Treaty September 28, 1939. The “German-Soviet Treaty on Friendship and the Border between the USSR and Germany” was signed

September 28, 1939 - after 20 days of resistance, the act of surrender of Warsaw was signed, on the same day, as a result of negotiations between the USSR People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs V. M. Molotov and the German Foreign Minister I. von Ribbentrop, the “Treaty of Friendship and Border” was signed between the USSR and Germany." Secret additional protocols to which recorded a new division of the spheres of influence of the Soviet Union and the Third Reich: Lithuania transferred to the Soviet “zone”, and the western lands of Poland were turned into the German General Government, and also coordinated the prevention of “Polish agitation” in the territory of occupied Poland.

Description

Three secret protocols were attached to the agreement - one confidential and two secret. The confidential protocol determined the procedure for the exchange of Soviet and German citizens between both parts of divided Poland, and the secret ones adjusted the zones of Eastern European “spheres of interest” in connection with the division of Poland and the upcoming “special measures on Lithuanian territory to protect the interests of the Soviet side,” and also established the obligations of the parties suppress any “Polish agitation” affecting the interests of the parties.

During the invasion of Poland, the Germans occupied the Lublin Voivodeship and the eastern part of the Warsaw Voivodeship, the territories of which, in accordance with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, were in the sphere of interests of the Soviet Union. In order to compensate the Soviet Union for these losses, a secret protocol was drawn up to this agreement, according to which Lithuania, with the exception of a small territory of the Suwalki region, passed into the sphere of influence of the USSR. This exchange ensured the Soviet Union non-interference by Germany in relations with Lithuania, which resulted in the establishment of the Lithuanian SSR on June 15, 1940.

Treaty of Friendship and Border between the USSR and Germany

The Government of the USSR and the German Government, after the collapse of the former Polish state, consider it exclusively their task to restore peace and order in this territory and provide the people living there with a peaceful existence consistent with their national characteristics. To this end they agreed as follows:

The Government of the USSR and the German Government establish a line as the boundary between mutual state interests on the territory of the former Polish state, which is marked on the attached map and will be described in more detail in the additional protocol.
Both Parties recognize the border of mutual state interests established in Article 1 as final, and eliminate any interference of third powers in this decision.
The necessary state reorganization in the territory west of the line indicated in the article is carried out by the German Government, in the territory east of this line - by the Government of the USSR.
The Government of the USSR and the German Government consider the above restructuring as a reliable foundation for the further development of friendly relations between their peoples.
This treaty is subject to ratification. The exchange of instruments of ratification should take place as soon as possible in Berlin. The agreement comes into force from the moment of its signing. Compiled in two originals, in German and Russian.

Secret additional protocol

The undersigned plenipotentiaries declare the agreement of the Government of Germany and the Government of the USSR as follows:

The secret additional protocol signed on August 23, 1939 should be amended in paragraph 1 to reflect the fact that the territory of the Lithuanian state came into the sphere of influence of the USSR, while, on the other hand, the Lublin Voivodeship and part of the Warsaw Voivodeship came into the sphere of influence Germany (see map attached to the Treaty of Friendship and Borders signed today).

As soon as the Government of the USSR takes special measures on Lithuanian territory to protect its interests, the present German-Lithuanian border, with a view to establishing a natural and simple border description, should be corrected so that the Lithuanian territory located southwest of the line marked on attached map, went to Germany.

The undersigned authorized representatives, upon conclusion of the Treaty of Friendship and Borders, declare their agreement as follows:

Both Parties will not allow any Polish agitation on their territories that affects the territory of the other Party. They will suppress all sources of such agitation in their territories and inform each other about measures taken for this purpose.

Results

As a result of these events, a territory of 196 thousand km² with a population of about 13 million people came under the control of the USSR.

After Germany attacked the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, the treaty, like all other Soviet-German treaties, lost force. When concluding the Sikorski-Maiski Agreement on July 30, 1941, the Soviet government recognized the Soviet-German treaties of 1939 as no longer in force in terms of territorial changes in Poland.

Signing the contract

German-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Border between the USSR and Germany dated September 28, 1939

The government of the USSR and the German government, after the collapse of the former Polish state, consider it exclusively their task to restore peace and order in this territory and provide the people living there with a peaceful existence consistent with their national characteristics. To this end they agreed as follows:

Article I
The government of the USSR and the German government establish a line as the boundary between mutual state interests on the territory of the former Polish state, which is marked on the attached map and will be described in more detail in the additional protocol.

Article II
Both Parties recognize the boundary of mutual state interests established in Article I as final and will eliminate any interference by third powers in this decision.

Article III
The necessary state reorganization in the territory west of the line indicated in the article is carried out by the German government, in the territory east of this line - by the USSR Government.

Article IV
The government of the USSR and the German government consider the above restructuring as a reliable foundation for the further development of friendly relations between their peoples.

Article V
This treaty is subject to ratification. The exchange of instruments of ratification should take place as soon as possible in Berlin.
The agreement comes into force from the moment of its signing.
Compiled in two originals, in German and Russian.
Moscow, September 28, 1939.

V. Molotov
For the German Government
I. Ribbentrop

TRUST PROTOCOL TO THE “GERMAN-SOVIET TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP AND BORDER BETWEEN THE USSR AND GERMANY”
The government of the USSR will not prevent German citizens and other persons of German origin living in its areas of interest if they wish to move to Germany or in areas of German interest. It agrees that this resettlement will be carried out by authorized representatives of the German Government in agreement with the competent local authorities and that the property rights of the settlers will not be affected.
The German Government assumes a corresponding obligation regarding persons of Ukrainian or Belarusian origin living in its areas of interest.

By authority of the Government of the USSR
V. Molotov

I. Ribbentrop

The undersigned Plenipotentiaries, when concluding the Soviet-German Border and Friendship Treaty, stated their agreement as follows:
Both Parties will not allow any Polish propaganda on their territories that affects the territory of another country. They will eliminate the germs of such agitation in their territories and will inform each other about appropriate measures for this purpose.
Moscow, September 28, 1939
By authority of the Government of the USSR
V. Molotov
For the German Government
I. Ribbentrop

SECRET ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL
The undersigned Plenipotentiaries, when concluding the Soviet-German Border and Friendship Treaty, state the agreement of the German Government and the USSR Government as follows:
The secret additional protocol signed on August 23, 1939 is amended in paragraph I in such a way that the territory of the Lithuanian state is included in the sphere of interests of the USSR, since on the other hand the Lublin Voivodeship and parts of the Warsaw Voivodeship are included in the sphere of interests of Germany (see map to the agreement signed today about friendship and the border between the USSR and Germany). As soon as the Government of the USSR takes special measures on Lithuanian territory to protect its interests, then, for the purpose of a simple and natural drawing of the border, the present German-Lithuanian border is corrected so that the Lithuanian territory, which lies southwest of the line indicated on the map, goes to Germany.
It is further stated that the economic agreements in force between Germany and Lithuania should not be violated by the above measures of the Soviet Union.
Moscow, September 28, 1939
By authority of the Government of the USSR
V. Molotov
For the German Government

I. Ribbentrop

Quoted from: Foreign Policy Documents, 1939, vol. 22, book 2 - M.: International Relations, 1992 pp. 134 - 136 Tags:

German-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Border between the USSR and Germany

Article I

The government of the USSR and the German government establish a line as the boundary between mutual state interests on the territory of the former Polish state, which is marked on the attached map and will be described in more detail in the additional protocol.

Article II

Both Parties recognize the boundary of mutual state interests established in Article I as final and will eliminate any interference by third powers in this decision.

Article III

The necessary state reorganization in the territory west of the line indicated in the article is carried out by the German government, in the territory east of this line - by the USSR Government.

The government of the USSR and the German government consider the above restructuring as a reliable foundation for the further development of friendly relations between their peoples.

This treaty is subject to ratification. The exchange of instruments of ratification should take place as soon as possible in Berlin.

The agreement comes into force from the moment of its signing.

Compiled in two originals, in German and Russian.

For the Government
Germany
I. Ribbentrop

By authority
Governments of the USSR
V. Molotov

CONFIDENTIAL PROTOCOL

The Government of the USSR will not create any obstacles in the way of imperial citizens and other persons of German origin living in territories within its sphere of interests if they wish to resettle in Germany or in territories within the German sphere of interests. It agrees that such transfers will be carried out by representatives of the Imperial Government in cooperation with the competent local authorities and that the property rights of the emigrants will be protected.

Similar obligations are assumed by the German Government in relation to persons of Ukrainian or Belarusian origin living in the territories under its jurisdiction.

For the Government
Germany
I. Ribbentrop

By authority
Governments of the USSR
V. Molotov

The undersigned plenipotentiaries declare the agreement of the Government of Germany and the Government of the USSR as follows:

The secret additional protocol signed on August 23, 1939 should be corrected in paragraph I, reflecting the fact that the territory of the Lithuanian state became the sphere of interests of the USSR, while, on the other hand, the Lublin Voivodeship and part of the Warsaw Voivodeship became the sphere of interests of Germany (see map attached to the Treaty of Friendship and Borders signed today). As soon as the Government of the USSR takes special measures on Lithuanian territory to protect its interests, the present German-Lithuanian border, in order to establish a natural and simple border description, should be corrected so that the Lithuanian territory located southwest of the line marked on attached map, went to Germany.

For the Government
Germany
I. Ribbentrop

By authority
Governments of the USSR
V. Molotov

SECRET ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL (on preventing Polish agitation)

The undersigned plenipotentiaries, upon the conclusion of the German-Russian Treaty of Friendship and Borders, declare their agreement as follows:

For the Government
Germany
I. Ribbentrop

By authority
Governments of the USSR
V. Molotov

The immediate reason for Germany unleashing a war against Poland was a border incident in the German city of Gleiwitz, for which the Nazi leadership blamed the neighboring state. On September 1, 1939, in accordance with the detailed plan “Weiss” (from German Weiss - white), a 1.5 million army consisting of 57 German divisions entered Polish territory. Having an overwhelming superiority in manpower, a significant advantage in tanks and aircraft on the main sectors of the front, Hitler's troops quickly advanced into the interior of Poland.

On September 3, 1939, in accordance with the allied guarantees previously given to Poland, the governments of Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. However, the lack of real help from them made Poland's position almost hopeless. The desperate resistance of the Poles near Mlawa, on the Bzura, the defense of Modlin and Westerplatte, the heroic 20-day defense of Warsaw (September 8-28) were unable to stop the superior enemy forces.

If the outcome of the military confrontation between the parties ceased to be in doubt, on the basis of the Soviet-German agreements recorded in the “secret additional protocol” to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, on September 17, the USSR government, without declaring war on Poland, sent its troops into Western Belarus and Western Ukraine. “Liberation Campaign” Red Army" was justified by the Soviet leadership by the need to take under protection the population of the designated territories after "the Polish state ceased to exist." According to the Treaty of Friendship and Border (September 28, 1939) between the USSR and Germany, ethnically Polish lands went to the Third Reich, and Belarusian and Ukrainian - to the Soviet state.

Already at the end of September - beginning of October 1939, the last centers of resistance of the Polish troops were suppressed. However, the Polish government never signed the act of surrender and, having emigrated to London, continued the fight against Germany.

At the end of November 1939, taking advantage of agreements with the Nazi government and counting on an easy victory, the Stalinist leadership launched a war against Finland (the Soviet-Finnish or “winter” war). The obvious coordination of the actions of Germany and the USSR allowed the governments of Great Britain and France to begin developing plans for a joint anti-Soviet war in support of Finland. At the cost of great effort and human sacrifice, the Soviet Union broke the resistance of the Finns and, until March 12, 1940, won a victory over a small but proud country. Having solved some of its problems (gained strategically important territories near Leningrad and in the waters of the Gulf of Finland), the USSR exploded its international authority (was expelled from the League of Nations) and greatly worsened relations with Great Britain and France.

"Strange War" The beginning of the German offensive in the West. Surrender of France. "Battle of Britain".

Fear of a repeat of the bloodshed of the First World War, faith in the reliability of their defensive potential and expectations of Hitler's territorial and political ambitions not to moderate, made the democratic governments of Great Britain and France very cautious. As a result, during the Polish campaign and the Soviet-Finnish war on the western front, in the zone of confrontation between Franco-British and German troops, there was almost complete calm - the so-called. "Phantom War" (September 1939 - May 1940).

Nazi Germany took advantage of the passivity of Western states. First, on April 9, 1940, she launched the Danish-Norwegian operation (codenamed "Weser Maneuvers") and soon occupied Denmark and Norway. For the first to capitulate, a day and two killed Reichswehr soldiers were enough, and the second, with some support from the British, still resisted for almost two months.

On May 10, 1940, Hitler's troops went on the offensive in a wide strip from the shores of the North Sea to the Maginot Line. In accordance with the “Gelbach Plan” (from which Gelb means “yellow”), grossly violating the neutrality of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg and its bilateral agreements with them, Germany quickly occupied these countries and, bypassing the French fortified area, broke into French territory. On June 10, 1940, expecting the imminent fall of Paris and seeking to establish its dominance in the Mediterranean, Italy declared war on the Franco-British coalition. The indecisiveness of France's political leadership and its diplomatic miscalculations, the state's unpreparedness for war with a strong aggressive enemy and, as a consequence, the confusion of the French, predetermined the sad outcome of the war.

On June 22, 1940, France capitulated. The truce was signed in the Campiène forest, the very place where the end of the First World War was put. In accordance with it, France was divided into two parts. The northern and central parts of the country were subject to Nazi occupation, and in the unoccupied South, a puppet (submissive and dependent on the Nazis) “French” state of Marshal Pétain, centered in the town of Vichy, was established - the “Vichy regime” or “Vichy regime”.

Despite the inglorious defeat of their state in the war, French patriots did not submit to the enemy and continued to fight the Nazis. The Resistance movement began to unfold in France, and in exile, in London, General Charles de Gaulle created and headed the Free France organization, which actually became the French government in exile.

A confident victory over France, in the opinion of the Nazi leadership, should have made it possible to quickly agree on peace with Great Britain. However, on May 10, 1940, the coalition government was reorganized there and a longtime admirer of the uncompromising policy towards Nazi Germany, Winston Churchill, became its head. The new leadership rejected the German peace proposal and took a series of decisive measures to strengthen the defense capabilities of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

As a result of these preparations and due to the clear naval advantage of Great Britain, the plan for landing Nazi troops on the British Isles - Operation Seelöwe (German: Seelöwe - "Sea Lion") - was considered unrealistic by the German command. Victory, in his opinion, should have been brought by the German air force - the Luftwaffe (German: Lüftwaffe). From August to October 1940, one of the largest air battles of the Second World War, the Battle of Britain, unfolded in the air over Great Britain.

Despite the desperate attempts of the Nazis to gain an advantage in the air, already in October 1940 it became clear that Germany was not able to defeat its island enemy so much. Even the Nazis’ transition to the terrifying tactics of air attacks on civilian targets and peaceful cities did not help. One of them - Coventry - was almost completely destroyed. Hitler’s propaganda on this matter even put into circulation cynical neologisms like сoventrieren - “caventryravac”, i.e. wipe out.

Germany lost the Battle of Britain, but systematic Luftwaffe air raids continued until May 1941. Every now and then Nazi aircraft threatened British civilians even later. In 1943, for example, the future British Prime Minister John Major was nearly killed in his cradle as a result of a bombing.

Meanwhile, at the most decisive moment of the “Battle of Britain” on September 27, 1940, to strengthen their military-political alliance, Germany, Italy and Japan signed the Tripartite (Berlin) Pact on a political and military-economic alliance - the strategic “Berlin-Rome-Tokya axis” was formed ". In the preamble to the treaty, the participants expressed their desire to cooperate in order to establish a “new order” in Europe and Asia and extend it to other regions of the world. The treaty was open in nature and already in November 1940, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia joined it, and then Bulgaria, Finland, Spain, and Manchukuo.

Signing the contract

German-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Border between the USSR and Germany dated September 28, 1939

Article II
Both Parties recognize the boundary of mutual state interests established in Article I as final and will eliminate any interference by third powers in this decision.

Article IV
The government of the USSR and the German government consider the above restructuring as a reliable foundation for the further development of friendly relations between their peoples.

I. Ribbentrop

Quoted from: Foreign Policy Documents, 1939, vol. 22, book 2 - M.: International Relations, 1992 pp. 134 - 136 Tags:

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