman of the then State Committee on Prices A.N. Komin, who answered the correspondent’s question: “It should also be emphasized that the change different prices will not be carried out to the detriment of the material interests of the population. Changing them should not only not lead to a deterioration in the living standards of workers, but, on the contrary, should contribute to raising this level for certain categories of workers, to a more complete implementation of social justice" (Pr. 1987. Oct. 29). In the future, the word is not defined in any way was deciphered and was not supplemented with any specific information. As a result, the reader of 1987 was left perplexed: which categories of workers will benefit from the upcoming price increase? The text turned out to be informatively incomplete, and this is one of the most serious shortcomings of the journalistic text. And not only in In journalism, one can come across similar communicatively deficient, incomplete statements. They have become the problem of many reports, reports, certificates, which say that “certain shifts have occurred” in a particular area, “some changes” have been observed, “have been achieved.” famous successes" and where there is nothing behind all this. Not further supported by concrete information, vague words have become a means of bureaucratic demagoguery, covering up emptiness or lack of thought, or, even worse, reluctance to communicate specific information.
2. Another mistake in the use of indefinite pronouns (and words synonymous with them) is associated with their use in a euphemistic function. Firstly, the phrases “someone in Bonn”, “some NATO circles”, “someone in Washington”, etc. themselves became a kind of cliche of international journalism during the times of stagnation, and they should be used very moderately and carefully. Secondly, some uncertainty that arises when using them is not always appropriate. An illustration of this can be the article by Z. Tazhurizina “So why is religion “useful”?”, published in Komsomolskaya Pravda in 1987 (April 10), i.e. at a time when a benevolent attitude toward religion had not yet been officially “sanctioned.” How the author of the article answers the question formulated in the title is clearly indicated by several excerpts from this article: “For a long time in some circles of the intelligentsia, a conciliatory, and sometimes apologetic attitude towards religion and idealistic philosophy has been regarded as “breadth of views”, “civic courage "; "Speaking about the so-called "moral quest" of some intellectuals, A. Ananyev very accurately notes: history was being revised"; "Individual writers with Olympian indifference passed by the masses most interesting research and popular works in the field of scientific atheism"; "For ten years now, the idea of the need for ideological, philosophical pluralism in spiritual life has been spreading among a certain circle of the intelligentsia," etc.
The highlighted words performed a euphemistic function - they pointed to cultural figures, writers and publicists, whose views the author has a sharply negative attitude towards. However, firstly, it is unlikely that all readers of a mass youth newspaper knew which works, which authors, and which circles of the intelligentsia were being discussed. Consequently, the text turned out to be insufficiently informative; the reader learned mainly only about the attitude of the author of the article to religion and to those who are sympathetic to it. Secondly, the article is sharply polemical in nature, but many omissions, half-hints, and omissions made it vague and unconvincing for the general reader. As a result, the propaganda material, as intended by the author, did not achieve its goal. All this should be taken into account when using indefinite pronouns-euphemisms.
Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. - M, 1997.
Negative pronouns
Relative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns (who, what, which, which, whose, how many) are used in interrogative sentences: Who brought the book? What time is it now? Whose child is this? How many mistakes have you made?
Pronouns Who And What have a case category, but do not change according to gender and number: Who's come? The boy has arrived. the girl came. The children have arrived.
Word How many, like numerals, in the nominative and accusative cases govern a noun, which is placed in the genitive plural form. In indirect cases this word agrees with the noun (how many people, how many people, how many people).
Other interrogative pronouns are grammatically the same as adjectives.
Relative pronouns (who, what, which, whose, which, how many) are used in complex sentences as allied words to connect the main and subordinate parts. In the subordinate clause they can play the role of any member of the sentence:
I'm that one, to whom listened
You're in the midnight silence
Whose a thought whispered to your soul,
Chew you vaguely guessed sadness.
Whose I saw the image in a dream.
I'm that one, whose the look destroys hope;
I'm that one, whom nobody likes.
(M.Yu. Lermontov)
In the literature of the 19th century. there are forms of the archaic relative pronoun koi: Those who, having loved the truth, read in the dark depths of their hearts, of course know about themselves(A.S. Pushkin). In combination like him (with them) the first word is an ancient relative pronoun in the form male, literally which(s): What do I care about those merchants? I mean Judas Petunnikov and others like him(i.e. those who are with him) - (M. Gorky).
Negative pronounsno one, nothing, none, nobody, no one, nothing indicate the negation of an object or attribute. They are formed from the corresponding interrogative-relative pronouns using particles Not And neither and retain the features of their declension. Pronouns no one, nothing do not have a nominative case form.
Indefinite pronouns someone, something, some, some, several, some, some, some, someone, something, some, whose, anyone, something, any, someone's, someone's, something's, somebody's, somebody's express the meaning of uncertainty, i.e. indicate uncertain objects, characteristics and quantities. They are formed from interrogative-relative pronouns using the particle Not and particles some and derivational postfixes -this, -either, -something. Indefinite pronouns generally retain the grammatical features, including declension, of the pronouns from which they are derived. However, the word someone has only nominative case forms, and something- nominative and accusative. In indirect cases pronouns some Variant forms are used ( no one, no one; some, some; no one, no one; some, some, some, about some).
Pronouns something, anything, anything, something, something can be used as synonyms, but there are some semantic and stylistic differences between them. Yes, pronoun something denotes the unknown for both the speaker and the listener: We even told each other that we are great friends, but something interfered with our friendship(I. Bunin); something indicates something known to some extent to the speaker, but unknown to the listener: - Come and look! I have one for you something (L. Andreev); anything has the meaning "it doesn't matter what; whatever": And he waited patiently until he anything will be taken out(L. Andreev) ; pronoun anything close in meaning to the pronoun anything, but has a more general meaning: - It’s difficult for him now anything count(V. Kaverin). Pronoun something(“a certain object, phenomenon, something”) is usually used in book styles and, as a rule, has a definition: Something the gray one darted away from me(I. Turgenev).
Similar differences are typical for pronouns. somebody, somebody, somebody, somebody, somebody and etc.
IN colloquial speech sometimes the pronoun can act as an indefinite pronoun what (who). For example: - And for Tryapichkin, for sure, if Who if it gets on your teeth, beware(N.V. Gogol). Wed: anyone, anyone.