24/03/2014
Mustard is an amazing plant that is widely used in a wide variety of human activities. However, only a few know about its origin, as well as some of its features. As for mustard plasters, most of us have been familiar with them since childhood, but meanwhile, the attitude towards this popular medical procedure in Ukraine may change, since its effectiveness has not been confirmed by evidence-based medicine
A little history
Mustard is one of the oldest plants known to man. There is even a mention of it in the Bible: “A small mustard seed... produces a huge tree...”. Of course, this is an exaggeration, but, nevertheless, white mustard growing in the Mediterranean in good conditions reaches a height of one and a half meters.
White mustard (Sinapis alba) earned the praise of the ancients, in particular Pythagoras and Avicenna. Its name is translated from ancient Greek as “luminous and joyful grass”, or “dew of light”. Mustard seeds were believed to symbolize omniscience, and the herb contained “great and lust-inducing power.”
Mustard was also well known to the ancient Greeks. In 33 BC. e. The Persian commander Darius sent his opponent Alexander the Great a bag of sesame seeds as a challenge to battle, which was supposed to symbolize the number of his troops. Alexander immediately responded to this with a small bag of mustard seeds, hinting that although his army was smaller in number, it was “hotter” in battle. But Hippocrates used this plant as a medicine.
In Europe, mustard spread thanks to the Roman legionnaires, who widely used it in cooking. And in England it began to be used in medicine. Thus, the English physician and founder of herbal medicine in English-speaking countries N. Culpepper (1616–1654) wrote that a wine decoction of white mustard seeds “resists the effects of poison, the harmfulness of fly agarics, the venom of snakes and other poisonous creatures.” He recommended applying mustard seeds to the body to relieve pain from sciatica, gout, rheumatism and sciatica. To this day, in pharmacies in some countries you can buy an anti-radiculitis belt made from mustard seeds sewn into fabric.
In Russia, the first mention of mustard appeared only in 1781 in the work of the famous agronomist A.T. Bolotov “On beating mustard oil and its usefulness.” Mustard oil was recommended for rubbing against cramps in the arms and legs. Already at that time, mustard plasters were well known, which, if necessary, were prepared in every family.
For different purposes
There are 4 types of mustard known in culture: white, gray (or Sarepta), black and Abyssinian. All of them belong to the cabbage (cruciferous) family. The name white mustard comes from the color of its flowers, and its seeds are yellow. Therefore, both yellow mustard and English mustard are found as a synonym for the name (in the last century it was widely cultivated in European countries). White mustard is used as an oilseed, medicinal, honey crop and green manure (green manure). Other types of mustard are less commonly consumed - for example, black mustard has an extremely pungent taste, reminiscent of horseradish.
The seeds of all cultivated types of mustard are used whole as a spice in the food industry: for canning vegetables, mushrooms, fish, as well as preparing cabbage dishes, meat soups, minced meat, etc. In crushed form, they are used in bakery, confectionery, soap, textile and pharmaceutical industries. industry. They have antibacterial properties and are a good way to preserve perishable foods.
After extracting the oil from the seeds, the remaining cake is ground, and table mustard, various seasonings and sauces are prepared from the resulting powder, and it is also added to mayonnaise. As a spicy seasoning for meat and fish dishes, mustard stimulates the appetite, enhances the secretion of gastric juice, improves the digestibility of food, and helps normalize digestion.
Mustard powder is also used as a means of protection against garden pests. In the household, it was previously used for washing dishes, especially from fatty foods.
Avicenna also recommended making medicinal dressings for asthma from mustard, applying the leaves along with sulfur to inflamed tumors, and using it externally to treat trachoma, joint pain, and inflammation of the sciatic nerve. He also advised putting mustard bandages on the heads of patients who were in lethargy, and putting the juice of the herb in the ears for pain, and dripping on sore teeth. According to the ancients, if you drink mustard on an empty stomach, your intelligence increases.
In folk medicine, white mustard is used as an antidote, as well as for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system. Mustard plasters are made from its seeds, and mustard juice is squeezed from its tender stems. In Rus', mustard was used for scurvy, dropsy and shortness of breath; it was used to cleanse the skin of the face, reduce bruises and bruises.
Great future
Young mustard leaves are rich in calcium and iron salts, vitamin C, carotene, vitamins B and P, flavonoids, and growth substances. The seeds contain, including cholesterol, saponins (6.5%), essential (0.4–1.5%) and fatty (28–35%) oils, thioglycoside sinalbin, etc. The oil gives mustard a specific smell and pungent taste . It contains a lot of unsaturated fatty acids, and therefore it is very useful. The taste of mustard is determined by a special substance - the glycoside sinigrin.
But the flowers of the plant, especially the pollen, as well as the seeds, contain a class of substances called brassinosteroids (brassinolides) and have extremely high biological activity; their chemical structure is identical to ecdysteroids. Both classes of these substances in plants were first discovered by Japanese scientists: first (in 1966) - ecdysteroids, and then - brassinosteroids.
Ecdysteroid molecules, which are a group of lipophilic polyhydroxylated steroids, participate in the life of almost all classes of organisms, performing multiple functions. The question of their role in living nature still remains open. Having emerged several hundred million years ago, ecdysteroids participated in the complex co-evolutionary path of ecosystem development and adaptation to the environment. Knowledge of the role and mechanisms of biological activity of ecdysteroids opens the way to the real implementation of the most daring projects of mankind - to learn to control the life activity of various organisms, purposefully manipulating the state of activity of certain genes according to the “on-off” principle. In practical terms, this could help get rid of a number of incurable diseases and move from chemical to environmentally friendly biological synthesis of many important substances.
What about mustard plasters?
Mustard plasters are the most common warming procedure used in the post-Soviet space. Nowhere else are they used so widely, and in Europe only a few have heard of them.
Mustard plaster has a local irritant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect on tissues. When exposed to warm water, the substances in mustard powder enter into a chemical reaction and release heat and essential oils, which irritate the nerve endings of the skin. As a result, blood flows to the site where the mustard plaster is applied, blood flow and metabolism increase, the recovery process is activated, and biologically active substances are formed that help fight infection.
At the same time, not a single convincing scientific fact has yet been provided regarding the impact of such a procedure on internal organs. However, mustard plasters stubbornly continue to be used for diseases of the respiratory system in children: pneumonia, tracheitis and bronchitis, and in adults for many other painful conditions: neuralgia, muscle pain and headaches.
The rapid development of medicine and pharmacy has led to the emergence of new highly developed technologies. There is a need to evaluate both traditional and newer treatment methods and practices. A thorough analysis will allow only effective technologies to be introduced into practice, which will help improve the quality of medical care and optimize costs.
It should be noted that there is no single universal model of healthcare technologies, which in Europe is called Health Technology Assessment (HTA), and each country has its own characteristics. The areas of activity and powers of the bodies involved in technology assessment are different. It is planned to introduce the system of rational pharmacotherapy of NTA in Ukraine. For this purpose, the Central Formulary Committee of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the Ukrainian Association for Health Technology Assessment were created, and two scientific and practical conferences were held with the participation of foreign experts dedicated to this problem.
To ensure the quality and effectiveness of medical care, it is necessary to use medical technologies, the effectiveness of which is confirmed by evidence-based medicine. It is clear that mustard plasters, as well as jars and pepper plaster, will not be included in the state formulary system of Ukraine, and therefore, the attending physician will not prescribe them for you, even if you ask him about it. So, will mustard plasters disappear from pharmacy shelves? Apparently, this will not happen, since traditional medicine is not prohibited in Ukraine, as well as homeopathic medicines, the effectiveness of which has not been confirmed by evidence-based medicine.
Prepared by Ruslan Primak, Ph.D. chem. sciences
“Pharmacist Practitioner” #1′ 2014
Mustard plasters (Sinapismata) are a type of rubber plasters produced in the form of rectangular sheets of paper measuring 8x12.5 cm, coated with defatted mustard seed powder 0.3-0.55 mm thick.
The composition of mustard plasters includes: mustard powder 98.0 parts; natural rubber until the mass is 100.0 parts; aviation gasoline grade B-70 100 parts; paper.
Used as a distracting anti-inflammatory agent.
The raw materials for the powder of low-fat mustard seeds are the seeds of Sarepta (Semina Sinapis junceae) and black (Semina Sinapis nigrae) mustard, which contain the glycoside sinigrin, which is broken down under the influence of the enzyme myrosin into glucose, potassium hydrogen sulfate and essential mustard oil (allyliso-thiocyanate). Essential oil causes severe irritation and hyperemia of the skin. After the shell has been dehulled (removed), the seeds are crushed and the fatty oil is squeezed out of them in hydraulic presses. The remaining fatty oil from the cake is extracted in Soxhlet-type apparatus. The presence of fatty oil negatively affects the quality of mustard plasters - the therapeutic effect slows down and their storage stability decreases (mustard powder becomes bitter and peels off from the paper).
Production of mustard plasters. The technological process consists of 5 stages:
- · Preparation of rubber glue
- · Preparation of mustard mass
- · Spread the mixture onto paper and dry. Cutting the roll and placing mustard plasters in piles.
- · Packing
- Gasoline recovery
First, rubber glue is prepared. To do this, put rubber steamed for 24-36 hours and cut into pieces into the glue mixer, add gasoline and turn on the paddle mixer for 30-40 minutes. Then the mass is filtered. The resulting glue (1.35-2% solution of rubber in gasoline) is a thick, sedentary mass that easily turns into a jelly-like mass as the gasoline evaporates.
Preparation of mustard mass. Mustard mass is a mixture of rubber glue and mustard powder in a ratio of 1:1 - 1.1:1. The content of essential oil in the cake must be at least 1.11%. Rubber glue is placed in a mass mixer, sifted (large particles and foreign impurities are removed) mustard powder is added and mixed until a homogeneous mass is obtained. The prepared mustard mass is served with a pump onto a table with a bath for spreading.
The spreading process, drying and cutting are carried out in a continuous plant. Rolled paper passes through the gap between the table slab and the bathtub. Passing under the bath, the paper is covered on top with a layer of mustard mass 0.3-0.5 mm thick, then enters the drying chamber (drying time 45 minutes, air temperature 80 ° C). The steam-air mixture with gasoline formed in the chamber is gradually sucked off and supplied for gasoline recovery.
The dried tape is cut on a sheet-cutting machine into sheets measuring 75 x 76 x 90 cm, which are cooled for 24 hours, then the sheets are cut into individual mustard plasters and discarded.
Mustard plasters are packaged in bags of 10 pcs. Every tenth mustard plaster has an inscription on one side about the method of application.
The packages are placed in packs of 600 pcs. and store in a dry place. Shelf life 8 months. The presence of moisture causes hydrolysis of sinigrin, and mustard plasters lose activity.
Standardization of finished products is carried out according to the quantitative content of allyl isothiocyanate; in mustard plasters (100 cm2) it should be at least 0.0119 g. Mustard plasters, immersed in water for 5-10 s at a temperature of 37 ° C and applied tightly to the skin of the hand, should cause severe burning and redness of the skin no later than 5 minutes"
Currently, they also produce “Mustard Bag”, which is a heat-sealed bag made of non-wetting porous paper on two or one side and polymer-coated paper on the other side. The bag is filled with mustard mixture. The mustard plaster package is produced in sizes 11 x 10 cm and is divided into four equal bags. Each bag is evenly filled with mustard mixture.
Mustard plasters are a type of rubber plasters. These are rectangular sheets of paper measuring 8X12.5 cm, coated on one side with rubber glue and defatted mustard seed powder 0.3-0.55 mm thick.
The powder is obtained from the seeds of black and Sarepta mustard, which contain the glycoside sinigrin, which is broken down under the influence of the enzyme myrosin into glucose, potassium hydrogen sulfate and mustard essential oil (allyl isothiocyanate). The latter causes severe irritation and hyperemia of the skin.
Mustard seeds contain up to 35% fatty oil, the presence of which negatively affects the quality of mustard plasters, as it causes rancidity of the powder and worsens their therapeutic effect. Seed degreasing is carried out using a hydraulic press by cold pressing.
The technology of mustard plasters consists of preparing rubber glue, obtaining mustard mass by mixing rubber glue with an equal amount of mustard powder and spreading the mustard mass on paper. Spreading, drying and cutting of mustard plasters are carried out on a continuous installation. The mustard mass is transferred to the bath for spreading. The paper, passing under the bath, is covered on top with a thick layer of mustard mass. 0.3-0.5 mm, then enters the drying chamber (drying time 45 minutes, air temperature 80 0C) The steam-air mixture with gasoline formed in the chamber is gradually sucked off and supplied for gasoline recovery.
Mustard plasters are packaged in bags of 10 pieces. Every tenth mustard plaster has an inscription on one side about the method of application. The packages are placed in packs of 600 pieces and stored in a dry place. Shelf life 8 months.
The good quality of mustard plasters is assessed by the content of allyl isothiocyanate, which in one mustard plaster (100 cm2) should be at least 0.0119 g. A benign mustard plaster, soaked for 5-10 s in water at a temperature of 37 0C and tightly applied to the skin of the hand, should cause severe burning and redness of the skin no later than 5 minutes.
120.Transdermal therapeutic systems– a dosage dosage form, which is a small film with a small diameter, is glued behind the ear. The process of skin absorption of drugs depends on the intensity of blood supply and the chemical composition of the skin surface. The speed of release depends on the surface area of the skin and on the composition and method of applying the ointment. The process of skin absorption depends on the solubility of drugs in water and fats; fat-soluble ones easily penetrate the skin (emulsion media such as w/o or o/w) Drugs introduced into the body using TTS must have high permeability through the skin, be highly effective, have good tolerance to the skin. According to the method of preparation: multilayer patches, multilayer patches with a common layer. Polymer films and metallized coatings are used as a substrate.
Nomenclature: nicotine containing, hormonal patches, nitroglycerin containing, NSAIDs containing
121.Med.pencils-TV.Methods of obtaining.nomenclature.features of making menthol and hemostatic pencil. Solid dosage form, in the form of cylindrical sticks, rounded at one end, 4-8 mm thick, up to 10 cm long. They are obtained by melting salts poured into a special form and frozen in it, or mixing the mixture with a dough-like base and then rolling out sticks. When used, the surface of the pencil should melt or gradually wear off without damaging the injured area. they should not break or stain. They are obtained by pouring, pressing, rolling out, dipping. The following are obtained by pouring: alum, lapis, hemostatic. Medical pencils on a hydrophobic basis are obtained by pouring or pressing (menthol and migraine).
The hemostatic pencil contains: aluminum alum, aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride. Hemostatic agents are prepared by melting fusible salts or melting the crystallization water itself. To obtain a melt, infusible and difficult-to-melt salts are mixed with fusible substances, but do not possess. pharmacological action, the molten salt quickly hardens, so it is immediately poured into molds.
Menthol pencil. Ingredients: 1 part menthol, 4 parts paraffin. Prepare in a boiler with a steam jacket, melt the paraffin and dissolve the menthol while stirring at 50-60 degrees. The warm solution is filtered through a cloth and poured into molds set on ice. The nests are pre-treated with soapy alcohol.
122. Medical gelatin. Obtaining. physical-chemical properties. Application.
The use of gelatin in the manufacture of capsules is based on the ability of its aqueous solutions to form a solid gel when cooled. It is obtained from various collagen-containing raw materials, mainly bones, cartilage, cattle tendons and pig skin, using 2 methods: acidic and alkaline. Thus, the resulting product with acidic treatment is known as type “A” gelatin, with alkaline treatment – type “B”, they differ in isoelectricity. In our country, type “B” gelatin is used, although the most promising is type “A” gelatin, which produces a solution with higher strength and viscosity.
Depending on the raw material and production method, the physicochemical properties of gelatin vary. In appearance, it is colorless or slightly yellowish, translucent flexible leaves or small plates without taste or smell. The spiral shape of molecules, existing at temperatures of 20-250C, determines the structural viscosity and gelation of solutions. With an increase in temperature to 35-40 0C, solutions acquire the properties of a Newtonian liquid.
Gelatin is used to produce gelatin capsules.
The gelatin mass is prepared in a cast iron-enameled reactor with a steam jacket, equipped with an anchor stirrer
Depending on the type of capsules and the properties of the encapsulated drugs, the composition and method of obtaining the gelatin mass are determined: 1) with swelling of gelatin; 2) without swelling.
1) Gelatin in the reactor is poured with water (temperature 15-18°C) for 1.5-2 hours, then melted at a temperature of 45-75°C (depending on the concentration of gelatin) with stirring for 1 hour, then others are added necessary excipients, continuing stirring for another 30 minutes. Then turn off the heating and the stirrer, leave the mass in the reactor for 1.5-2 hours with a vacuum connected to remove air bubbles from the mass. The prepared mass is transferred to a thermostat and kept at a temperature of 50 or 60°C (depending on the concentration of gelatin) for stabilization for 2.5-3 hours.
2) In water heated in the reactor to 70-75g, preservatives and plasticizers are dissolved sequentially and gelatin is added with the mixer turned off. The prepared mass is kept in a thermostat to stabilize for 2.5-3 hours at a temperature of 45-50°C.
123.gelatin capsules.classification.production of gelatin capsules by the drip method.equipment.- dosed dosage form, consisting of a drug enclosed in a shell. intended for oral administration, less often for rectal, vaginal, etc. Pros: dosing accuracy, drugs are protected from exposure to light, air, moisture, in some cases their unpleasant taste and smell are eliminated, they have a good appearance and are easy to swallow, they can swell quickly, dissolve and be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and are characterized by high bioavailability. The disadvantages of capsules are associated with the hygroscopicity of gelatin, from which shells are mainly produced.
There are two types: hard with caps and soft, with solid ones, designed for dispensing bulk powdery and granular substances. They have the shape of a cylinder with hemispherical ends and consist of two parts: a body and a cap; both parts must fit freely into each other without forming gaps, sometimes through special grooves and protrusions to ensure a “lock.”
Soft capsules are spherical, ovoid, oblong or cylindrical in shape with hemispherical ends. Liquid and paste-like medicinal substances are encapsulated in them.
Capsules with a capacity of 0.1-0.2 ml, filled with oily liquids, are sometimes called “pearls” or pearls, and with an elongated neck - tubatina,
The production of capsules consists of stages: preparation of gelatin mass, obtaining shells - forming capsules, filling them, coating capsules with shells, quality control.
The main raw material is gelatin. Gelatin is obtained from various collagen-containing raw materials, bones, cartilage, cattle tendons and pig skin.
Preparation of gelatin mass: The gelatin mass is prepared in a cast-iron-enameled reactor with a steam jacket, equipped with an anchor stirrer. Depending on the type of capsules and the properties of the drugs being encapsulated, the composition and method of obtaining the gelatin mass are determined: 1) with swelling of gelatin; 2) without swelling.
1) Gelatin in the reactor is poured with water (temperature 15-18°C) for 1.5-2 hours, then melted at a temperature of 45-75°C with stirring for 1 hour, then preservatives and other necessary auxiliary substances are added, continuing stirring for another 30 minutes. Then the mass is left in the reactor to remove air bubbles from the mass. The prepared mass is transferred to a thermostat and kept at a temperature of 50 or 60°C for 2.5-3 hours.
2) In water heated in the reactor to 70-75 o, preservatives and plasticizers are dissolved sequentially and gelatin is loaded with the mixer turned off. The prepared mass is kept in a thermostat to stabilize for 2.5-3 hours at a temperature of 45-50°C.
Obtaining shells - forming capsules
There are 3 methods for obtaining gelatin capsules: “immersion”, drip, pressing (stamping).
The drip method for producing gelatin capsules is based on the simultaneous formation of a gelatin shell and filling it with a dose of the medicinal substance.
The oily preparation from the reservoir enters the dosing device and is pushed out with the molten gelatin mass into the unit where droplets are formed. With the help of a pulsator, the drops are separated and entered into a cooler; in finished form they enter a vessel with chilled olive oil or liquid paraffin. The capsules are washed and dried.
Mustard plasters are rectangular sheets of paper measuring 8X12.5 cm, coated on one side with a layer of defatted mustard seed powder 0.3-0.55 mm thick. The raw materials are seeds of Sarepta (Semina sinapis junceae) and black (Semina sinapis nigrae) mustard. After the shell has collapsed, the seeds are crushed to medium fineness and the fat is squeezed out of them in hydraulic presses. oil. The remaining fatty oil from the cake is then extracted in Soxhlet-type apparatuses. The presence of fatty oil negatively affects the quality of mustard plasters - it slows down the therapeutic effect and reduces their stability during storage (mustard powder goes rancid and peels off from the paper). A paste is prepared from the resulting low-fat mustard cake powder by mixing it with a solution of rubber in gasoline. Spreading is done using a plaster machine. There is another method: the paper tape is first lubricated with a glue solution (rubber solution). Upon exiting the funnel, mustard powder is sifted onto the paper, covering the freshly coated adhesive surface with a thin, even layer. The paper is passed between rollers, which compact the layer of mustard, and then through a long box with heating coils and strong exhaust ventilation.
At a specialized enterprise (in Volgograd), mustard plasters are produced using the first method. The technological process consists of five stages: 1) glue preparation; 2) preparing mustard mass; 3) spreading the mass on paper, drying, cutting the roll and placing mustard plasters in piles; 4) packaging; 5) gasoline recovery (Fig. 185).
Preparation of glue. A bale of natural rubber from the warehouse is fed into the steaming chamber 6, where, using deep steam, the rubber is steamed for 24-36 hours. The steamed rubber is cut with a mechanical knife 7 into plates 60 mm wide, which are then cut with a disk knife 8 cut into cubes measuring 60X60X60 mm. The cut rubber is fed into the glue mixer 10.
Gasoline from storage 1 petrol dispenser 2 supplied to the gasoline tank 3, from which through a water separator 4 and counter 5 gasoline flows by gravity into the glue mixer 10. Turn on the paddle mixer for 30-60 minutes; the result is a 1.35-2% solution of rubber in gasoline. Glue from the glue mixer is pumped 11 into tanks with a filter 12, where undissolved pieces of rubber are separated from the glue. Undissolved rubber is returned to the glue mixer.
Preparation of mustard mass. Mustard mass is a mixture of rubber glue and mustard powder in a ratio of 1: 1 - 1.1: 1. The content of essential oil in the cake must be at least 1.11% - Rubber glue from the tank 12 flows by gravity into the mass mixer 13. Mustard powder from the hopper 14 screws are fed onto a sieve 15 for cleaning from large particles and foreign impurities and then into the mass mixer 13, where it's mixed together With rubber glue to a uniform mass. Prepared mustard mass by pump 16 served on the table with a bath 18 for spreading.
Spreading rolled paper with mustard mixture, drying, cutting into sheets and stacking. The spreading process, drying and cutting are carried out in a continuous plant. A roll of grease paper is secured in roll holders 17. The edge of the paper is pulled into the gap between the table plate and the bathtub. Bath 18 for mustard mass has a device that allows you to adjust the gap depending on the thickness of the spread. The bathtub and stove are made of brass. The edge of the paper is attached to the conveyor located in the drying chamber 19, after which the installation is put into operation. The paper, passing under the bath, is covered on top with a layer of mustard mass 0.3-0.5 mm thick. Having entered the drying chamber, the tape is heated by radiation heaters and blown with hot air emerging from the slots of the blowing device perpendicular to the surface of the sheet. Drying time 45 minutes, temperature 80°C. At higher temperatures, the enzyme myrosin is destroyed and mustard plasters lose their quality. The fuel-air mixture constantly formed in the chamber is gradually sucked off and supplied for recovery. The capacity of one chamber of the drying installation is 74,000 mustard plasters per hour.
The dried paper strip from the drying chamber is sent to the sheeter 20, where it is cut into sheets measuring 75x76x90 cm. Mustard sheets are cooled for 24 hours, after which they are served 21 for transferring sheets of labels and then onto a paper cutting machine 23, where the sheets are cut into individual mustard plasters. After cutting, the mustard plasters that are incorrectly cut and for other reasons unusable are rejected.
Packing. Suitable mustard plasters are sent for packaging or packaging in automatic machines (24). Mustard plasters are produced in plastic bags or bags of waxed paper, 10 pcs. Every tenth mustard plaster has a label on one side indicating the method of use. Mustard plasters are packaged in packs of 600 pcs. To be sent to consumers, they are packed in paper bags of 15 packs (9000 pcs.).
Gasoline recovery. The absorption of gasoline vapors from the gasoline-air mixture is carried out by adsorbers, the absorber of which is activated charcoal of the AR-3 brand. Gasoline vapors are extracted with coal from the gas mixture until a breakthrough of gasoline vapors is detected. After this, the coal is treated with live steam (100-105°C). Hot steam entering the adsorber increases the temperature of the coal and displaces gasoline vapors, taking their place. Condensed vapors of gasoline and water enter a separator, where gasoline is separated from water and sent to a gasoline storage facility.
At the end of desorption, to remove water from the coal, it is blown with hot air at a temperature of 100 °C until the moisture content of the coal is 5%. By blowing atmospheric air, the coal in the adsorbers is cooled, and the adsorbers are ready for new cycles. There are usually several adsorbers to ensure process continuity.
The use of mustard plasters as an irritant is based on the hydrolysis of the glycoside sinigrin, found in the seeds of Sarepta and black mustard, and the release of mustard essential oil, consisting entirely of allyl isothiocyanate. This hydrolysis occurs only if the emulsion enzyme (mi- Rozin):
Grade The quality of mustard plasters is determined by the content of allyl isothiocyanate, of which 1 mustard plaster (100 cm2) must contain at least 0.0119 g. In addition, mustard plasters are dipped in water at a temperature of 37 ° C for 5-10 s, after which they are firmly applied to the skin of the hand. Mustard plaster should cause a strong burning sensation and redness of the skin no later than 5 minutes.
Packs of mustard plasters must be stored in a dry place. Shelf life 8 months. In the presence of moisture, sinigrin hydrolysis occurs and mustard plasters lose activity.
According to the type of formation of a suspension dispersion system, all of the listed substances are added to the composition of ointments on lipophilic bases EXCEPT 1 sulfadimezine 2 zinc oxide 3 zinc sulfate 4 camphor 5 bismuth nitrate basic...
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- Technology of finished medicinal products
- The completeness of extraction of active substances from medicinal plant materials is influenced by:
- use of extract-concentrates
- ratio of raw materials and extractant
- percolator shape
- all the above factors
- The completeness of extraction of active substances from medicinal plant materials is influenced by
- applied volume of extract-concentrate
- order of adding ingredients
- extraction temperature
- Excipients
- all of the above factors
- Ultrasound in pharmacy is used for the purpose
- analysis of the chemical composition of the drug
- drying of the drug
- ionization of molecules of active substances
- accelerating the impregnation of raw materials with extractant
- changes in the properties of substances
- The main stages of the extraction process are
- reverse osmosis
- dialysis
- absorption
- During extraction, the following physical and chemical processes take place:
- diffusion
- desorption
- dissolution
- dialysis
- all of the above
6. According to the type of dispersion system, ointments can be
1) gels
2) extraction
3) homogeneous
4) resorptive
5) pastes
7. The components of lipophilic ointment bases belonging to the group of hydrocarbons are all EXCEPT
1) ceresin
2) paraffin
3) ozokerite
4) petrolatum
5) spermaceti
8. Lipophilic fatty bases include
1) polyethylene oxide bases
2) spermaceti
3) petroleum
4) salomas
5) gelatin-glycerin
9. Types of hydrophilic bases include
1) gels of cellulose derivatives
2) butyrol
3) Vaseline/lanolin water
4) silicone
5) base for antibiotic ointments
10. The group of hydrophilic bases containing proteins and polysaccharides includes gels
1) collagen
2) salomas
3) polyvinylpyrrolidone
4) bentonite
5) butyrol
11. The type of amphiphilic emulsion bases includes
1) glycerin ointment
2) starch
3) the basis of ammonia liniment
4) bentonite clay gels
5) basis of Rosenthal liniment
12. The type of amphiphilic absorption bases includes
1) an alloy of petroleum jelly with anhydrous lanolin and sunflower oil
2) consistency base “water/vaseline”
3) Vaseline/lanolin water
4) gelatin
5) gels of acrylic acid derivatives
13. Ointments are homogeneous disperse systems
1) furacilin
2) mercury amidochloride
3) ocular mercuric oxide
4) turpentine
5) ichthyol
14. Ointments are heterogeneous disperse systems
1) ocular mercuric oxide
2) ichthyol
3) turpentine
4) extraction
5) camphor
15. According to the type of formation of a suspension dispersion system, all of the listed substances are added to the composition of ointments on lipophilic bases, EXCEPT
1) sulfadimezine
2) zinc oxide
3) zinc sulfate
4) camphor
5) basic bismuth nitrate
16. Forms an emulsion ointment on an absorption basis
1) xeroform
2) dermatol
3) novocaine
4) bismuth nitrate basic
5) streptocide
17. Suspension ointments include
1) syntomycin liniment
2) Lassara pasta
3) Vishnevsky stabilized liniment
4) ammonia liniment
5) Naftalan oil ointment
18. Emulsion ointments include
1) extraction
2) ichthyol
3) Naftalan oil
5) Vishnevsky stabilized liniment
19. Base for ointment does not meet the following requirements:
- smearing ability;
- absorbent capacity;
- chemical resistance;
- not pharmacologically indifferent;
- resistance to microbial contamination
20. What is the industrial method used to prepare suppositories fromthermolabile substances
1) pouring;
2) drip;
3) pressing;
4) dispersion;
5) rolling out
21.Unlike ointment bases, suppository bases should
1) release drugs, be solid at room temperature, dissolve at body temperature
2) dissolve at body temperature, be solid at room temperature, melt at body temperature
3) be of soft consistency, dissolve at body temperature, and be shelf stable
4) release medicinal substances, release medicinal substances, melt at body temperature
5) be solid at room temperature, melt at body temperature, release medicinal substances
22. Lipophilic bases for suppositories include
1) cocoa butter, fat
2) soap-glycerin, fatty
3) fat, vitepsol
4) gelatin-glycerin, vitepsol
5) vitepsol, cocoa butter
23. The type of amphiphilic bases for suppositories include
1) hard fat type A
2) cocoa butter
3) vitepsol
4) polyethylene glycol
5) soap-glycerin
24. Hydrophilic bases for suppositories are
1) lanoll
2) vitepsol
3) cocoa butter
4) polyethylene glycol
5) hard fat type A
25. The replacement factor differs from the inverse replacement factor in that
1) shows what mass of the medicinal substance is equivalent in volume to 1.0 base
2) shows the amount of base equivalent in volume to 1.0 of the substance
3) calculated for the sum of medicinal substances
4) shows what volume of the medicinal substance is equivalent in volume to 1.0 base
5) shows the density of the base, equivalent to the density of 1.0 substance
26. When conducting research on the base intended for the manufacture of suppositories by pouring into molds, you will determine the solidification temperature as the temperature
1) beginning of hardening
2) end of solidification
3) average
4) remaining constant during a short time of transition of a substance from a liquid to a solid state
5) there are no correct answers
27. When introducing a solution of adrenaline hydrochloride into the composition of the suppository mass in a volume exceeding the water-absorbing capacity of the base, a technological method is used
1) emulsification
2) evaporation to a minimum volume
3) agitation
4) dispersion
5) layering
28.In suppositories on lipophilic and diphilic bases
NOT administered as a suspension
1) chloramphenicol
2) sulfadimezin
3) belladonna extract
4) streptocide
5) xeroform
29. Lipophilic-based suppositories are NOT administered as an emulsion
1) zinc oxide
2) protargol
3) ichthyol
4) adrenaline hydrochloride
5) collargol
30.Insoluble in hydrophilic bases for ointments and suppositories
1) anesthesin
2) adrenaline hydrochloride
3) tannin
4) novocaine
5) protargol
31. The amphiphilic bases for making suppositories include
1) soap-glycerin
2) gelatin-glycerin
3) cocoa butter
4) lazupol
5) PEG alloys
- The absorption bases are
1) water/vaseline consistent emulsion, base for eye ointments, vitepsol
2) vitepsol, base for antibiotic ointments, base for eye ointments
3) base for eye ointments, fatty base for suppositories, vitepsol
4) base for suppositories fatty, base for eye ointments, base for ointments with antibiotics
5) base for ointments with antibiotics, base for suppositories fatty, vitepsol
- When controlling the quality of suppositories in accordance with the Global Fund, all indicators are checked EXCEPT
1) deviations of the suppository weight from the average weight
2) dissolution time
3) disintegration
4) time of complete deformation
5) uniformity
- Dissolution time is determined
1) for pills
2) for suppositories on a hydrophilic basis
3) for boluses
4) for suppositories on lipophilic and diphilic bases
5) for granules (homeopathic grains)
35. In accordance with the classification for medical purposes, patches are:
1) resin-wax
2) epidermatic
3) lead
4) rubber
5) mustard plasters
36. Plaster masses include the following groups of excipients
1) antioxidants, imparting stickiness, aggregation
2) sliding, plasticizers, antioxidants, adding stickiness
3) imparting stickiness, neutralizing resin acids, lubricating
4) plasticizers, antioxidants, imparting stickiness, neutralizing rosin acids
5) plasticizers, antioxidants, softeners, neutralizing resin acids
37. The starting components for preparing a simple lead plaster include
1) sunflower oil, rubber, lead oxide
2) gasoline, lanolin, lead oxide, zinc oxide
3) lanolin, rosin, lead oxide
4) sunflower oil, pork fat, lead oxide, water
5) gasoline, rubber, lead oxide
38. Does not apply to liquid patches
1) collodion
2) perigel
3) furoplast
4) glue BF-6
5) pepper patch
39. Does not apply to ordinary patches
1) mercury
2) pepper
3) acryquinic
4) complex lead
5) epilinic
40. The starting components for preparing an adhesive plaster are
1) rubber, rosin, lanolin, liquid paraffin, neozone, gasoline, sulfur
2) rubber, zinc oxide, lanolin, liquid paraffin, neozone, gasoline
3) rosin, zinc oxide, lanolin, liquid paraffin, neozone, salicylic acid
4) rubber, rosin, neozone, zinc oxide
5) rubber, rosin, gasoline, zinc oxide, lanolin, liquid paraffin, neozone
41. The substance used as a film-forming element in liquid plasters is not
1) collodion
2) rosin
3) polyethylene glycol
4) ethylcellulose
5) polymethacrylates
42. The process of making mustard plasters does not include the stage
1) seed pressing
2) degreasing the cake
3) hydrolysis of cake
4) preparing mustard mass
5) applying mustard mass to paper tape
43. What compounds provide the therapeutic effect of mustard plasters
1) fatty oil, myrosin, synethrin
2) allylisothiocyanate, myrosin, synethrin
3) emulsions, fatty oil, myrosin
4) synethrin, alylisothiocyanate, emulsions
5) myrosin, synethrin, emulsions
44. Medicinalphytofilms are not classified according to their area of application:
- dental;
- ophthalmological;
- otorhinolaryngological;
- therapeutic;
- gynecological
45. Transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS) cannot contain substances that meet the following requirement:
- good permeability through the skin;
- neutrality of molecules;
- sufficient solubility in hydrophobic and hydrophilic environments;
- high efficiency in small doses;
- molecular weight exceeds 1000 Dalton;
46. In the production of transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS), the following group of excipients is not used:
- penetrators;
- propellants;
- adhesives;
- plasticizers;
- prolongators
47. The following are not used as main (film-forming) excipients in the production of transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS):
- Twin-80;
- Collagen;
- Dextran;
- Polyvinylpyrrolidone;
- Methylcellulose
48. In production , molecules of active substances with a carrier, notcommunicate by type:
- the drug is included in a spherical or cylindrical shell for the purpose of implantation or oral administration (no chemical bond with the polymer);
- drug molecules are included in the main polymer chain;
- drug suspension added to polymer solution
- the drug substance is attached by a covalent bond to the side chain of the polymer;
- the drug is uniformly distributed in the polymer solution or in the polymer block as a solid solution, or dissolved in the polymer solution (no covalent bond)
49. Phytofilms can be divided according to their design features:
- to monolayer;
- to multilayer;
- to bilayer;
- to monolithic;
- to dispersed
50. Biodestructiontransdermal therapeutic systems (TTS)does not proceed as follows mechanism:
- destruction under the influence of temperature;
- enzymatic destruction;
- dissociation of polymer-polymer complexes (PPC);
- dissolution or nonspecific hydrolysis of polymers in tissue fluids;
- intermolecular catalysis of the cleavage of PPC or intramolecular cleavage of water-insoluble polymers with the formation of soluble fragments
51. Ravioli is called:
- matrix ;
- phytofilms;
- membrane transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS);
- medical glue;
- film-forming substances
52. What one of the following excipients has the properties of a plasticizer:
- water;
- glycerin;
- dimexide;
- polyacrylic acids;
- Sodium carboxymethylcellulose
53. What functions do penetrators perform in transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS):
- Co-solvent of the active substance;
- Solvent of the active substance;
- Substances that improve stickiness;
- Substances that improve the plasticity of the plaster mass;
- Substances that improve the permeability of the active substance
54. In the production of tablets, the stages follow in order
1) granulation, dusting, mixing, pressing, coating, packaging
2) mixing, dusting, granulating, pressing, coating, packaging
3) granulation, mixing, dusting, pressing, coating, packaging
4) mixing, granulating, dusting, pressing, coating, packaging
5) mixing, granulating, dusting, coating, pressing, packaging
55. The disintegration of tablets without shells in distilled water should be completed
1) in 15 minutes.
2) in 30 minutes
3) in 10 minutes.
4) in 45 minutes
5) in 60 minutes
56. The amount of medicinal substance released from the tablets according to the “Dissolution” indicator should be
1) 30% in 45 minutes
2) 10% in 15 minutes
3) 100% in 60 minutes
4) 75% in 45 minutes
5) 50% in 30 minutes
57. Granules are powdered for all of the listed qualities, EXCEPT
1) improve compressibility
2) prevent delamination
3) improve flowability
4) preventing adhesion to the punches
5) there is no correct answer
58. Mixers are used to mix powdered materials
1) with rotating body
2) with rotating blades
3) pneumatic
4) with fluidization
5) all answers are correct
59. Conditions for tableting on a rotary tablet press
1) dosing of bulk masses by volume, creating two-sided gradually increasing pressure on the pressed material
2) tableting due to a one-sided impact with the upper punch, creating two-sided gradually increasing pressure on the pressed material
3) tableting due to one-sided impact with the upper punch, dosing of bulk masses by volume
4) formation of a moistened mass in special forms, creation of two-sided gradually increasing pressure on the pressed material
5) formation of a moistened mass in special forms, dosing of bulk masses by volume
60. Granulate analysis is carried out according to the following indicators, EXCEPT
1) average granule mass and deviation from it in order to determine homogeneity
2) granulometric composition
3) bulk density
4) flowability
5) moisture content
61. Direct compression tablets medicinal substances
1) with a crystalline isometric shape and good flowability
2) included in the tablets in large quantities
3) pre-treated surfactants
4) coloring
5) hydrophobic
62. Equipment for wet granulation of tablet masses
1) granulator dryer, komiaktor
2) granulator dryer, universal granulator
3) universal granulator, rotary beating machine
4) rotary beating machine, komiaktor
5) komiaktor, universal granulator
63. On double compression tablet machines,
1) dry pressed coating on tablets
2) trituration tablets
3) matrix tablets
4) scored tablets
5) there is no correct answer
64. The technological properties of powders include
1) bulk mass
2) fluidity
3) compressibility
4) porosity
5) all answers are correct
65. Bulk density of powders depends on all indicators EXCEPT
1) particle shapes
2) particle size
3) moisture content
4) true density
5) wettability
66. Dosing accuracy depends on the technological properties of the powders, EXCEPT
1) flowability
2) fractional composition
3) compressibility
4) bulk density
5) there is no correct answer
67. Powder moisture affects
1) flowability, particle shape
2) fractional composition, flowability
3) particle shape, compressibility
4) compressibility, flowability
5) particle size, flowability
68. Direct compression produces tablets from the following substances, EXCEPT
1) calcium lactate
2) bromocamphor
3) hexamethylenetetramine
4) sodium chloride
5) potassium iodide
69. The technological cycle of tableting at RTM consists of the following operations
1) crushing, pushing out tablets, pressing
2) dosing, pressing, pushing out the tablet
3) pressing, grinding, dosing
4) pushing out tablets, dosing, packaging in foreign currency
5) packaging in currency, pressing, crushing
70. Excipients introduced into the tablet mass in an amount of no more than 1% all EXCEPT
1) stearic acid
2) twin-80
3) calcium stearate
4) starch
5) magnesium stearate
71. Establish the correct sequence of technological operations for manufacturing tablets
1) sifting, grinding powders, mixing, granulating, drying granules, pressing, tableting and packaging
2) granulation, powder grinding, sifting, mixing, granulate drying, pressing, tablet filling and packaging
3) powder grinding, sifting, mixing, granulating, granulate drying, pressing, tablet filling and packaging
4) powder grinding, sifting, mixing, pressing, granulating, granulate drying, tablet filling and packaging
5) mixing, grinding powders, sifting, granulating, drying granules, pressing, tableting and packaging
72. Requirement not imposed by the Global Fund XI to tablets
1) mechanical strength
2) dosing accuracy
3) localization of the action of medicinal substances
4) disintegration
5) there is no correct answer
73. Excipients used in the production of tablets
1) connecting
2) fillers
3) leavening agents
4) gliding
5) all answers are correct
74. NOT used as binders in the production of tablets.
1) twin-80
2) water
3) sugar syrup
4) alginates
5) ethyl alcohol
75. Antifriction substances have all effects EXCEPT
1) prevent particles from sticking
2) remove electrostatic charges
3) provide sliding
4) reduce the mechanical strength of tablets
5) have a lubricating effect
76. Granulation during tabletting process does NOT allow
1) improve the flowability of powders
2) improve dosing accuracy
3) ensure the rate of release of drugs
4) prevent separation of multicomponent tablet masses
5) ensure uniform distribution of the active component
77. Equipment not used for granulation
1) centrifugal mixer-granulator,
2) SP-30
3) SG-30
4) rotary pulsation apparatus
5) there is no correct answer
78. Establish the correct sequence of wet granulation operations
1) mixing medicinal and auxiliary substances, dusting, mixing powders with granulating liquid, wiping the wet mass, drying the granulate
2) mixing medicinal and auxiliary substances, mixing powders with granulating liquid, rubbing the wet mass, drying the granulate, dusting
3) mixing medicinal and auxiliary substances, mixing powders with granulating liquid, rubbing the wet mass, dusting, drying the granulate
4) mixing powders with granulating liquid, mixing medicinal and auxiliary substances, rubbing the wet mass, drying the granulate, dusting
5) mixing medicinal and auxiliary substances, mixing powders with granulating liquid, dusting, wiping the wet mass, drying the granulate
79. Methods for obtaining trituration tablets
1) pressing
2) granulation
3) rolling out
4) panning
5) molding
80. The quality of tablets is assessed based on indicators
1) dissolution
2) disintegration
3) average weight
4) deviation from the average mass
5) all answers are correct
81. The strength of tablets does not depend on the specified factor
1) pressing pressure
2) tablet weight
3) the amount of binding substances
4) properties of active substances
5) the amount of disintegrants
82. The disintegration of tablets does not depend on the following factor
1) the amount of binding substances
2) pressing pressure
3) powder particle shapes
4) physical and chemical properties of substances
5) properties of active substances
83. Coating tablets with shells does not provide
1) accuracy of dosing of medicinal substances
2) protection from environmental influences
3) localization of action
4) improving the organoleptic properties of tablets
5) prolongation of action
84. The quality of the coating is not affected by the factor
2) form of tablet cores
3) coating time
5) composition of the applied coating
85.What is a spray
- an aerosol that sprays the contents of the package using air
- inhalation powders
- an aerosol into which a medicinal substance is administered as an emulsion
- aerosol without medicinal substance
- all options are possible
- According to Global Fund XI aerosols “this is a dosage form in which medicinal and auxiliary substances are under the pressure of a propellant gas”
- right
- should be added “dosage form representing solutions, emulsions, suspensions of medicinal substances, in which...”
- should add "... propellant in sealed container"
- should be added “... propellant equipped with a valve-spray system (dosing and non-dosing)”
- wrong
- Inhalers are
- aerosols with liquid dispersed phase
- foam aerosols
- a type of inhalation aerosol
- a type of rectal aerosol
- everything is wrong
- The advantages of aerosols are
- ease of use
- increasing the stability of medicinal substances to light, air, etc.
- maintaining sterility
- all of the above
- The disadvantages of aerosols are
- psychological impact on the body
- toxic effect of a number of propellants on living organisms
- poor transportability
- decreased drug stability
- all of the above
- Used as solvents in aerosols
- pentol
- Trilon B
- cellulose derivatives
- mineral oils
- nipagin
- According to the method of application, aerosols are divided into
- for inhalations
- film-forming
- smothering
- foam
- all of the above
- Used as film formers
- ethanol
- acrylic acid derivatives
- sodium benzoate
- twin-80
- thymol
- Pharmaceutical propellants are subject to requirements according to
- chemical inertness
- ease of filling the cylinder
- speed of therapeutic effect
- possibility of precise dosage
- everything is wrong
- The advantages of freons include
- do not hydrolyze
- cheap
- at a slight excess pressure and low temperature, they easily transform from a gaseous state into a liquid
- has a prolonging effect
- improves the penetration of medicinal substances
- Aerosol cans are filled
- when heated
- at low temperatures in freezers
- at low pressure
- when stirring
- with stirring and heating
- The disadvantage of chlorinated hydrocarbons is
- toxicity
- hydrolyze in the presence of moisture
- flammable
- harmful effects on the environment
- all of the above
- The technological process for the production of aerosols includes
- preparation of concentrates of medicinal and auxiliary substances
- filling aerosol cans
- obtaining a mixture of propellants
- that's right
- everything is wrong
- For transportationpropellants are applied to the filling line
- method of supplying propellant using overpressure
- method of delivering propellant using natural pressure
- method of supplying propellant with increasing temperature
- mixing propellant delivery method
- everything is wrong
- Standardization of aerosols is carried out according to indicators
- checking the tightness of the cylinder
- valve testing
- determining the yield of package contents
- microbiological purity
- all of the above
- Depending on the nature of the medicinal substance (substance) and dosage, they check
- size of dispersed phase particles;
- amount of water;
- foreign impurities (related compounds);
- uniformity of dosing
- all of the above
- Prospects for the development of aerosols
- ensuring highly economical production
- expansion of the range of excipients and propellants that increase the bioavailability of medicinal substances
- creation of environmentally friendly aerosols
- introduction of aerosol packages that do not contain propellants and carry out mechanical evacuation of contents
- all of the above
- The following requirements apply to aerosol cans:
- ease of use
- sufficient strength
- heat resistance
- maintaining sterility
- all of the above
- Aerosol cans are not checked according to
- transparency
- strength
- uniform wall thickness
- chemical resistance
- check for all indicators
- Aerosol cans are not made from
- plastics
- glass
- become
- aluminum
- tinplate with internal varnish
105. X-ray diffraction analysis used in the development of new drugs provides information
- about the qualitative composition of the sample
- about the quantitative composition of the sample
- about the ability to adsorb
- on the distances between crystallographic planes
- about the refractive index of light
106. What machines are used for medium grinding
- roll crusher
- dismembrators
- jet mills
- colloid mills
- ball mills
107. Based on the method of obtaining the mesh, sieves are distinguished:
- drilled
- grate
- slotted
- cast
- all of the above
108. What machines are used for ultrafine grinding
- jet mill
- drum grass cutter
- disintegrator
- rod mill
- vertical ball mill
109. Mixers are used to mix solid materials:
- with rotating body
- worm-blade
- with fluidization of bulk material
- centrifugal action
- all of the above
110. On what principle do machines for grinding plant materials work?
- crushing
- impact and splitting
- abrasion and crushing
- cutting and sawing
- breaking and crushing
111. On what principle do machines for grinding amorphous raw materials work?
- crushing
- abrasion and breaking
- impact and splitting
- impact and crushing
- cutting and sawing
112. The positive features of the injection route of administration include
- speed of therapeutic effect
- possibility of shifting osmotic pressure
- introduction with violation of skin integrity
- need for qualified medical personnel
- possibility of embolism
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