Lesson Plan
- Greetings. Organizing time.
- Examination homework
- Announcing the topic and objectives of the lesson
- Fixing the material
- Homework
Tasks:
- educational:
1) consolidation of knowledge about the isolation of definitions expressed by participial phrases and adjectives with dependent words, two (three) agreed single definitions;
2) improving the ability to correctly place punctuation marks in sentences with separate agreed common and non-common definitions;
3) spelling N and NN in participles and adjectives; coordination of participles and participial phrases;
- developing: develop punctuation vigilance, speech, memory, logical thinking, attention, will, emotions;
- educational: to cultivate interest in the subject.
Teaching aids: textbook “Russian language. 8th grade.”S. G. Barkhudarov, S. E. Kryuchkov, L. Yu. Masimov and others - M., “Prosveshchenie”, 2011; presentation on the topic of the lesson, table “Isolation of definitions and applications”, cards for individual work
During the classes
1. Greeting. Organizing time.
2. Checking homework
Students read sentences written out from exercise 298 into a table
Which fields were you unable to complete?
Write down a sentence The silence at dawn, so rare in Moscow, only intensified his excitement.
Name the grammatical conditions for isolating agreed common definitions
3. Announcement of the topic and objectives of the lesson
Presentation slides No. 1, 2
Today in the lesson we will practice the skills of placing punctuation marks in sentences with agreed upon common definitions
4. Fixing the material
1) Explanatory dictation
1. The cold wind, sharp and persistent, throws us around, and it’s hard to row. 2. Dry grass, leaves torn from trees, and small branches swirled in the air. 3. Wet snowfalls will suddenly fall on the forest, which is chilled and naked. 4. Almost all gazelles, both African and Asian, do not recognize the closeness of forests.
Individual work with cards
Place punctuation marks. Explain them graphically.
1. Although angry in appearance, he was kind at heart.
2. Blessed is the Russian land, open to good grain.
3. The weather, which had been gloomy since the morning, began to clear up little by little.
4. Overshadowed by the roaring moisture, you let down the strands of your hair.
Arrange and graphically explain punctuation marks. Fill in the missing spellings.
Tired from walking through the swamp, I wandered into the barn and fell asleep deeply.
2. From the corner of the room, two (not) moving fiery eyes looked at her.
4. In the cold crystal, the gardens were suddenly covered by a blizzard.
2) Bug fixes
Presentation slides No. 3
Indicate sentences with punctuation errors. Correct them and write down these sentences, mark the paragraph.
1. The fire that flared up in the wind was extinguished for a very short time.
2. Absent-minded and incapable, he was constantly subjected to punishment.
3. Somewhere, invisible to the eye, water is babbling.
4. Suddenly a shadow flashed on a bright stripe crossing the floor.
5. You are young and strong and must lead the way.
Examination
Presentation slides No. 4
The class performs orally. Several students then complete the work for assessment.
4) Constructing sentences
Presentation slides No. 4
Open the brackets and insert the missing letters and punctuation marks. Graphically explain spellings and punctograms.
The silver... watch (lying next to the old weapon) was beautiful and exquisite... and sparkled dimly.
The unity... of this... ulmka against (uncaught... criminal) was frivolous... about the omission... and the employees (investigation... team).
The criminal left his prints not on the door (armored safe), but on the (open door) of the closet.
5) Working with text.
Record the text from dictation.
Winter, huge, spacious, unbearably shining on the snowy desert fields, unfolded its strange pictures before me.
The fields were endless, and only a strip of forest darkened far on the horizon. The snow creaked and sang, squealing under the runners. The horses snored, their gray manes fluttering. The driver, looking like Father Christmas, shouted in a drawn-out manner. At times we drove through the forest, and it was a fairy-tale state, mysterious and motionless.
Find the sentence that contains the main idea of the text.
Title the text so that the title expresses this idea.
Determine the role of isolated definitions in this literary text.
What other artistic means does the author use to paint an amazing picture of winter? Give examples from the text.
5. Homework.
Exercise 300 or 306 (optional)
Teacher's comments on the material being studied
| Good advice |
|
| If the word being defined is preceded by a common definition, then often there is a pause in the middle of the sentence, which you want to formalize with a comma. A series of brochures on the Russian language recently published by the Prosveshchenie publishing house was quickly sold out. | Indeed, in such cases there is a pause in the middle of the sentence (after the word being defined), but a comma should not be placed here. A series of brochures on the Russian language recently published by the Prosveshchenie publishing house quickly sold out. |
| Are commas necessary in the following cases? Academician Pavlov, who is one of the most famous scientists in Russia, could afford independent views on political issues. Suddenly awakened by the shelling, the chief of staff did not immediately understand what was happening. | Commas with an agreed definition standing before the word being defined are placed only in some cases, namely:
Being one of the most famous scientists in Russia, Academician Pavlov could afford independent views on political issues (an added value of the reason). Suddenly awakened by the shelling, the chief of staff did not immediately understand what was happening (added value of the concession). |
| How to place punctuation marks in the following case? The Cossack, who arrived in the regiment and settled in the neighboring hut, seemed to be familiar to Andrey. | In this sentence there are two homogeneous agreed definitions connected by a single conjunction I. There is no comma between homogeneous members connected by a single conjunction I. |
Punctuation marks when isolated circumstances, expressed by gerunds and participial phrases
| Possible difficulties | Good advice |
| If there is a conjunction before an adverbial phrase, where should a comma be placed: before it or after it? He turned at the door _ and _ without saying goodbye to the owner, went out. | Most likely, the union serves here for communication homogeneous predicates. It is in no way connected with the participial phrase, so it cannot be included in the phrase. A comma is placed immediately before the phrase after the conjunction and. He turned at the door and, without saying goodbye to the owner, went out. |
| Are gerunds and participial phrases always separated? | No, segregation is canceled in the following cases: 1) the participial phrase has turned into a phraseological unit of adverbial meaning (carelessly, headlong, etc.): don’t rush into a fight headlong; Let's work with our sleeves rolled up. 2) a single gerund has lost its verbal meaning and acquired an adverbial meaning (for example, reluctantly, jokingly, without looking, sneaking, playing, etc.): then I _jokingly_ lifted eight-pound bags (that is, easily). he swung the ax while playing, without any tension. 3) a single participle (and sometimes an adverbial phrase), standing after the predicate, closely merges with it in meaning (even to the point of becoming part of the predicate). It is on this that the logical emphasis falls in this sentence: Yurik continued to juggle while sitting (what is important to the speaker is not that Yurik was juggling, but that he was juggling and sitting at the same time). |
| How should commas be placed if there are two adverbial phrases in a sentence, between which there is a conjunction and (or, or)? Smoke floated in clouds, rising upward and spreading under the arches of the cave. The gray-haired man came forward, hesitating a little, and raising his hand, he called for silence. | In this case, punctuation may be different. If both phrases depend on one predicate and are homogeneous adverbials, then they are separated by commas as a single structure, without being separated from each other. Smoke floated in clouds, /rising upward and spreading under the arches of the cave/. |
Stand-alone definitions and stand-alone applications
Both agreed and inconsistent definitions can be distinguished.
Agreed standalone definitions usually expressed by participial phrases and adjective-based phrases.
waves, tearing the coast apart, buzzed victoriously and menacingly.
The master waddled in,all black with coal dust.
Less commonly, agreed-upon isolated definitions are expressed by single participles and adjectives.
Sleeping, he seemed even more severe to her.
Buildings, new, fresh , seemed gingerbread.
A special case of a separate definition is a separate application - a definition expressed by a noun.
The lyceum students especially fell in love with Galich,professor of Russian and Latin literature.
Individual agreed definitions should not be confused with subordinate defining clauses.
Inconsistent isolated definitions usually expressed by phrases based on a noun in the indirect case, less often - an adverb or the comparative form of an adjective.
Watchman, in a torn earflap and mittens, nevertheless looked impressive.
Concrete blocks, end-to-end and in some places overlay, piled up behind the site.
This room, much lighter and wider than the previous one, I like it.
Special circumstances. Types of special circumstances
Usually, circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases, as well as nouns with a derived preposition, are isolated.
Circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases are almost always isolated.
Segregation does not occur under the following conditions:
- The participial phrase has turned into a phraseological unit of adverbial meaning ( carelessly, headlong and etc.).
Don't rush into a fight headlong!
- A single gerund has lost its verbal meaning and acquired an adverbial meaning (for example reluctantly, jokingly, without looking, sneaking, playing and etc.).
Live _ laughing! (i.e. fun, no worries.)
He walked slowly. (i.e. slowly.)
- A single participle (and sometimes an adverbial phrase), standing after the predicate, closely merges with it in meaning (to the point that it becomes part of the predicate). In this case, the semantic emphasis of the sentence falls on the gerund.
It is especially difficult for biathletes to shoot while standing. (The speaker does not mean that it is difficult for biathletes to shoot, but that it is difficult for them to shoot while standing.)
The old woman stood with her head down. (What is important to the speaker is not that the old woman was standing, but that she stood with her head bowed.)
For more information about the conditions for isolating gerunds and participial phrases, see: Punctuation marks for isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases. Isolated circumstances can also be expressed by nouns in indirect cases with derived prepositions.
Many derived prepositions in the Russian language have meanings that contribute to the semantic emphasis of nouns with such prepositions. These are the meanings of cause, condition, concession, consequence, accompanying event, etc. Listed below are derived prepositions, combinations with which are isolated more often than others:
in spite of anything;
no matter what;
thanks to something;
according to something;
as a result of something;
for lack of something;
due to something;
in the absence of something;
in the presence of something;
subject to something;
in view of something;
contrary to anything, etc.
Circumstances expressed by nouns with a preposition are always isolated if they have the meaning of concession (when one event occurs despite the presence of another, which is an obstacle to the first).
Despite the rains, the weather was warm.
Despite the resistance of those around him, he quickly moved through the crowd.
The isolation of other circumstances expressed by nouns with derived prepositions is not mandatory. It depends on the intentions and goals of the author, on the prevalence or non-prevalence of the circumstances and on their place in the sentence.
Usually, circumstances expressed by nouns with a preposition are isolated if they are common and appear at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.
Thanks to his organizational skills, he turned out to be a good leader.
Due to lack of free time, he did not have time to do everything he promised.
Uncommon circumstances expressed by nouns with a preposition are usually not isolated if they are at the end of the sentence.
The regiment arrived at the garrison on Friday as ordered.
Punctuation marks for separate agreed definitions
Agreed definitions are isolated if they occupy a certain position in the sentence. Each such position becomes a condition for isolation and requires commas.
Conditions for separating agreed definitions
1. An agreed definition is isolated if it comes after the noun being defined.
A room that looks like a closet and a coffin is one of the recurring images of the novel.
The engine, weak, two-cylinder, did not impress me.
2. The agreed upon definition is isolated if it refers to a personal pronoun.
Almost forgotten by his friends, he lived a poor and simple life.
3. An agreed upon definition is set apart if it contains an additional adverbial meaning (usually reasons or concessions).
Frightened and confused, Peter did not know what to answer. (Being frightened, Peter did not know... - the reason.)
Severely shell-shocked, Strugov barely made it to the trench. (Although Strugov was shell-shocked, he made it... - concession.)
Sometimes the separation conditions listed above do not apply.
| Remember the cases are exceptions. 1. An agreed definition is not isolated if logical stress falls on it (in this case, the definition is included in the compound nominal predicate). We returned very tired. (What is important is not the fact of returning, but the fact that you are tired.) 2. An agreed definition is not isolated if the sentence without it does not express a complete thought. She took on a stern and imperious look. (It is impossible to leave only: She took on the form.) This led to extremely strange things. (You can't just leave: This led to things.) 3. An agreed definition is not isolated if it relates to indefinite pronoun. Everyone was expecting something very scary. |
Punctuation marks in isolated circumstances, expressed by gerunds and participles
Circumstances, expressed by gerunds or participial phrase, separated by commas.
The girls, having locked themselves, began to discuss this news.
Everyone was worried while waiting for the opening.
Commas are not used under the following conditions:
- The participial phrase has turned into a phraseological unit of adverbial meaning (carelessly, headlong, etc.).
Don't rush into a fight headlong!
Let's work with our sleeves rolled up!
- A single gerund has lost its verbal meaning and acquired an adverbial meaning (for example, reluctantly, jokingly, without looking, sneaking, playing, etc.).
Then I_jokingly_ lifted eight-pound bags (that is, easily).
He swung the ax playfully, without any tension.
- A single participle (and sometimes an adverbial phrase), standing after the predicate, closely merges with it in meaning (to the point that it becomes part of the predicate). It is on him that the logical emphasis falls in this sentence.
Yurik continued to juggle while sitting (what is important to the speaker is not that Yurik was juggling, but that he was juggling and sitting at the same time).
| Note! There are several other cases where the participle and participial phrase are not separated by commas. Commas are not used if the adverbial participle or participial phrase is connected with an adverb through single conjunctions and, or, or (the adverb and participial phrase are in this case homogeneous adverbs). He always spoke the truth easily and without paying attention to the benefits. (In this sentence the adverb easily and participle phrases are homogeneous circumstances connected by the conjunction and.) Commas are not used if the dependent word in the adverbial phrase is the relative pronoun which (in this role it serves as a conjunction in a complex sentence). There are issues without solving which it is impossible to move on. Sometimes in a sentence there are two adverbial phrases, between which there is the conjunction and. In this case, punctuation may be different. If both phrases depend on one predicate and are homogeneous adverbials, then they are separated by commas as a single structure, without being separated from each other. Smoke floated in clouds, rising upward and spreading under the arches of the cave. If the turns depend on different predicates, then each of them is separated by commas separately. The gray-haired man stepped forward, hesitating a little, and, raising his hand, called for silence. |
Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich
Punctuation marks for isolated inconsistent definitions
§ 53. Inconsistent definitions expressed by nouns in the form of indirect cases with prepositions and related to common nouns, are isolated:
1) if the word being defined already has preceding agreed definitions: The door opens and a small, dry old man enters the room, with a sharp, gray beard, wearing heavy glasses on his red, gristly nose, wearing a long white apron and holding a lamp in his hand.(M.G.); There was a large photograph in the album: the inside some empty chapel, with vaults, with shiny walls of smooth stone (Boon.); It was a dry, frosty day in early November, with a leaden-gray calm sky and sparse, almost just a few snowflakes.(B. Past.); Was last cold pre-spring day, with wind whipping drizzle (A. Color.);
2) if inconsistent definitions are included in the ranks of homogeneous members along with agreed upon definitions (the word being defined in this case may not have a preceding definition): Artist, short in stature, youthfully light despite his height, wearing a beret and a velvet jacket walked from corner to corner(Boon.).
If the defined name does not have other (agreed) definitions, then the separation of inconsistent definitions is optional. In this case, isolation is facilitated by the need to indicate very specific, private characteristics of the object or characteristics temporary nature, attributed to the subject in this moment: crumbs, the size of a hemp seed, must be carefully selected(Sparrow); Doctor, with a sword in hand, ran into the bedroom(Tyn.). Wed, however: Salesman in a clean white robe and blue cap served... a client(Bulg.).
When designating permanent characteristics, the definition not isolated: On stools with gilded legs sat whole line I'll give(Bulg.).
§ 54. Inconsistent definitions are isolated if they refer to combinations of nouns and non-separate definitions that extend them: But then a gentleman in pince-nez, with amazed eyes, in a black velvet beret, from under which greenish curls fell, and in a long coat of shiny chestnut fur, drove up to the porch(Bun.) - the phrase is defined gentleman in pince-nez; I built it next to the school dormitory for twenty people, with a room for a man, a comfortable dining room and a bright kitchen (Sol.) - the phrase is defined hostel for twenty people .
Note. Inconsistent definition may not be isolated if the determined common noun in itself is not able to fully express the meaning in this context: And one morning, during office hours, he came to Kornilov’s office a man with glasses and some kind of strange, either summer or winter, very crumpled hat (Hall.); In front of him stood man in a hat (Shuksh.) - words Human And man in these contexts require specification by indicating features (a man with glasses and a strange hat, a man in a hat).
§ 55. Inconsistent definitions related to to proper names, since a proper name in itself characterizes a person as unique and quite specific; the definition indicates the characteristics attributed to the person at the moment: In a minute, Ivan Markovich and Sasha, in coats and hats, going down the stairs(Ch.); Shabashkin, with a cap on his head, stood with his arms akimbo(P.).
§ 56. Inconsistent definitions related to personal pronouns are highlighted: Today she in the new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful(M.G.); I looked out the window through the branches of the ash trees and saw: the river was all blue from the moon, and he, in a white shirt and a wide sash with ends loose at the sides, stands with one foot in the boat and the other on the shore(M.G.); In mid-January, at night, in the same coat, but with torn buttons, I was huddled in the cold in my yard(Bulg.).
§ 57. Inconsistent definitions are isolated, separated from the words being defined - nouns and pronouns - by other members of the sentence: Immediately all in the summer transparent sun, Maria Shcherbatova bent over him(Paust.); In a light airy dress, she entered the room and sat down opposite the window.
§ 58. Inconsistent definitions expressed comparative degree adjectives (they have the meaning of clarification): ...There were shadows floating there, there were many of them, and one of them, darker and thicker, than others, swam faster and lower than her sisters(M.G.). - Wed. which was darker and thicker than the others; Sometimes, in the general harmony of the splash, a more elevated and playful note is heard - this is one of the waves bolder, crawled towards us(M.G.). - Wed: who was bolder; Long, below the knees, the old man's shirt was dazzlingly white under the moon(Shuksh.); It seemed to him that another road was attached to the road along which he was walking, slightly less (Pelev.).
§ 59. Inconsistent definitions related to adjective definitions and having the meaning of clarification are isolated: Through her[greenery] shines through blue, silver, sky(M.G.); He went into the upper room, undressed, and carefully hung festive, with stripes, bloomers(Shol.); To the right, at the foot of the hills, spread out a large field, covered tall, human height, grass(Chuck.); Exactly at that eve, before the storm, some significant incidents happened for Ivan Matveich(Leon.). (See also § 79.)
In the absence of a clarification value, such definitions are not distinguished: Red polka dots the dress made her stand out in the crowd.
§ 60. Inconsistent definitions expressed by the infinitive are usually not isolated; together with the noun they form a phrase: a desire to study, an order to leave, an idea to create a charity society, a dream to engage in art, an order to complete a task. For example: I gave the command lie down and begin studying the enemy’s defensive system (Zl.); It takes courage admit your failure (Copt.); Kirill Ivanovich felt a desire within himself repeat every word several times, but for some reason I was afraid to do it(M.G.).
The infinitive as a definition is separated from the word being defined by the sign dash, if the name being defined already has a definition with it. In this case, the infinitive definition takes on the meaning of additional clarification (it is possible to insert words namely): Vikhrov's old dream came true - once again touch his cheek to the dry breast that nourished him (Leon.).
Separate infinitive definitions, common and non-common, are located at the end of the sentence: - I will impose one duty on everyone - create (M.G.); Why don’t you, say, set yourself a simple and very important goal - save funds allocated by the state to your school (gas.).
When located inside a sentence, infinitive definitions, even if there are additional definitions with the defined name, are not isolated: But maybe my ability comprehend the world Is this why it was given to me, so that someday I can be transported to another space?(Hall.).
When placed inside a sentence, infinitive definitions can take on the character of plug-in constructions with a clarifying and explanatory meaning and are then highlighted on both sides dash(or parentheses): These two are completely different events in themselves - leave native land and set foot on French soil, - each of which should be an independent grandiose event, merge into two or three common words telegraph text: “Flew safely”(Sol.). (See also § 97.)
From the book Handbook of the Russian Language. Punctuation author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 51. Punctuation marks in dialogue 1. If dialogue lines are given each in a paragraph, then a dash is placed in front of them: - So the German is calm? - Silence. - Rockets? - Yes, but not very often (Kaz.).2. If replicas are included in the selection without indicating who they belong to, then each of them
From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(ZN) of the author TSB§ 71. Alternative punctuation marks 1. For complex subordinating conjunctions, a comma is placed once - either before the entire conjunction, or, depending on the meaning, intonation, certain lexical conditions, before the second part (the first is part of the main part
From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 72. Variable punctuation marks Often in the press there are different punctuation marks for similar texts. Above, for example, it was said that in front of the connecting structure there may be different signs punctuation: comma, dash, period, ellipsis (see § 24,
From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Reference author Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich§ 123. Punctuation marks in dialogue If lines of dialogue are given from a new paragraph, then a dash is placed in front of them, for example: - Do you have any relatives? - There is no one. I'm alone in the world. - Do you know how to read and write? - Yes. – Do you know any language other than Aramaic? - I know. Greek (Bulgakov). If
From the book Rock Encyclopedia. Popular music in Leningrad-Petersburg, 1965–2005. Volume 1 author Burlaka Andrey Petrovich§ 123. Punctuation marks in dialogue 1. If dialogue lines are given from a new paragraph, then a dash is placed in front of them, for example: - So the German is calm? - Silence. - Rockets! - Yes, but not very often (Kazakevich).2. If the replicas are included in the selection without indicating who they belong to, then
From the author's bookPUNCIPATION MARKS AT THE END AND AT THE BEGINNING OF SENTENCES. ENDING SIGNS IN THE MIDDLE OF A SENTENCE Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence § 1. Depending on the purpose of the message, the presence or absence of emotional overtones of the statement, a period is placed at the end of the sentence
From the author's bookPunctuation marks for homogeneous definitions § 37. Homogeneous definitions, expressed by adjectives and participles and standing before the word being defined, are separated from each other by a comma, heterogeneous ones are not separated (for an exception, see § 41). Note 1: Difference between
From the author's bookPUNCTION MARKS FOR SEPARATE MEMBERS
From the author's bookPunctuation marks for separate agreed definitions § 46. Definitive phrases are separated (highlighted or separated) by commas, i.e. definitions expressed by participles or adjectives with dependent words, in the following cases.1. Definitive
From the author's bookPunctuation marks for separate applications § 61. Common applications that appear after the word being defined - a noun or pronoun, as well as sentences separated from them by other members or relating to an absent one member of the proposal,
From the author's bookPunctuation marks in isolated circumstances § 68. Circumstances expressed by participial phrases are separated by commas, regardless of their location in relation to the predicate verb: Without putting on his cap, he went out onto the porch (Shol.); Having become riotous during the night, the forest
From the author's bookPUNCTION MARKS FOR ADDRESSES § 101. Addresses, i.e. words and combinations of words naming the addressee of speech, are highlighted (or separated) by commas. When emotionality increases, it is placed Exclamation point after the address: Congratulations, comrades, on your safe arrival
From the author's bookPunctuation marks for quotations § 140. Quotes are enclosed in quotation marks and are formalized with punctuation marks in the same way as direct speech (see § 133-136): a) Marcus Aurelius said: “Pain is a living idea of pain: make an effort of will to change this is a show, throw it away, stop it
From the author's bookfor inconsistent definitions, commas for definitions in the form of oblique cases with prepositions relating to common nouns, if this name already has a definition § 53 optional isolation of inconsistent definitions § 53 for definitions,
From the author's bookPUNCTUAL MARKS The group PUNCTION MARKS was born in June 1988 as a peculiar reaction to the change in musical direction in the popular St. Petersburg group of the second half of the 80s THE YOUNGER BROTHERS - from melodic neo-romanticism and electropop towards hard guitar
A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality, property of an object and answers the questions WHAT? WHOSE? WHICH? At parsing definition sentences are underlined with a wavy line.
Definitions usually appear as dependent words in phrases with nouns and can be associated with them by means of agreement (for example: BIG HOUSE, BEAUTIFUL GARDEN) or by means of control and adjacency (for example: MAN (what?) IN A HAT, KNOWLEDGE (what?) TO PLAY) . Definitions connected to nouns using agreement are called agreed upon, using control or connection – inconsistent.
Agreed definitions can be expressed by adjectives (NEW ROUTE), participles (ADVANCED ROUTE), possessive pronouns(OUR ROUTE) and ordinal numbers (FIFTH ROUTE). An inconsistent definition can be expressed by a noun in oblique cases (HOUSE - what? - ON THE MOUNTAIN), a comparative degree of an adjective (I DIDN'T SEE THE STORM - what? - STRONGER), an infinitive (OPPORTUNITY - what? - TO STUDY) and a pronoun (HIS BOOK) .
Inconsistent definitions may combine their meaning with the meaning of circumstances and additions. Compare: HOUSE (where?) ON THE MOUNTAIN and HOUSE (which?) ON THE MOUNTAIN. Both questions are entirely appropriate, and ON THE MOUNTAIN can be considered both a circumstance and a definition. Another example: MEETING (with whom?) WITH FRIENDS and MEETING (what?) WITH FRIENDS. In these phrases, WITH FRIENDS will be both an addition and a definition.
Separation- this is the highlighting on both sides of a letter with punctuation marks (commas, dashes, parentheses) of some part of the sentence.
Definitions are distinguished in accordance with the following rules.
1. An agreed definition consisting of several words and relating to the preceding noun is isolated. Compare two sentences:
Path, overgrown with grass, led to the river.
Overgrown with grass path led to the river.
2. The agreed definition relating to the personal pronoun is isolated, regardless of its place in the sentence and prevalence. For example:
Happy he is
He, happy, told me about his successes.
Pleased with your success, he told me about them.
He, happy with his successes, told me about them.
Please note: in the example from the first paragraph of the rule, the phrase OVERGROWING WITH GRASS is highlighted with commas. If the definition has dependent words, then they together make up attributive phrase.
This rule has three notes:
1. An agreed definition (both single-word and consisting of several words), relating to a noun and standing in front of it, can be isolated if it has an additional meaning of reason (that is, it combines the meanings of the definition and the circumstances of the reason). For example:
Tired, tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.
Tired after a sleepless night, tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.
(In both sentences the definition explains reason refusal to climb again.)
2. Definitions that appear after the word being defined, but are closely related in meaning to it or to other members of the sentence, are not isolated. In such cases, if the definition is removed from the sentence, the phrase loses its meaning. For example:
He could hear things are quite unpleasant for yourself (Lermontov). Sea at his feet lay silent and white(Paustovsky).
3. The definition is isolated, wherever it appears, if it is separated from the word being defined by other words. For example:
In the end of January, covered in the first thaw, Cherries smell good gardens(Sholokhov).
Exercise
- Maybe it was a thorn or the tip of a nail that had come out of the felt padding of the clamp (Aitmatov).
- Lying on his armour-hard back, he saw, as soon as he raised his head, his brown, convex belly, divided by arched scales, on the top of which the blanket, ready to finally slide off, was barely holding on (Kafka).
- In the bright dawn, the black tops of birches were outlined, thin as letters (Pasternak).
- The princess absolutely hates me, two or three epigrams about me have already been retold to me - quite caustic, but at the same time very flattering (Lermontov).
- I am still trying to explain to myself what kind of feeling was boiling in my chest then: it was the annoyance of offended pride, and contempt, and anger - born at the thought - that this man was now looking at me with such confidence, with such calm insolence - two minutes ago ago, without exposing himself to any danger, he wanted to kill me like a dog, because wounded in the leg a little more severely, I would certainly have fallen off the cliff (Lermontov).
- Grease the mold to prevent it from rusting and remove kitchen table, make a sauce from oxylithium hydrate_ diluted in a glass of fresh milk (Vian).
- Staggering and gasping for breath, he finally went ashore, saw a robe lying on the ground, picked it up and mechanically rubbed himself with it until his numb body warmed up (Hesse).
- My father's elder brother, who died in 1813, with the intention of setting up a village hospital, gave him as a boy to some doctor he knew to study the art of paramedics (Herzen).
- Who told you that there is no true, faithful, eternal love in the world? (Bulgakov).
- But that’s not all: the third in this company was a cat that had come from nowhere, huge, like a hog, black, like soot or a rook... (Bulgakov).
- Winter evening on December 14th_ thick_ dark_ frosty (Tynyanov).
- The fields, all the fields stretched right up to the sky, now rising slightly, then falling again; here and there small forests could be seen, and ravines dotted with sparse and low bushes... (Turgenev).
- One, black, large and shabby, was very similar to those rats that he saw on ships during his travels (Tournier).
- The strangest incidents are those that happen on Nevsky Prospekt! (Gogol).
Doctor Budakh_ washed up_ dressed in everything clean_ carefully shaved_ looked very impressive (Strugatskys).
They drank coffee in a gazebo on the shore of a wide lake dotted with islands (Pushkin).
Deeply offended, she sat down under the window and sat until late at night without undressing (Pushkin).
The old woman, looking at him from behind the partition, could not know whether he had fallen asleep or was just thinking (Pushkin).
Foolovites, who were not strong enough in self-government, began to attribute this phenomenon to the mediation of some unknown force (Shchedrin).
The waves of the sea, encased in granite, are suppressed by enormous weights sliding along their ridges, hitting the sides of ships, the shores, beating and grumbling, foamed, polluted with various rubbish (Gorky).
In its long beak, curved at the end, the seagull held a small fish.
And either he made a grimace - blinded by the setting sun - or his face was generally characterized by some strangeness, only his lips seemed too short... (Mann).
The curious and inquisitive children immediately noticed that something incomprehensible was going on in the city.
His father met him with a gloomy and surprised look.
He opened his notebook and drew two segments parallel to each other.
Draw an equilateral triangle with a side equal to five centimeters.
But now they did not speak for long, - the wise one, who did not interfere with their judgment, spoke himself: “Stop! There is punishment. This is a terrible punishment; You wouldn’t invent something like this in a thousand years!” (Bitter).
A small night_bird_ silently and low rushing on its soft wings_ almost stumbled upon me and timidly dived to the side (Turgenev).
Punctuation marks in a simple complex sentence ( homogeneous members sentences) and in a complex sentence
For completing the task correctly you can receive 2 points.
Theory for task 16 in Russian:
Algorithm for completing task 16 of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language:
- Highlight the basics.
- Insert punctuation if necessary.
- Write down the numbers of sentences that contain one comma.