Здравствуйте, мои дорогие читатели.
Когда вы слышите фразу «Relative Clause » - о чем вы думаете? Русские люди, которые не любят захламлять свою голову всякими терминами, не сразу найдутся с ответом. А вот если намекнуть им на слова that, which или who, которые часто встречаются в текстах, они сразу же понимают, о чем пойдет речь.
Да, придаточные предложения, или грамматика relative clauses : - тема сегодняшнего разговора. Я постараюсь самым простым способом рассказать вам, что, как и для чего используется. А также мы посмотрим на перевод и defining words , что используются в этом правиле. В конце обязательно закрепим полученные знания
Что это такое и как этим пользоваться?
Relative clause - или на русском определительное придаточное предложение, - это часть сложного предложения, которое зависит от главного. Оно обычно соединяет два маленьких предложения в одно или просто добавляет новую интересную информацию, чтобы вам было понятнее, давайте посмотрим пример.
I have a mother who works as a doctor. — У меня есть мама, которая работает врачом.
I missed the bus that was going to take me to church. - Я пропустила автобус, который должен был отвезти меня в церковь.
Что нам говорит правило?
Правило гласит, что в английском языке определительные придаточные предложения могут быть как identifying (ограничительные) или non-identifying (распространительные).
Если говорить проще, то первые определяют что-то важное в предложении, последние - не определяют. Обычно non-identifying предложения можно выделить запятыми и, соответственно, выбросить из предложения.
Например:
This is the new computer that I bought yesterday. - Это новый компьютер, который я купил вчера.
She was pleased with the present that her father gave her. - Она была рада подарку, который ее отец ей подарил.
В этих примерах часть текста после слова that - определяющая, потому что если их убрать, предложение потеряет важный смысловую нагрузку. Их никоим образом нельзя пропустить или убрать вовсе.
Вот вам хороший пример, который поможет понять существенную разницу.
The students, who had revised the material, passed the test.
The students who had revised the material passed the test.
Если вспомнить правило, то придаточное предложение, выделенное запятыми, можно выбросить из текста. Поэтому получается, что в первом случае все ученики сдали тест (в том числе и те, кто повторил). А вот во втором случае именно те, кто повторил перед тестом, его и сдали!
Чувствуете разницу?
Когда и как используются who, that, which?
Самые распространенные слова, которые используются в relative clause - это who, which, that.
- Who используется только с живыми существами: людьми, животными (именно своими, которых вы знаете!) и т.д.
The girl who was my age had already won this competition. - Девочка, которая была со мной одного возраста, уже побеждала в этом конкурсе.
- Which используется только с неодушевленными предметами.
The catalog which you ordered yesterday will arrive tomorrow. —
Каталог, который ты заказал вчера, придет завтра.
- That используется как с одушевленными, так и с неодушевленными существительными.
The book that is on the table is a present for Joe’s birthday. — Книга, которая лежит на столе, это подарок на день рождения Джо.
Если вы хотите больше узнать о сложных предложениях в английском языке, то прошу. Если же вам интересна вся грамматика, то мой будет очень кстати.
Чтобы вам было намного легче освоить эту темы, я подготовила для вас упражнения для практики (Ответы будут в конце статьи, но прошу не подглядывать, пока не сделаете;)).
1. That is the shop ____ was awarded as the best shop in the city.
2. The girl ____ brother goes with me to the gym is a good singer.
3. The man ____ broke into our house was caught in two days.
4. She visits her grandmother ____ lives in countryside every summer.
5. She was wearing a dress ___ looked like princess’.
6. The bookshelf ____ we bought last week has broken down.
7. The man ___ was sitting on the bench turned around and saw his granddaughter.
8. A woman ____ son was crying paid no attention to him.
9. The woman ____ car had broken down on her way home spent 3 hours waiting for help.
10. My best friend ____ I have known for years will never let me down.
11. He didn’t follow the instructions ____ he was given, so he failed to pass the test.
12. The girl ___ lived next door was very shy and couldn’t say a word to protect herself at school.
13. I need to buy a laptop ____ can work up to 5 hours without a charger.
14. My father ___ is a doctor has no idea how to repair a car.
15. The photo ____ is placed on the mantel was taken at the picnic two years ago.
Ну что, надеюсь, вы теперь вооружены полными знаниями и готовы справиться с любыми придаточными предложениями в английском языке. В попытках понять английского языка можно и в трех соснах заблудиться. Именно тогда нужна помочь профессионального учителя. Задавайте свои вопросы — буду рада на них ответить.
А пока я прощаюсь.
До новых интересных встреч!
Ответы:
1. which
2. whose
3. who
4. who
5. that
6. that
7. who
8. whose
9. whose
10. whom
11. that
12. who
13. that
14. who
15. that
RELATIVE CLAUSES
1 Underline any relative pronouns that can be left out in these sentences.
1 I think that my boss is the person who I admire most.
2 Harry, who was tired, went to bed very early.
3 Were taking the train that leaves at 6.00.
4 Have you seen the book that I left here on the desk?
5 The film which we liked most was the French one.
6 My radio, which isn’t very old, has suddenly stopped working.
7 The clothes which you left behind are at the reception desk.
8 The couple who met me at the station took me out to dinner.
9 Last week I ran into an old friend who I hadn’t seen for ages.
10 Don’t cook the meat that I put in the freezer - it’s for the dog.
2 Replace the relative pronouns in italics with that , where possible.
1 This is the magazine which I told you about.
... This is the magazine that I tild you about .............................
2 John’s flat, which is in the same block as mine, is much larger.
3 The girl whose bag I offered to carry turned out to be an old friend.
4 The policeman who arrested her had recognized her car.
5 I work with someone who knows you.
6 We don’t sell goods which have been damaged.
7 Brighton, which is on the south coast, is a popular holiday resort.
8 I don’t know anyone whose clothes would fit you.
9 There’s a cafe near here which serves very good meals.
10 People who park outside get given parking tickets.
3 Underline the most suitable word in each sentence.
1 My friend Jack, that / who / whose parents live in Glasgow, invited me to spend Christmas in Scotland.
2 Here’s the computer program that / whom / whose I told you about.
3 I don’t believe the story that / who / whom she told us.
4 Peter comes from Witney, that / who / which is near Oxford.
5 This is the gun with that / whom / which the murder was committed.
6 Have you received the parcel whom / whose / which we sent you?
7 Is this the person who / which / whose you asked me about?
8 That’s the girl that / who / whose brother sits next to me at school.
9 The meal, that / which / whose wasn’t very tasty, was quite expensive.
10 We didn’t enjoy the play that / who / whose we went to see.
4 Put one suitable word in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.
MURDER AT THE STATION by Lorraine Small Episode 5: Trouble on the 6.15 The story so far:
Jane Platt, (1) ….who... is travelling to London because of a mysterious letter, is the only person (2)............................ witnesses a murder at Victoria Station. The detective to (3)........................... she gives her statement then disappears. Jane goes to an office in Soho to answer the letter (4)................................. she had received. There she discovers that her uncle Gordon, (5)............................... lives in South America, has sent her a small box (6)............................ she is only to open if in trouble. Jane,(7)......................... parents have never mentioned an Uncle Gordon, is suspicious of the box, (8)........................... she gives to her friend Tony. They go to Scotland Yard and see Inspector Groves, (9)............................... has not heard of the Victoria Station murder, (10)....................... was not reported to the police. Jane gives Inspector Groves the murdered man"s ticket, (11)........................... she found beside his body. Then Jane and Tony decide to go to Redhill, (12)................................... was. The town (13)....................... the murdered man had come from. On the train they meet a man, (14).................................. face is somehow familiar to Jane, (15)......................... says he knows her Uncle Gordon …
5 Put a suitable relative pronoun in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.
1 My bike, ...wich............ I had left at the gate, had disappeared.
2 The shoes............................ I bought were the ones................................... I tried on first.
3 The bag in.........................the robbers put the money was found later.
4 The medicine.............................the doctor gave me had no effect at all.
5 Peter,................................... couldn’t see the screen, decided to change his seat.
6 I really liked that tea............................. you made me this morning.
7 What was the name of your friend.................................... tent we borrowed?
8 The flight......................................... Joe was leaving on was cancelled.
6 Make one sentence from each group of sentences, beginning as shown.
1 The hotel was full of guests. The hotel was miles from anywhere. The guests had gone there to admire the scenery.
The hotel, which. ..was miles from anywhere was full of guests who had gone there to admire the scenery......
2 I lent you a book. It was written by a friend of mine. She lives in France.
The book I...........................................................................................................
3 A woman’s handbag was stolen. A police officer was staying in the same hotel. The woman was interviewed by him.
The woman whose...........................................................................................
4 A goal was scored by a teenager. He had come on as substitute. This goal won the match.
The goal which......................................................................................................
5 I was sitting next to a boy in the exam. He told me the answers.
The boy I.......................................................................
6 My wallet contained over £100. It was found in the street by a schoolboy. He returned it.
My wallet,.............................................................................................................
7 My friend Albert has decided to buy a motorbike. His car was stolen last week. My friend Albert,..............................................................................
8 Carol is a vegetarian. I cooked a meal for her last week. She enjoyed it. Carol,......................................................................................................................
7 Make one new sentence from each pair of sentences. Begin as shown, and use the word given in capitals.
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Brenda is a friend. I went on holiday with her. Brenda is ...the friend who I went on holiday ................................. |
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This is Mr Smith. His son Bill plays in our team. This is Mr Smith....................................................................................... |
WHOSE |
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Her book was published last year. It became a best seller. Her book.................................................................................................... |
WHICH |
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This is the bank. We borrowed the money from it. This is the bank from............................................................................... |
WHICH |
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I told you about a person. She is at the door. The person................................................................................................ |
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Jack’s car had broken down. He had to take a bus. Jack,........................................................................................................... |
WHOSE |
8 Make one sentence from each group of sentences, beginning as shown.
1 I got on a train. I wanted to go to a station. The train didn’t stop there.
The train I.. got on didn"t stop at the station I wanted to go to ......................
2 I read a book. You recommended a book to me. This was the book.
The book I........................................................................................................................
3 The ship hit an iceberg and sank. Warning messages had been sent to it. The ship ignored these.
The ship,............................................................................................................................
4 The postman realized I was on holiday. You had sent me a parcel. The postman left it next door.
The postman,....................................................................................................................
5 I used to own a dog. People came to the door. The dog never barked at them. The dog I...........................................................................................................................
6 I bought my bike from a woman. She lives in a house. You can see the house over there.
The woman I....................................................................................................................
7 We went to a beach on the first day of our holiday. It was covered in seaweed. This smelled a lot.
The beach we...................................................................................................................
8 My neighbours have three small children. The children make a lot of noise.
My neighbours never apologize.
My neighbours,................................................................................................................
9 I bought a new computer. It cost me a lot of money.
The new.............................................................................................................................
9 These sentences are all grammatically possible, but not appropriate in speech. Rewrite each sentence so that it ends with the preposition in italics.
1 Margaret is the girl with whom I went on holiday.
... Margaret is the girl I went on holiday ..........................
2 The golf club is the only club of which I am a member.
3 That’s the girl about whom we were talking.
4 It was a wonderful present, for which I was extremely grateful.
5 This is the school to which I used to go.
6 Is this the case in which we should put the wine glasses?
7 Can you move the chair on which you are sitting?
8 That’s the shop from which I got my shoes.
9 Is that the person next to whom you usually sit?
10 This is Bill, about whom you have heard so much.
Иногда в роли определения существительного могут выступать не прилагательные, а целые определительные придаточные предложения (relative clauses)
Compare these two sentences.
Сравние два предложения
(1) The students who were late were expelled. (defining)
Студентов, которые опоздали, не допустили к занятиям (ограничительное)
(2) The students, who were late, were expelled. (non-defining)
Все студенты не были допущены к занятиям из-за опозания (распространительное)
In the first sentence we mean that only those students were expelled who were late for class. This means that there were other students who were punctual and they could stay. The second sentence expresses that all the students were late and all of them were expelled.
Первое предложение (1) имеет тот смысл, что только те студенты были не допущены, которые опоздали на занятия. Это значит, что были и пунктуальные студенты, которые были оставлены на занятиях. Второе предложение (2) выражает мысль, что опоздали все студенты и всех их не допустили к занятиям
In mathematical terms this means the following. The defining relative clause defines a subset of a given set and makes a statement on the elements of the subset. The non-defining relative clause makes a statement on all the elements of a given set.
В математических терминах это значит следующее. Ограничительное придаточное предложение определяет подмножество (из множества студентов) и делает утверждение об этом подмножестве. Распространительное придаточное предложение делает утверждение обо всём исходном множестве
Примечание:
1) ограничительное (defining)
придаточное определительное предложение существенно ограничивает, делает более узким круг предметов, обозначенных существительным. Его нельзя выбросить из предложения без нарушения смысла. Запятыми
такое придаточное никогда не выделяется.
3) Заметим также, что предложение (2) The students, who were late, were expelled
выглядит немного странным как пример распространительного
.
Во-первых, сразу вспоминается, что expel может означать полное отчисление из ВУЗа, а не просто недопуск на конкретное занятие -
и тогда неясно, зачем отчисленные ходят на занятия (хоть и с опозданием).
Во-вторых, выделенное запятыми - , who were late,
- настраивает читателя, что это несущественное "замечание в скобках" .
Но на самом деле это существенная причина недопуска. Между тем запятые показывают, что это придаточное можно выбросить без ущерба ля смысла предложения, тогда получится The students were expelled = (Всех этих) студентов не допустили на занятия. Наконец, с грехом пополам, что-то понятно. Яснее было бы сказать " (All) The students were expelled because they were late for class"
Relative clauses (придаточные определительные предложения)
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Subject or object Relative clauses give extra information about a noun in the main clause. Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun (who, which, that, whom, whose). The relative pronoun can refer to the subject of the clause. -That"s the woman who bought my car. The woman (subject) bought my car (object). Or the relative pronoun can refer to the object of the clause. -This is the car that I used to own. I (subject) used to own the car (object). |
Субъект
или объект
Придаточные
определительные предложения дают
дополнительную информацию о
существительном в главном
предложении.
Относительное
местоимение может относиться к
подлежащему в предложении.
Женщина (субъект) купил свою машину (объект). Или относительное местоимение может относиться к дополнению в предложении. Я (субъект) владел автомобилем (объект). |
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Defining . Defining clauses give important information which tells us exactly what is being referred to. -The book which you lent me is really good. This indicates which book we are talking about. Without the relative clause, it might be difficult to understand the meaning. |
Определяющие
Определяющие предложения дают важную
информацию, которая говорит нам, что
именно имеется в виду.
Это указывает на ту книгу,о которой мы говорим. Без определяющего предложения, может быть трудно понять смысл. |
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Non-defining . Non-defining clauses add extra information. They are separated by commas in writing, and by a pause on either side (where the commas are) in speaking. We generally use which not that in non-defining clauses. - This gives extra information about the book. We could miss out the relative clause and the meaning would still be clear. |
Не
определяющие
Не определяющие предложения добавляют дополнительную информацию. Они разделены запятой в письменной форме, и паузой с каждой стороны (там, где запятые) в разговоре. Мы вообще используем which а не that в не определяющие предложениях. - Книга, которую я не читал, по-прежнему лежала на полке. Это дает дополнительную информацию о книге. Мы могли опустить н е определяющее предложение, но смысл все равно будет понятным. |
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Omitting the relative pronoun . In a defining relative clause we can leave out the relative pronoun if it is the object of the clause. - That"s the car (that) I used to own. We cannot miss out the relative pronoun if it is the subject of the clause. - That"s the woman who bought my car. . In a non-defining relative clause we cannot leave out the relative pronoun. - The book, which I hadn"t read, was still on the shelf. |
Опуская относительное
местоимение
В
о
пределяющем
предложении
мы
можем опустить относительное
местоимение, если оно является
дополнением в предложении. Это автомобиль, который у меня был. Мы не можем опустить относительное местоимение, если оно является подлежащим в предложении. -Это женщина, которая купила машину. В н е определяющих предложениях мы не можем опустить относительное местоимение. - Книга, которую я не читал, по-прежнему лежала на полке. |
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Which, who and that . That instead of which When we talk about things, that is often used instead of which in defining clauses. This is very common in speech. - Is this the house that you bought? . That instead of who When we talk about people, that can be used instead of who in defining clauses. -Have you met the boy that Sue is going to marry? . Which in non-defining clauses That cannot be used to introduce a non-defining clause. -The hotel, which was a hundred years old, was very comfortable. . Prepositions That cannot be used after a preposition. -This is the car (that / which) I paid £2000 for. (speech) - This is the car for which I paid £2000. (formal) |
Который, кто и что . That вместо which Когда мы говорим о вещах, That часто используются вместо which в определяющем предложении. Это очень распространено в речи. - Это тот дом, который вы купили? . That вместо who Когда мы говорим о людях, that может быть использовано вместо who в определяющем предложении. -Вы
встретили молодого человека, за
которого Сью выходит замуж?
- Отель, которому было сто лет, был очень удобен. . Предлоги That не может быть использовано после предлога. -Это автомобиль (за который) я заплатил £ 2000. (в речи) -Это автомобиль,за которую я заплатил 2000 фунтов стерлингов. (формально) |
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Whom and whose . Whom is generally used in writing. -Smith was one of the men whom Jones had met earlier. (formal) - Smith was one of the men (that / who) Jones had met earlier . (speech) Whom has to be used after prepositions. - This is the person (who) I sold my car to. (speech) - This is the person to whom I sold my car. (formal) . Whose means of whom, and usually refers to people. - This is Jack. His sister is staying with us. - This is Jack, whose sister is staying with us. |
Кому и чьё Whom
, как
правило, используется в письменной
речи. -Смит был одним из мужчин,(с которым) Джонс встретился ранее. (в речи) Whom должно быть использовано после предлогов. Это человек, (которому) я продал свой автомобиль. (в речи) - Это человек, которому я продал свой автомобиль. (формально) .
Whose
означает чьё, и,как правило, относится
к людям. -Это Джек. Его сестра остается с нами. -Это Джек, чья сестра остается с нами. |
Exercise 1: Fill in: who, whose, which or where.
My school, 1) __________ is called King Edward"s, has about 2,000 students. My favourite teacher, 2)__________ is called Mr Brown, teaches sport. The sports centre, 3)____________ I play basketball and tennis, is the largest in the area. I walk to school every day with my friend Mike, 4)____________ father teaches History.
Exercise 2:
Make sentences as in the example. Use relative pronouns or relative adverbs.
Example: A painter is someone who paints pictures.
. builder / someone / build houses . elephant / animal / ears are big
. circus / place / can see acrobats
. tiger / animal / live in jungle
. supermarket / place / do shopping
Exercise 3:
Fill in: who"s or whose.
1 My mother,_________
2 She"s the woman ________________married to an actor.
3 Celine is the girl ______________brother won the prize.
4 Helen is the person______________car is outside our house.
5 Ann"s the one________________ a History teacher.
6 Lucas is the man ______________helping us move house.
7 That"s the woman _____________
8 . ______________concert did you go to?
Exercise 4:
Fill in the correct relative pronoun. What part of sentence is each, subject or object? Write S for subject and О for object, then state if the relatives can be omitted or not in the box provided.
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Did you see the man __________ stole her bag? |
not. omitted |
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The dress__________ Mary bought yesterday is too big. |
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Please give me the keys______ |
are on the table. |
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Is that the man______________we saw in the park yesterday? |
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What"s the name of the lady_____ |
babysits your little sister? |
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Klaus is playing with the dog____ |
lives next door. |
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Have you eaten all the cakes_____ |
I made yesterday? |
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How old is the man___________ |
owns that shop? |
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Have you met the man_________ |
Jackie is going to marry? |
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Let"s all look at the picture______ |
is on page 7. |
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Has Peter returned the money____ |
he borrowed from you? |
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What colour is the dress ______ |
you"re going to wear tonight? |
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Exercise 5:
Write one word for each space.
Hi Janet,
How are you? I"m doing all right. I just wanted to tell you 1)______________ something exciting 2) ________ happened to me last Saturday. Do you remember Beth, 3) _____________party we went to last winter? Well, I went 4) __________ her and her cousin to a concert at Croke Park 5)___________my favourite band, Nickelback, were playing. Anyway, her cousin Rick knew someone 6) _________ was working backstage and he let us meet the band. He even invited us to a party 7) ______________ the band was going to after the concert. It was amazing! Now about the weekend hiking trip - the reason 8) ______ I can"t come is because my sister has asked me to take care of her children as she"s 9)______________ on a business trip. I "m so sorry. I was really 10) _____ forward to it.
Write and tell me your news,
Shelly
Exercise 6:
Fill in the appropriate relative, say whether the relative clauses are essential or not to the meaning of the main sentence, then add commas where necessary.
Paul Stevens___________ starred in Days went to school with my brother.
The pen __________ I left on that table has disappeared.
The woman _________ repairs our car is very friendly.
David _________ grew up in Canada speaks French fluently.
The man _______car was stolen has gone to the police station.
Rye_________ my grandmother lives is near the sea.
Oleg_________car has broken down is late for work.
The Coliseum_________attracts many tourists is in Rome.
Exercise 7:
Fill in the relative pronoun or adverb. Put commas where necessary. Write D for defining, ND for non-defining and if the relative can be omitted or not in the box provided.
|
Mr Brown , who_ _ |
teaches us French, comes from London. |
not omitted |
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|
The girl___________ |
I met on the bus looks just like my sister. |
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Peter Smith_________ |
had an accident is in hospital. |
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The apples__________ |
grow on these trees are delicious. |
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This lemon pie______ |
I made yesterday tastes great. |
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The film__________ |
I saw on TV last night was very exciting. |
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My friend Akim_____ |
is a doctor works very long hours. |
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John___________ |
father is a lawyer has moved to Paris. |
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The sports centre____ |
we play tennis is expensive. |
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The vase .__________ |
Susan gave me got broken. |
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The summer ______ |
I went to Spain was really hot. |
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The car____________ |
tyres are flat is mine. |
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The cafe___________ |
I first met my husband has closed down now. |
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Simon____________ |
mother is a vegetarian doesn"t eat meat. |
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The bakery_________ |
is by my house sells wonderful pies. |
Exercise 8:
a) Translate the sentences into English.
1. Художник, который нарисовал эту картину, жил в 19 веке.
2. Книга, которую ты прочитал летом, действительно очень увлекательная.
3. Катя, чей брат учится в моем классе, выиграла чемпионат мира.
b) Translate the text into English.
Зоопарк - это место, куда люди ходят с самого детства. Животные, которых там можно увидеть, представляют разные страны и континенты. Люди, которые часто посещают зоопарк, даже имеют там своих любимых животных. В некоторых зоопарках животным можно давать специальную еду, которая куплена здесь же. День, когда вся семья идет в зоопарк, обычно очень радостный, особенно для детей.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Answers:
Exercise 1: 1)which 2)who 3)where 4)whose
Exercise 2:
1)Builder is someone who/that builds houses
2) A circus is a place where we can see acrobats.
3)A tiger is an animal which/that lives in the jungle.
4)A supermarket is the place where we do the shopping.
5)An elephant is an animal whose ears are big.
Exercise 3:
1 My mother,_ whose ________ name is Elizabeth, is a piano teacher.
2 She"s the woman ___ who"s_ ____________married to an actor.
3 Celine is the girl __ whose ____________ brother won the prize.
4 Helen is the person___ whose ___________car is outside our house.
5 Ann"s the one___ who"s _____________ a History teacher.
6 Lucas is the man ___ who"s_ __________ helping us move house.
7 That"s the woman __ whose ___________ son just graduated from university.
8 . ___Whose ___concert did you go to?
Exercise 4:
|
1) who / that (S- not omitted) |
6)which/that (S- not omitted) |
11)which/that (O-omitted) |
16)who / that(S-not omitted) |
|
2)which/that (O-omitted) |
7)which/that(O-omitted) |
12)which/that(O-omitted) |
17)which/that (S- not omitted) |
|
3)which/that (S- not omitted) |
8)who / that (S-not omitted) |
13)who / that(S-not omitted) |
18)who / that (S- not omitted) |
|
4) who(m) / that(O-omitted) |
9)who(m) / that(O-omitted) |
14)which/that (S- not omitted) |
19)which/that (O- omitted) |
|
5) who / that (S-not omitted) |
15)who / that(S-not omitted) |
20)who(m) / that (O-omitted) |
Exercise 5:
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1)about |
3)whose |
5)where |
7)which |
9)going |
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2)which |
4)with |
6)who |
8)why |
10)looking |
Exercise 6:
|
1)who |
3)who/that |
5)whose |
7),whose..., |
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2)which/that |
4),who........., |
6),where...., |
8),which..., |
Exercise 7:
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1) who (ND-not omitted) |
6)which/that(D-omitted) |
11)when (D-omitted) |
|
2) who(m) / that (D-omitted) |
7),who...,(ND-not omitted) |
12)whose(D-omitted) |
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3),who..., (ND-not omitted) |
13)where(D-omitted) |
|
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4) which / that(D-omitted) |
9)where(D-omitted) |
14),whose..., (ND-not omitted) |
|
5) ,which.., (ND -not omitted) |
10)which/that(S-not omitted) |
15)which/that(D-omitted) |
Exercise 8:
Translation (suggested answers)
a) 1) The artist who painted this picture lived in the 19 th century.
2) The book you read in the summer is really very exciting.
3) Kate, whose brother studies in my class, has won the world championship.
b) The zoo is a place where people go from their childhood on. Animals which you can see there come from different countries and continents. People who often go to the zoo even have their favourite animals there. In some zoos you can give the animals special food which has been bought there. A day when the whole family goes to the zoo is usually very jolly, especially
__________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
More exercises:
1 ) Underline any relative pronouns that can be left out in these sentences.
1 I think that my boss is the person who I admire most.
2 Harry, who was tired, went to bed very early.
3 Were taking the train that leaves at 6.00.
4 Have you seen the book that I left here on the desk?
5 The film which we liked most was the French one.
6 My radio, which isn"t very old, has suddenly stopped working.
7 The clothes which you left behind are at the reception desk.
8 The couple who met me at the station took me out to dinner.
9 Last week I ran into an old friend who I hadn"t seen for ages.
10 Don"t cook the meat
2)Replace the relative pronouns in italics with that, where possible.
1 This is the magazine which I told you about.
2 John"s flat, which is in the same block as mine, is much larger.
3 The girl whose bag I offered to carry turned out to be an old friend.
4 The policeman who arrested her had recognized her car.
5 I work with someone who knows you.
6 We don"t sell goods which have been damaged.
7 Brighton, which is on the south coast, is a popular holiday resort.
8 I don"t know anyone whose clothes would fit you.
9 There"s a cafe near here which serves very good meals.
10 People who park outside get given parking tickets.
3) Underline the most suitable word in each sentence.
1 My friend Jack, that I who / whose parents live in Glasgow, invited me to spend Christmas in Scotland.
2 Here"s the computer program that / whom / whose I told you about.
3 I don"t believe the story that / who / whom she told us.
4 Peter comes from Witney, that / who / which is near Oxford.
5 This is the gun with that I whom / which the murder was committed.
6 Have you received the parcel whom / whose / which we sent you?
7 Is this the person who I which / whose you asked me about?
8 That"s the girl that I who / whose brother sits next to me at school.
9 The meal, that I which / whose wasn"t very tasty, was quite expensive.
10 We didn"t enjoy the play that / who / whose we went to see
4) Put one suitable word in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.
The story so far:
Jane Piatt, (1).............is travelling to London because of a mysterious letter, is the only person (2).....................witnesses a murder at Victoria Station. The detective to (3).....................she gives her statement then disappears.Jane goes to an office in Soho to answer the letter 4)..................... she had received. There she discovers that her uncle Gordon, (5).....................
lives in South America, has sent her a small box (6)..................... she is only to open if in trouble.) Jane, (7)..................... parents have never mentioned an Uncle Gordon, is suspicious of the box, (8)..................... she gives to her friend Tony. They go to Scotland Yard and see Inspector Groves, (9)..................... has not heard of the Victoria Station murder, (10)..................... was not reported to the police. Jane gives Inspector Groves the murdered man"s ticket, (11)..................... she found beside his body. Then Jane and Tony decide to go to Redhill, (12)..................... was the town (1 3)..................... the murdered man had come from. On the train they meet a man, (14)..................... face is somehow familiar to Jane, (15)..................... says he knows her Uncle Gordon.
5 ) Put a suitable relative pronoun in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.
1 My bike, ..........I had left at the gate, had disappeared.
2 The shoes.....................I bought were the ones.....................I tried on first.
3 The bag in.....................the robbers put the money was found later.
4 The medicine.....................the doctor gave me had no effect at all.
5 Peter,.....................couldn"t see the screen, decided to change his seat.
6 I really liked that tea.....................you made me this morning.
7 What was the name of your friend.....................tent we borrowed?
8 The flight.....................Joe was leaving on was cancelled.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Answers:
1 1 who . 2 none. 3 none. 4 that. 5 which. 6 none. 7 which. 8 none. 9 who. 10 that.
2 1 that I told you about . 2 not possible. 3 not possible. 4 that arrested her. 5 that
knows you. 6 that have been damaged. 7 not possible. 8 not possible. 9 that serves
very good meals. 10 that park outside.
3 1 whose . 2 that. 3 that. 4 which. 5 which. 6 which.7 who. 8 whose. 9 which.10 that.
4 1 who . 2 who. 3 whom. 4 blank. 5 who. 6 which. 7 whose. 8 which. 9 who. 10
which. 11 which. 12 which. 13 blank. 14 whose. 15 who.
5 1 which . 2 blank, blank. 3 which. 4 blank. 5 who. 6 blank. 7 whose. 8 blank.
Рано или поздно все, кто изучает английский язык, сталкиваются с понятием Relative Clause . Под таким загадочным названием скрываются придаточные определительные предложения (части сложноподчиненных предложений). Иными словами, в сложном предложении придаточная (зависимая) часть – Relative Clause – подробно раскрывает главную и несет уточняющую информацию.
Приведем примеры образования одной фразы с Relative Clause из двух простых, достаточно кратких и связанных друг с другом, предложений:
A train goes to Manchester. It leaves from platform 3. – Поезд идет в Манчестер. Он отправляется с 3 платформы.
The train which goes to Manchester leaves from platform 3. – Поезд, который идет в Манчестер, отправляется с 3 платформы.
A lady teaches us German. She lives next door. – Дама преподает нам немецкий язык. Она живет по соседству.
The lady who teaches us German lives next door. – Дама, которая преподает нам немецкий язык, живет по соседству.
I saw a film yesterday. It was fantastic. – Вчера я посмотрел фильм. Он оказался потрясающим.
The film that I saw yesterday was fantastic. – Фильм, который я посмотрел вчера, оказался потрясающим.
Как видим, неотъемлемыми составляющими Relative Clause являются, прежде всего, слова which , who и that . Все они соответствуют русскому слову «который». Однако помимо них Relative Clause может вводиться словами whose (чей, у которого), whom (которому, с которым), where (где, в котором), when (когда, в котором), why (почему, по которым):
The guy whose laptop had been stolen called the police. – Парень, у которого украли ноутбук, позвонил в полицию.
Every summer John goes to the town where his parents were born. – Каждое лето Джон ездит в город, где (в котором ) родились его родители.
There were 2 reasons why she mentioned it. – Существовало 2 причины, по которым она упомянула об этом.
Также обратите внимание на то, что неопределенный артикль a перед существительными train , lady , film в предложении с Relative Clause заменяется на the , поскольку придаточное предложение дополняет указанные существительные, делая их конкретными.
Кстати, о разнице между which , who и that (а этот вопрос вас наверняка заинтересует) советуем прочитать в . Вы также можете узнать о ней подробнее, посмотрев видео от Ребекки.
Виды Relative Clause в английском языке
Знакомясь с Relative Clause в учебниках зарубежных авторов, вы непременно заметите, что данное явление, как правило, дополняется цифрами 1 и 2. Что же они означают? Давайте разбираться.
Под цифрой 1 скрывается так называемое Defining (или Identifying – ограничительное) Relative Clause , представляющее важную и значимую для высказывания информацию. Следует помнить, что запятыми такое придаточное предложение в английском языке, в отличие от русского, не обособляется:
Richard is the man who married my cousin Janet. – Ричард – это тот мужчина, который женился на моей двоюродной сестре Дженет.
That’s the cat that I saw in my garden – Это тот самый кот, которого я видела в своем саду.
Под цифрой 2 подразумевается Non-Defining (или Non-Identifying – распространительное) Relative Clause , вводящее дополнительную, уточняющую информацию, не всегда представляющую важность для высказывания. Поэтому в данном случае придаточное предложение выделяется запятыми:
The girl from my college, who I have never spoken to before, asked me for help today. – Девушка из моего колледжа, с которой я раньше никогда не общался, попросила меня сегодня о помощи.
That red car, which is in my garage now, was bought by my sister. – Та красная машина, которая сейчас стоит у меня в гараже, была куплена моей сестрой.
Подробнее о расстановке запятых в сложноподчиненных предложениях, включая примеры с Relative Clause , вы можете узнать в .
Стоит отметить, что в некоторых предложениях союз, являющийся началом Relative Clause , может пропускаться. Чтобы понять, можем ли мы опустить which , who или that , необходимо сначала определить, с чем согласуется придаточное предложение: с подлежащим или дополнением.
Рассмотрим 2 примера:
The young man who lives upstairs is very friendly. – Молодой человек, живущий над нами (на этаж выше), очень дружелюбный.
The young man (who ) you met yesterday lives upstairs. – Молодой человек, которого вы вчера встретили, живет над нами (на этаж выше).
В первом случае мы имеем дело с Subject Relative Clause , в котором подлежащее придаточного определительного предложения совпадает с подлежащим главного (the man ). В таком предложении наличие союза (в данном случае – who ) обязательно.
Во втором случае в главном и придаточном предложениях разные подлежащие:
The young man lives upstairs.
You met him (дополнение) yesterday.
Придаточное определительное такого вида имеет название Object Relative Clause и не требует обязательного наличия относительных местоимений which , who или that .
Для лучшего закрепления вышеизложенного материала приведем другие примеры предложений с наличием и отсутствием относительных местоимений:
- Subject Relative Clause
:
The doctor told him not to worry. A doctor treated him. = The doctor who treated him который лечил его , сказал ему не волноваться.
- Object Relative Clause
:
The doctor told him not to worry. He talked to a doctor. = The doctor he talked to told him not to worry. – Врач, с которым он говорил , попросил его не волноваться.
Заметьте, что предлоги в придаточных Object Relative Clause чаще ставятся после относительных местоимений which , who или that и глаголов (как с дополнением, так и без него):
It’s the movie I told you about . – Это фильм, о котором я тебе говорил.
This is the book she has been looking for . – Это та самая книга, которую она искала.
Чтобы вы смогли освоить тему лучше, мы подготовили небольшой тест.
Тест
Relative Clause в английском языке: виды и правила использования