Any action, process, relationship or state of an animate or inanimate object in Russian is expressed through a verb. In turn, this part of speech is presented in various forms. This article describes in detail what questions the verb answers, its features and examples.
What is a verb in Russian
In russian language verb is an independent part of speech, meaning process, attitude, action or state of a person, object or phenomenon.
The grammatical meaning of a verb is expressed by: the categories of aspect, conjugation, reflexivity, transitivity, mood, voice, number, person, gender and tense. The verb as a part of speech is represented by several classes of forms:
- Conjugated forms (read, going);
- Infinitive (search);
- Participles (written, sparkling);
- Participles (having drawn).
What questions does the verb answer?
Verb answers questions "What to do?"(imperfect form) "What to do?"(perfect form). As part of sentences, verbs most often act as predicates, but in the Russian language constructions are used in which verbal forms are used as a subject, modifier, circumstance or object.
Examples of verbs in a sentence:
In the morning we watched an interesting film.
In the center of the city there is a monument to the great poet, about whom the guide told us.
The teacher will ask this text in the next lesson.
Verbs are underlined with a green line.
Peculiarities
The grammatical categories of voice, aspect, conjugation, reflexivity and transitivity are inherent in all verbs and verbal forms, while other categories depend on the speech situation in which the verb is used:
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- Mood– inherent exclusively to conjugated verbs;
- Number– not characteristic of the infinitive and participle;
- Genus– inherent in forms of the subjunctive mood, past tense verbs and participles;
- Time– characteristic of forms of the indicative mood;
- Face– is inherent in conjugated verbal forms of the indicative mood of the present and future tense, as well as forms of the imperative mood.
§1. General characteristics of the verb as a part of speech
A verb is an independent significant part of speech. The verb word combines different forms. Which ones exactly depend on the interpretation of some important concepts.
Discussing the problem of interpretation
The most significant differences concern the interpretation of what participles and gerunds are. Some authors believe that participles and gerunds are special forms of the verb, while others believe that they are special parts of speech. As a result, the question of the number of verb forms is interpreted differently. Proponents of the first point of view teach that the verb word includes the forms:
- the initial form - the indefinite form of the verb (or, as it is also called, the infinitive),
- conjugated forms, both personal and impersonal,
- inflected form - participle,
- unchangeable form - gerund.
And supporters of the second point of view exclude participles and gerunds from verb forms. In our diagram, therefore, participles and gerunds are connected to the verb by broken lines.
All verb forms are united by common unchangeable features. Variable characteristics, if any, may be different.
1. Grammatical meaning:"action".
Verbs include words that answer questions: what to do?, what to do?
2. Morphological characteristics:
- constants - type: perfect-imperfect, transitivity, reflexivity, type of conjugation;
- changeable
- for conjugated forms: number, mood, tense, person (in the imperative and indicative mood of the present and future tense), gender (in the conditional and indicative mood in the past tense in the singular);
- for inflected forms (participles): gender, number, case;
- for unchangeable forms (infinitive verbs and gerunds) - no.
Attention:
Those who exclude participles and gerunds from verb forms do not consider the signs of participles and gerunds in this topic.
3. Syntactic role in a sentence:
Personal forms of the verb, as well as impersonal verbs, are most often predicate.
I love St. Petersburg.
It's getting light.
The indefinite form of the verb is the predicate or its part, as well as the subject and, somewhat less frequently, the main member of a one-part impersonal sentence, an object, a modifier and a circumstance.
I love walking around St. Petersburg.
Walking around St. Petersburg is a great pleasure.
Let it rain!
The children asked us to go to St. Petersburg.
We had a desire to go to St. Petersburg.
I went for a walk around evening Petersburg.
Attention:
The syntactic role of participles and gerunds is considered only by those authors who classify them as verb forms.
Participles are: full - by definition, short - by predicate.
Petersburg is a city founded by Peter I.
Petersburg was founded by Peter I.
Participles are adverbial in a sentence.
Having founded St. Petersburg, Peter I moved the capital there.
§2. Types of verb
Aspect is a constant morphological feature of a verb. All verbs are either perfect or imperfect. The generally accepted designation is:
- SV - for perfective verbs,
- NSV - for imperfective verbs.
Questions for the verb as a part of speech: what to do? what to do?- reflect the division of verbs by type.
Formation of species
Most non-derivative Russian verbs are NSV verbs, for example: eat, live, love, jump, scream.
From them, with the help of prefixes and suffixes, SV verbs are formed, for example:
eat → eat, finish eating, overeat,
live → live, survive, survive,
love → love,
jump → jump,
scream → scream.
Also in the Russian language, the formation of NSV verbs from SV verbs is common. In this case, the suffixes NSV are used: -yva-, -va-, -a-, for example:
rewrite → rewrite,
knock down → knock down,
decide → solve.
Some verbs SV and NSV form aspectual pairs, for example:
do - do,
write - write,
jump - jump,
paint - paint.
The meaning of the verbs that make up the species pair differs only in one component: process - result, multiple - single action.
Many verbs SV and NSV are not considered an aspectual pair, because In addition to the type value, they also differ in some additional value, for example:
- write (NSV)
- finish (SV, additional meaning: bringing the action to the end),
- rewrite (SV, additional meaning: performing an action again),
- write off (SV, additional meaning: performing an action according to a model, copying),
- scribble (SV, additional meaning: write a lot, cover some surface with writing), etc.
Verbs SV and NSV have different forms:
- NSV verbs in the indicative mood have three forms of tense, For example:
- present time: love, love, loves, love, love, love,
- Future tense: will love, will love, will love, will love, will love, will love(a form of the future tense formed using a verb be, called compound form),
- past tense: loved, loved, loved, loved.
- SV verbs have only two forms in the indicative mood: future and past tense. The present tense is impossible for SV verbs, because this contradicts their species significance. The future tense form of SV verbs is not compound, like that of NSV verbs, but simple: will love, look, find out etc.
- Future tense: love, love, love, love, love, love,
- past tense: loved, loved, loved, loved.
Attention:
In Russian there is bi-aspect verbs. These are verbs whose meaning can only be determined in context. In some contexts they act as SV verbs, and in others as NSV verbs, for example:
In the end the criminals executed(SV).
Criminals executed whole month (NSV).
Yesterday he promised(SV) that he will visit us today.
Every day he promised(NSV) to stop by, but every time he postponed his visit.
Do not be surprised:
If a verb has different lexical meanings, then the aspect pairs may be different.
For example:
Teach (NSV) - learn(SV) what? (words, poem, song), i.e. learn something yourself.
Teach (NSV) - teach(SV) who? (son, children, high school students, athletes), i.e. teach someone something.
§3. Transitivity
Transitivity is the property of a verb to control nouns expressing the meaning of the object of action, for example:
be in love(who? what?) mother, animals, books, chocolate
look film, magazines, photographs
read book, report, note, congratulation
There is ice cream, chicken, soup, cake
drink water, tea, coffee, juice
Remember: most often this meaning is expressed in Russian by nouns in V.p. without pretext.
In the event that the verb has a negative particle Not, the noun is more often found in R.p. The value of the object does not change. For example:
Not loving (who? what?) brother, animals, books, chocolate.
If the verb controls V.p. noun with the meaning of an object, then this verb is transitive. If verbs are followed by nouns in other forms, and the accusative case is impossible without a preposition, then the verb is intransitive, for example: walk around the city, jump into the water, grow near the house, doubt the correctness, rejoice at luck etc. The use of such verbs with nouns in V.p. impossible, for example, in Russian it is impossible to say: walk the city, jump in the water, grow a house, enjoy your luck.
Attention:
It is important that passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.
§4. Repayment
Verbs are divided into reflexive and non-reflexive. The formal indicator is the formative suffix -sya (-s) at the end of the word. If the form of the reflexive verb has an ending, then the suffix -sya -sya follows it, for example:
dressed, dressed, dressed, dressed.
Attention:
- The suffix -sya occurs after consonants, for example: swam, bathes,
- suffix -sya - after vowels: bathed, swam.
The meanings of reflexive verbs can be different, for example:
- Wash, dress, put on shoes(the action of the subject is directed towards himself),
- meet, hug, kiss(mutual actions aimed at each other: you can’t meet, hug, kiss yourself),
- be surprised, rejoice, get angry(state of the subject),
- the fabric wrinkles, the dog bites, the cat scratches(a sign characterizing the properties of the subject),
- it's getting dark- impersonality.
Remember:
Reflexive verbs are intransitive.
§5. Conjugation
Verb conjugation is the nature of the change of the verb in the present tense form in persons and numbers. There are two conjugations; assignment to one of the two types is made based on the set of endings. This means that verbs do not change according to conjugations, they refer to them. Conjugation is thus a constant morphological feature of verbs.
Conjugation patterns
Attention:
If the endings are stressed, then determining the conjugation does not cause problems. There is no need to put verbs in an indefinite form: the endings are clearly audible, so you will not make mistakes either in writing or in parsing.
The problem can only arise with verbs that have unstressed endings.
In order to determine the endings or type of conjugation of verbs with unstressed endings, you need to put the verb in the indefinite form. If the verb is -it
, then this is a verb of 2 conjugations.
Exception: shave, lay and an outdated word rest on. Also included in the 2nd conjugation are
- 7 exception verbs -there are : twist, endure, offend, depend, hate, And see, And look,
- 4 exception verbs per -at : drive, hold, hear, breathe.
The remaining verbs with unstressed endings belong to the 1st conjugation.
Attention:
Verbs want, run And honor special. Them and all derivatives from them, for example: run, run across, run across, run away, jog etc., refer to heterogeneously conjugated verbs. The peculiarity of the verbs of this group is that in some forms these verbs have endings of 1 conjugation, and in others - 2. Let’s conjugate these verbs:
want - want, want, wants, want, want, want (in the singular ending of 1 reference, in the plural - 2).
run - run, run, runs, run, run, run (in all forms except 3rd plural, ending 1st sp., in 3rd plural - ending 2nd sp.)
honor - honor, honor, honor, honor, honor, honor (in all forms except 3 literal plural, ending 1st sp., in 3rd pl. ending - ending 2nd sprite)
Attention:
Verbs There is And give do not belong to any conjugation. They have special sets of endings.
Eat - eat, eat, eat, eat, eat, eat,
Give - I'll give, give, give, give, give, give.
Verbs that are derivatives of eat and give also change, for example: eat, finish eating, eat, hand over, submit and so on.
It is necessary to know the conjugation of verbs, since this knowledge allows you to correctly write the personal endings of verbs, as well as the suffixes of active and passive present participles. The ability to determine verb conjugations is also necessary when performing morphological analysis.
§6. Mood
Inclination is a variable morphological feature. It expresses the relation of action to reality. There are three moods in Russian:
- indicative
- imperative,
- conditional (the term “subjunctive” is also common).
Indicative
Verbs in the indicative mood express actual actions and change tenses.
There are three tenses in the Russian language: present, past and future. The forms of the present and future tenses can coincide. In the present and future tenses, verbs are conjugated, i.e. change according to persons and numbers. The endings thus serve not only as indicators of person and number, but also of tense and mood. In the past tense, verbs change. The endings serve as indicators of number and gender, and the formative suffix -l - as an indicator of tense and mood.
Imperative mood
Verbs in the imperative mood express motivation. Verbs in the imperative mood have singular and plural forms in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons. Examples:
- let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go - the forms of the 1st person express the impulse to joint action;
- go, go - 2nd person forms express the impulse to action;
- let (let) go, are coming, long live- the impulse refers to the 3rd person.
Imperative forms with words Let's, Let's, let, let him, Yes are called analytical forms. These words participate in the formation of the 1st and 3rd person forms and are indicators of the imperative mood along with the verbs with which they are used.
Conditional mood
Verbs in the conditional mood can express:
- condition,
- an action that is possible under certain conditions.
If would You called, We would like to meet b. If would We met, I I would return it a book for you.
The form of verbs in the conditional mood is the same as in the past tense of the indicative mood*, but with the particle would. If the form is expressed in two words, then it is considered analytical. This means that the indicator of the conditional mood is the formative suffix -l and the particle would.
* Opinions regarding the form of the verb in the conditional mood vary. Some authors believe that it is a past tense form, while others consider it to be homonymous to the past tense form of the verb.
§7. Time
Time is a variable attribute. Tense, like mood, is a verb category. They are not characteristic of other parts of speech.
The tense of the verb expresses the relationship between the time of action and the moment of speech. The tense forms differ only in the indicative mood. There are three times:
- past,
- the present,
- future.
Not all verbs have forms of all three tenses. Perfective verbs do not have a present tense form.
Real tense and grammatical tense may not be the same. For example:
Yesterday he comes And speaks: - Today I came on time
(action in the past is expressed in present tense forms).
The future tense can be expressed analytically, in two words: a verb be in the required form and an imperfective verb in an indefinite form, for example:
Perfective verbs form only the simple future tense, for example: I'll leave, write, We'll see.
In Russian you cannot say: If you write, we'll see. This is a gross violation of the morphological norm.
§8. Face
Person is an inflected sign for verbs of the present and future tense of the indicative mood and verbs of the imperative mood. The face represents the producer of the action.
If the action is performed by the speaker, then the verb is put in the 1st person form.
If the action is performed by the listener, then the verb is put in the 2nd person form.
If the action is performed by other persons not participating in the conversation, then the verb is put in the 3rd person form.
I like oranges.(1 l., unit)
We love oranges.(1 l., plural)
You love oranges.(2 l., units)
You love oranges.(2 l., plural)
He loves oranges.(3 l., units)
They love oranges.(3 l., plural)
In the Russian language, verbs are possible that denote an action that does not have a producer. Such verbs are called impersonal.
Impersonal verbs
Impersonal verbs denote a state of nature or a person that does not depend on their will. Therefore, both nature and man are not considered as producers of action.
It's getting dark.
It was getting dark.
I'm sick.
I'm not feeling well.
Verb forms in the impersonal form cannot be a predicate in a two-part sentence. They are the main members of one-part impersonal sentences.
§9. Genus
Gender is a variable morphological feature of a verb. Verbs have singular gender forms. past indicative tense and singular form. conditional mood.
Lesson passed, lecture passed, interview passed, the meetings took place (in the past tense, the indicative gender differs only in singular parts).
If only a lesson passed(lecture passed, interview passed), we would have gone home (in the conditional terms, gender differs only in units).
§10. Number
Number is a morphological feature common to all verbal forms, except for the indefinite form of the verb and the gerund.
Verb forms
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it correct to think that a verb is a significant part of speech?
What morphological features unite all verb forms?
- Non-permanent (changeable) signs
What kind of verbs are there more among Russian derived verbs?
What tense form do SV verbs not have?
- Real
- past
- of the future
Can intransitive verbs control nouns in V.p.?
Is it correct to assume that transitive verbs are irreflexive?
What are verbs called that have 1st conjugation endings in some forms and 2nd conjugation endings in others?
- Impersonal
- Transitional
- Heterogeneous conjugates
How do verbs change in the present tense?
- By persons and numbers
- By numbers and genders
Can impersonal verbs be predicates in two-part sentences?
Is tense a constant (unchangeable) feature of a verb?
How do verbs change in the past tense?
- By persons and numbers
- By numbers and singular by gender
Are verbs of the same root with different prefixes and different meanings an aspect pair: rewrite - add?
Right answers:
- Permanent (unchangeable) characteristics
- Real
- Heterogeneous conjugates
- By persons and numbers
- By numbers and singular by gender
In contact with
The verb is one of the most important parts of speech in the Russian language, and a huge amount of time is devoted to studying it in the school curriculum. And this is understandable, because the topic is actually quite voluminous. When studying it, children are explained how to determine the form, type and meaning of a specific word in a sentence, as well as how to parse verbs as parts of speech. The Russian language course assumes familiarity with this section after all the nominal parts. And this is not done by chance, because, unlike nouns, adjectives and numerals, the verb has a conjugation form, which means that the morphological characteristics of this part of speech are fundamentally different from other words and word forms.
Word as part of speech: verb
The definition of a verb, given in school textbooks, sounds something like this: it is a part of speech that answers questions denoting an action, and can be expressed in a state (to be sick), a property (to stutter), a sign (to darken) and an attitude (to be jealous). The initial one, which answers the questions “what to do” and “what to do”, is called the infinitive, or indefinite form, which in a sentence can appear as any of its members.
For example: to understand (subject) means to feel; to be (predicate) rain; friends asked him to sing (addition); she went for a walk (circumstance).
Children begin to study the topic of the section, which tells how to parse verbs as parts of speech, already in the 4th grade, and in subsequent years they return to it repeatedly. However, before proceeding directly to the analysis of the verb, one should study its characteristics. This is exactly what will be discussed further.
Constant signs of the verb
One of the important features of this part of speech is that all words related to it may have permanent and non-constant features, the study of which is necessary in order to parse a verb as a part of speech. The first include:
- Belonging to a species. If the process or action described by the verb is completed at the moment, or it is indicated that it will be so, this is the perfect form. For example: I left, I came, I’ll write, I’ll read, I’ll say. And if the word does not imply completeness, then it is an imperfect form of the verb. For example: I live, I draw, I write.
- Transitivity and intransitivity. The differences between these grammatical features lie in the presence of a preposition when using a verb with a pronoun or noun. Transitive verbs can be used without prepositions with nominative parts of speech in the accusative case, and when negated - in the genitive case. And with intransitive forms, the presence of a preposition to connect words is a prerequisite. For example: read the letter, didn’t read the article, built a house, get out of the habit of home, sympathize with a friend, value time.
- Returnability. Determining this feature is quite simple; as a rule, all verbs of this type end in -sya or -sya. It is worth noting that this characteristic indicates that the verb is intransitive. For example: Laughed at my sister, dissolved in water, stuck to a diet.
- Conjugation is one of the most important characteristics that is involved in the formation of words and consists in changing verbs by numbers and persons. A lot of time is devoted to studying and consolidating this topic in the school Russian language course, and the quality of spelling depends on the ability to correctly determine the conjugation of a verb. However, you can write down the entire topic in one small summary. So, the first conjugation includes all verbs with the endings -eat, -eat, -eat, -eat, -ut, -ut, and to the second - with endings in -ish, -im, -it, -ite, -at, -yat. To determine the conjugation, the verb should be changed by person and monitor the change in ending.
Inconstant verb features
The characteristics of these features are contained in their name, and they are also very important to study before analyzing verbs as parts of speech. These include the following factors that influence word formation:
- Mood. The form of this feature indicates the relationship of the action to real time. There are three forms of mood: indicative (the action is happening now), conditional (the action is only desired) and imperative (the action is possible under certain events).
- Time and number. In Russian there are past, present and future tenses of verbs. As a rule, there are no difficulties in determining this grammatical feature, as well as in determining the plural or singular.
- Genus. Like all significant parts of speech, verbs can change gender, depending on the word that determines the person with whom the action is associated.
How to parse verbs as parts of speech
It is the above features that should be indicated in the verb, the outline of which looks like this:
- Indicate the name of the part of speech.
- Determine the starting shape.
- Indicate as parts reflexivity, transitivity, conjugation.
- Indicate the inconsistent features: mood, tense, person and gender (if any), as well as number.
- Parse the sentence in which the verb is used and determine its function, that is, indicate which member it is.
Examples of parsing a verb as a part of speech
To consolidate the studied material (morphological features and characteristics of the verb), the school curriculum provides numerous analyzes of this part of speech according to the scheme described above. With the help of this technique, children are taught to systematize knowledge and apply it correctly, repeating again and again during specific analysis all the signs of a particular part of speech.
As an example, consider the following phrase: “The sun is shining brightly in the sky.”
- Shines - verb.
- The initial form is to shine.
- An imperfect verb, irreflexive, transitive, is used in the second conjugation.
- The sun is shining - the action takes place in the present tense, which means that this is the indicative form of the verb, which is used in the singular, third person and neuter gender.
- On is a preposition, the sky is a circumstance, brightly is a circumstance, it is shining - the predicate, the sun is the subject.
Verb analysis by composition
No less important is the topic: “Morphemic analysis of words.” What does this mean and how to parse the word according to its composition? A verb, like all words, has a main part, on the basis of which other forms are formed. It is this part without an ending, which when notated is enclosed in a rectangle, is called the base and is the main one in determining the lexical meaning. During parsing, it is indicated by a square bracket under the word.
Following the stem, a suffix is identified - a morpheme, which is involved in the form and word formation of words with the same root. In writing it is indicated by an angle with the apex pointing upward.
Verbs in the indicative and conditional moods of the past tense are characterized by a zero suffix or -l-. For example: read - would read, carried - would carry.
The indefinite form is formed with the help of the suffixes -т- and -ти-, however, in the school curriculum these morphemes are considered as endings. For example: slept - sleep And saved - save.
A prefix is one of the significant parts of a word, which comes at the beginning and participates in the formation of new word forms. Schematically denoted by an inverted letter G.
The root is an obligatory and fundamental part; it contains the lexical meaning and the component that unites all words of the same root. There is not a single independent lexical unit that does not have this morpheme, while without other elements they are used quite normally. The root in writing is indicated by an arc.
Rules of morpheme parsing
The question of how to parse a verb according to its composition interests many schoolchildren. We can talk a lot about this, but it’s better to show it in practice. But first, it should be noted that the infinitive and singular masculine verbs used in the past tense and conditional mood do not have an ending. Also, these verbs do not have a suffix.
Morphemic analysis of verbs, as well as other words, is carried out according to the following scheme:
- Definition of part of speech.
- Highlighting the ending with an explanation of its meaning.
- Selection of words with the same root and definition of the root.
- Identification of prefixes and suffixes.
- Determination of the stem of the word, which contains the lexical meaning.
Sort out the verbs according to their composition
To consolidate the material, you should parse a few words according to their composition using this example: suffers- initial form suffer. This is with the ending -et, which indicates the present tense, third person, singular. The base of the word is suffering-, suffix - A-. Similar words: suffering, suffering, suffering. Root - strad with the possible replacement of the letter “d” by “zh”. This word has no prefix.
The Russian language is the history of the people and an important part of our culture. But, unfortunately, few people now can boast of perfect knowledge of this language. After all, it is rightfully considered the most difficult and people, fearing difficulties, abandon the learning process halfway through. But, if you take a risk and get down to business with due dedication, then the Russian language will not remain in debt, and speech will become rich and rich. Anyone who wants to achieve this must start from the basics, so in this article we will look at what such a concept as a verb is.
What does the verb mean?
A verb is an inflected part of speech that describes some activity or state of an object (living being).
For example: go, buy, stay, sleep, take, call, open, think, etc.
To find out whether a word is a verb, you need to ask one of the questions: “What to do?”, “What to do?”.
Indefinite verb
All verbs in our language have an infinitive (initial form or infinitive).
It differs from other verb forms in the following parameters:
- An infinitive is a verb listed in the dictionary;
- the initial form has formative suffixes – ti; – t; – whose. Example: bake, read, fly, etc.
- an indefinite form is capable of preserving only such properties as aspect, transitivity and recurrence.
Types of verbs
Verbs are divided into perfect and imperfect:
- Perfect verbs (PV) - give the answer to the question: “What to do?”
A perfective verb means that the action has already been completed and cannot be continued.
Such a verb has only two forms of tense: past and also future (“What did you do?” and “What will you do?”).
- Imperfect verbs (IVP) - give the answer to the question: “What to do?”
For example, hear, drink, travel, etc.
An imperfect verb is marked by either a continuous action or one that is constantly repeated. That is, we are not able to determine the period of completion of the action.
NSV verbs have all three tense forms: past, present and future (“What did you do?”, “What are you doing?”, “What will you do?”).
Transitivity of the verb
In addition to the listed properties, the verb has such an attribute as transitivity (intransitivity).
A transitive verb is a verb indicating an action that transfers to some object. From such verbs you can ask a question to a noun or pronoun in the accusative (v.p.) or in the genitive case (p.p.) (without a preposition).
For example: put (what?) a pen (v.p.); didn’t bring (what?) milk (r.p.), etc.
All other verbs that do not correspond to this parameter are called intransitive.
Verb reflexivity
Reflexive verbs are those verbs that have a suffix ending - sya (sya).
Example: dry, wash, swim, hold on, etc.
All those verbs that do not have – sya (sya) at the end are irreflexive.
Among reflexive verbs there are such non-derivative verbs that are not used at all without a suffix ending, for example, laugh, fight, etc.
Noun
Noun- a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? What?
Note.
In grammar, a subject is anything that can be asked about. who is this? What is this?
According to their meaning, nouns are divided into own And common nouns, animate And inanimate.
Nouns are masculine, feminine or neuter.
Note.
Nouns do not change by gender.
Nouns vary by case and number.
The initial form of a noun is the nominative singular.
In a sentence, nouns most often are a subject and an object, as well as an inconsistent definition, application, circumstance and the nominal part of a compound predicate.
Proper and common nouns
Proper nouns- these are the names of individuals, individual objects.
Proper nouns include:
- surnames (pseudonyms, nicknames), first names, patronymics of people, as well as animal names.
- geographical names
- astronomical names
- names of newspapers, magazines, works of literature and art, factories, ships, etc.
Note.
It is necessary to distinguish proper nouns from proper names.
Proper nouns sometimes turn into common nouns (for example: Ampere - French scientist, ampere - a unit of electric current
Common nouns is a common name for all homogeneous objects and phenomena.
Common nouns can turn into proper nouns (for example: earth - land, Earth - planet of the solar system).
Nouns, animate and inanimate
Animate nouns serve as names of people, animals and answer the question who?
Inanimate nouns serve as names of inanimate objects, as well as objects of the plant world, and answer the question what?
Inanimate nouns also include nouns such as group, people, crowd, flock, youth, etc.
Number of nouns.
Nouns are used in the singular when we are talking about one thing, and in the plural when we mean several things.
Some nouns are used only in the singular or only in the plural.
Nouns that have only a singular form:
- Names of many identical persons, objects (collective nouns): youth, children, students, humanity and etc.
- Names of objects with real meaning: asphalt, iron, strawberries, milk, steel, beets, kerosene and etc.
- Names of quality or trait: whiteness, anger, dexterity, youth, freshness, blue, darkness, blackness and etc.
- Names of action or state: mowing, chopping, execution, suggestion, burning and etc.
- Proper names as names of individual objects: Moscow, Volga and etc.
- Words: burden, udder, flame, crown
Nouns that have only a plural form:
- Names of composite and paired items: trousers, scales, railings, vices, tongs, rakes, scissors, pitchforks, swings and etc.
- Names of materials or their waste, residues: whitewash, yeast, pasta, cream, bran, sawdust and etc.
- Names of time periods, games: hide and seek, blind man's buff, chess, vacation, day, weekdays and etc.
- Names of actions and states of nature: troubles, elections, negotiations, shoots, frosts, debates and etc.
- Some geographical names: Carpathians, Fili, Gorki, Athens, Alps, Sokolniki and etc.
Noun cases
There are six cases in Russian. Case is determined by questions.
Nominative - who? or what?
Genitive - whom? or what?
Dative - to whom? or what?
Accusative - whom? or what?
Creative - by whom? or what?
Prepositional - about whom? or about what?
To determine the case of a noun in a sentence, you need:
- find the word to which the given noun refers;
- put a question from this word to the noun.
Declension of nouns
Changing words by case is called declension.
Exists three declensions nouns.
First declension.
The first declension includes feminine nouns with the ending -а (-я) in the nominative singular case (country, land), as well as masculine nouns denoting people with the same endings (young man, uncle).
Second declension.
The second declension includes masculine nouns with a zero ending (shore, day), as well as with endings -о, -е (domishko, domiche) and neuter nouns with endings -о, -е in the nominative singular (word, building ).
Third declension.
The third declension includes feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular.
Indeclinable nouns.
Ten neuter nouns in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup and crown) and the masculine noun path in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases in the singular have 3rd declension noun endings -i, and in the instrumental case they take the endings of nouns of the 2nd declension -em (-em).
Indeclinable nouns.
Indeclinable nouns are those that have the same form for all cases.
Among them there are both common nouns (coffee, radio, cinema, jury) and proper names (Goethe, Zola, Sochi).
Morphological analysis of a noun
I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1.
2.
Constant signs:
a) proper or common noun,
b) animate or inanimate,
c) gender,
d) declination.
3.
Variable signs:
a) case,
b) number.
III. Syntactic role.
Adjective
Meaning and grammatical features of the adjective
Adjective- a part of speech that denotes a feature of an object and answers the questions: what? which? which? whose?
Note.
In grammar, a sign is usually understood as properties, belonging, quantities, etc., characterizing objects.
The categories of adjectives are distinguished by meaning and form: qualitative, relative and possessive.
Adjectives, depending on nouns, agree with them, i.e. are placed in the same case, number, gender as the nouns to which they refer.
The initial form of adjectives is the nominative case in the masculine singular. Adjectives come in full and in brief form (only high quality ones).
In a sentence, adjectives in full form, as a rule, are agreed upon definitions, sometimes they are a nominal part of a compound predicate.
Adjectives in short form are used only as predicates.
Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees.
Qualitative adjectives
Qualitative adjectives denote a characteristic (quality) of an object that may be present in this object to a greater or lesser extent.
Qualitative adjectives denote the attribute of an object by:
- form(straight, angular)
- size(narrow, low)
- blossom(red, lemon)
- property(strong, tough)
- taste(bitter, salty)
- weight(heavy, weightless)
- smell(fragrant, aromatic)
- temperature(warm, cool)
- sound(loud, quiet)
- overall assessment(important, harmful)
- and etc.
Full the form changes according to cases, numbers and genders.
Adjectives in brief forms vary by number and gender. Short adjectives are not inflected; in a sentence they are used as predicates.
Some adjectives are used only in a short form: much, glad, must, necessary.
Some qualitative adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with suffixes denoting a high degree of attribute, and adjectives that are part of terminological names (fast train, deep rear).
Qualitative adjectives can be combined with an adverb Very, have antonyms.
Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison. In form, each degree can be simple(consists of one word) and composite(consists of two words): harder, quieter.
comparative
comparative shows that in one or another object the characteristic appears to a greater or lesser extent than in another.
Superlative
Superlative shows that this or that object is superior to other objects in some way.
Relative adjectives
Relative adjectives denote a feature of an object that cannot be present in the object to a greater or lesser extent.
Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, and cannot be combined with an adverb Very, have no antonyms.
Relative adjectives vary by case, number and gender (singular).
Relative adjectives mean:
- material(wooden spoon, clay pot)
- quantity(five-year-old daughter, two-story house)
- location(river port, steppe wind)
- time(last year's plan, January frosts)
- appointment(washing machine, passenger train)
- weight, length, measure(meter stick, quarterly plan)
- and etc.
Possessive adjectives indicate that something belongs to a person and answer whose questions? whose? whose? whose?
Possessive adjectives change by case, number and gender.
Morphological analysis of the adjective
I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1.
Initial form (nominative singular masculine).
2.
Constant signs: qualitative, relative or possessive.
3.
Variable signs:
1) for quality ones:
a) degree of comparison,
b) short and long form;
2) For all adjectives:
a) case,
b) number,
c) birth
III. Syntactic role.
Numeral
Meaning and grammatical features of a numeral name.
Numeral- a part of speech that denotes the number of objects, number, and also the order of objects when counting.
According to their meaning and grammatical features, numeral names are divided into quantitative and ordinal.
Quantitative Numerals denote quantity or number and answer the question how many?
Ordinal Numerals indicate the order of objects when counting and answer the questions which? which? which? which?
Note.
Quantity can also be denoted by other parts of speech. Numerals can be written in words and numbers, and other parts of speech - only in words: three horses - three horses.
Numerals change according to cases.
The initial form of the numeral is the nominative case.
In a sentence, numerals can be subject, predicate, attribute, adverbial tense.
A numeral denoting quantity, in combination with nouns, is one member of a sentence.
Simple and compound numbers
According to the number of words, numerals are simple and compound.
Simple numerals consist of one word, and composite of two or more words.
Cardinal numbers.
Cardinal numbers are divided into three categories: whole numbers, fractions and collective numbers.
Ordinals.
Ordinal numbers are formed, as a rule, from numerals denoting whole numbers, usually without suffixes: five - fifth, six - sixth.
Note.
Ordinal numbers first and second are non-derivatives (original words).
Ordinal numbers, like adjectives, change according to cases, numbers and genders.
In compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined.
Morphological analysis of the numeral name
I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1.
Initial form (nominative case).
2.
Constant signs:
a) simple or compound,
b) quantitative or ordinal,
c) category (for quantitative).
3.
Variable signs:
a) case,
b) number (if any),
c) gender (if any).
III. Syntactic role.
Pronoun
Meaning and grammatical features of the pronoun.
Pronoun- a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them.
The initial form of pronouns is the nominative singular.
In a sentence, pronouns are used as a subject, attribute, object, and less often as adverbials; a pronoun can also be used as a predicate.
Places of pronouns by meaning
According to their meaning and grammatical features, pronouns are divided into several categories:
- personal(I you he she)
- returnable(myself)
- interrogative(who, what, which)
- relative(who, which, than, which)
- uncertain(someone, something, some)
- negative(nobody, nothing, some)
- possessive(mine, yours, ours, yours)
- index fingers(that, this, such, such, so much)
- definitive(all, every, other)
Personal pronouns.
Personal pronouns I And You indicate the participants in the speech.
Pronouns he, she, it, they indicate the subject that is being spoken about, has been said before or will be spoken about. They serve to connect independent sentences in the text.
Pronoun You may refer to one person. The verb is the predicate and the short form of adjectives and participles are used in the plural. If the predicate is expressed by a full form adjective, then it is used in the singular.
Reflexive pronoun myself.
Reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person being spoken about.
Pronoun myself has no form of person, number, gender. It can be applied to any person, singular or plural, of any gender.
Reflexive pronoun myself happens in a sentence an addition, sometimes a circumstance.
Interrogative and relative pronouns.
Words that are answered by nouns (who? what?), adjectives (which? whose? what?), numerals (how many?), form a group interrogative pronouns.
The same pronouns without a question, as well as the pronoun which serve to connect simple sentences within complex ones. This - relative pronouns.
In sentences containing a question, pronouns what, how much- interrogative. Conjunctive words in complex sentences which, what, how much- relative pronouns.
Indefinite pronouns.
Indefinite pronouns indicate uncertain objects, signs, quantity.
Indefinite pronouns are formed by adding prefixes to interrogative and relative pronouns -something(something, someone, etc.) and -Not(someone, several, etc.), which is always under stress, as well as suffixes -this, -either, -something(someone, anyone, anyone, etc.).
Indefinite pronouns vary according to the type of pronoun from which oi are formed.
In a sentence, indefinite pronouns can be subjects, objects, or modifiers.
Negative pronouns.
Negative pronouns(no one, not at all, no one, etc.) serve to deny the presence of any object, feature, quantity or to strengthen the negative meaning of the entire sentence.
They are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using an unstressed prefix neither-(nobody, no, no one's) and shock prefix Not-(no one, nothing).
Negative pronouns change by case, number, and in the singular - by gender.
Note.
Prefixed pronouns are not most often used in impersonal sentences, in which the predicate is expressed by the infinitive form of the verb.
Negative pronouns in a sentence are subjects, objects, and modifiers.
Possessive pronouns.
Possessive pronouns my, yours, ours, yours, yours indicate which person the item belongs to.
Pronoun my indicates that the object belongs to the speaker himself. Is yours indicates that the object belongs to the person with whom we are talking.
Pronoun mine Indicates that an object belongs to the speaker, or his interlocutor, or a third party, who are the subjects of the sentence.
All of these pronouns in sentences are agreed upon adjectives.
Demonstrative pronouns.
Demonstrative pronouns that, this, this, such, such, so much, this serve to distinguish a particular object, feature, or quantity from others.
Sometimes demonstrative pronouns that, such, such, so much serve to form complex sentences. In this case they are demonstrative words in the main clause, in the subordinate clause they, as a rule, correspond to the relative pronouns appearing in it allied words.
In a sentence, demonstrative pronouns can be subject, object, attribute, predicate.
Determinative pronouns.
Determinative pronouns- all, every, every, every, himself, most, any, different, different.
Pronouns everyone, any, most indicate one item from a number of similar ones.
Pronoun any indicates any one of many similar objects.
Pronouns all, everyone define an object as something inseparable.
Pronoun myself indicates the person or thing that produces the action.
Pronoun most, in addition to the meaning mentioned above, can denote the degree of a characteristic and is used to form the superlative degree of adjectives.
Morphological analysis of pronouns
I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1.
Initial form (nominative singular).
2.
Constant signs:
a) rank,
b) person (for personal pronouns).
3.
Variable signs:
a) case,
b) number (if any),
c) gender (if any).
III. Syntactic role.
Verb
Verb- a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and answers the questions what to do? what to do?
There are verbs imperfect and perfect forms.
Verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive.
Verbs change according to mood.
A verb has an initial form called the infinitive (or infinitive). It shows neither time, nor number, nor person, nor gender.
The verbs in the sentence are predicates.
The indefinite form of a verb can be part of a compound predicate, it can be a subject, an object, a modifier, or a circumstance.
Indefinite verb form (or infinitive)
Verbs in indefinite form (infinitive) answer questions about what to do? or what to do?
Verbs in the indefinite form have an aspect, transitivity and intransitivity, and conjugation. Verbs in the indefinite form have endings -t, -ti or zero.
Types of verb
Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do?, and verbs perfect form- what to do?
Imperfective verbs do not indicate the completion of an action, its end or result. Perfective verbs indicate the completion of an action, its end or result.
A verb of one type may correspond to a verb of another type with the same lexical meaning.
When forming verbs of one type from verbs of another type, prefixes are used.
The formation of verb types can be accompanied by alternation of vowels and consonants in the root.
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Verbs that combine or can combine with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition are called transitional.
Transitive verbs denote an action that moves to another subject.
A noun or pronoun with a transitive verb can be in the genitive case.
Verbs are intransitive, if the action does not directly move to another object.
Intransitive verbs include verbs with the suffix -sya (s).
Reflexive verbs
Verbs with suffix -sya (s) are called returnable.
Some verbs can be reflexive or non-reflexive; others only reflexive (without suffix -xia they are not used).
Verb mood
Verbs in indicative mood denote actions that are actually happening or will happen.
Verbs in the indicative mood change tenses. In the present and future tenses, the final vowel of the indefinite stem is sometimes omitted.
In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have three tenses: present, past and future, and perfective verbs have two tenses: past and future simple.
Verbs in conditional mood denote actions that are desirable or possible under certain conditions.
The conditional mood of the verb is formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb using a suffix -l- and particles would (b). This particle can appear after or before the verb, and can be separated from the verb by other words.
Verbs in the conditional mood vary according to number and in the singular - according to gender.
Verbs in imperative mood express a call to action, an order, a request.
Verbs in the imperative mood are usually used in the form 2nd person.
Verbs in the imperative mood do not change tenses.
Imperative forms are formed from the stem of the present or future simple tense using a suffix -And- or zero suffix. Verbs in the imperative mood in the singular have a zero ending, and in the plural - -those.
Sometimes the particle is added to imperative verbs -ka, which somewhat softens the order.
Verb tense
Present tense.
Verbs in the present tense show that an action is happening at the moment of speech.
Verbs in the present tense can denote actions that are performed constantly, always.
Verbs in the present tense change according to persons and numbers.
Past tense.
Verbs in the past tense show that the action took place before the moment of speech.
When describing the past, the present tense is often used instead of the past tense.
Verbs in the past tense form are formed from the indefinite form (infinitive) using a suffix -l-.
Verbs in the indefinite form in -ch, -ti, -thread(imperfect form) forms of the past tense singular masculine without a suffix are formed -l-.
Past tense verbs change according to number, and in the singular - according to gender. In the plural, verbs in the past tense do not change by person.
Future tense.
Verbs in the future tense indicate that the action will take place after the moment of speech.
The future tense has two forms: simple and compound. Shape of the future composite imperfective verbs consists of the future tense of the verb be and the infinitive form of the imperfective verb. The future tense is formed from perfective verbs simple, from imperfective verbs - future tense composite.
Morphological analysis of the verb
I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1.
Initial form (indefinite form).
2.
Constant signs:
a) view,
b) conjugation,
c) transitivity.
3.
Variable signs:
a) inclination,
b) number,
c) time (if any),
d) number (if any),
e) gender (if any).
III. Syntactic role.
Participle
Participle- a special form of a verb that denotes an attribute of an object by action and answers the questions what? which? which? which?
Note.
Some scientists consider participles to be an independent part of speech, since they have a number of features that are not characteristic of the verb.
Like verb forms, participles have some of their grammatical features. They are perfect and imperfect; present and past; returnable and non-refundable.
The participle has no future tense form.
There are participles active and passive.
Denoting the attribute of an object, participles, like adjectives, grammatically depend on nouns that agree with them, i.e. become the same case, number and gender as the nouns they refer to.
Participles change by case, by number, by gender. The case, number, and gender of participles are determined by the case, number, and gender of the noun to which the participle refers. Some participles, like adjectives, have a full and a short form. Initial participle form- nominative singular masculine. All verbal features of the participle correspond to the initial form of the verb - the indefinite form.
Like an adjective, a participle in its full form in a sentence is a modifier.
Participles in short form are used only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.
Active and passive participles
Active participles denote a sign of the object that itself produces the action. Passive participles denote a sign of an object that experiences action from another object.
Formation of participles
When forming participles, the following verbal features are taken into account:
- Transitivity or intransitivity of a verb(both active and passive participles are formed from transitive verbs; only active participles are formed from intransitive verbs).
- Verb type(perfect verbs do not form present participles. Imperfect verbs do not form real present and past participles; most imperfective verbs do not form passive past participles, although these verbs have corresponding forms of present passive participles).
- Verb conjugations(both active and passive present participles have different suffixes depending on the conjugation of the verb).
- Reflexivity or non-reflexivity of the verb(passive participles are not formed from reflexive verbs). Active participles formed from reflexive verbs retain the suffix -sya at all times, regardless of what sound (vowel or consonant) is located before this suffix; The suffix -sya appears at the end of the participle.
From a number of verbs are formed Not all types of participles.
Note.
Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive past participle form.
Morphological analysis of the participle
I. Part of speech (special form of a verb); from which verb is the general meaning derived?
II. Morphological characteristics:
1.
The initial form is the masculine nominative singular.
2.
Constant signs:
a) active or passive;
b) time;
c) view.
3.
Variable signs:
a) full and short form (for passive participles);
b) case (for participles in full form);
c) number;
d) birth
III. Syntactic role.
Participle
Participle- a special form of the verb, which denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb, and answers the questions what is doing? what did you do?
As a form of a verb, the gerund has some of its grammatical features. Participles come in perfect and imperfect form. They retain the form of the verb from which they are derived.
The gerund retains the verb feature - transitivity.
Note.
A gerund, like a verb, can be returnable and non-refundable.
A gerund, like a verb, can be qualified by an adverb.
In a sentence, the adverbial participle is an adverbial adverbial clause.
Note.
Some scientists consider gerunds to be an independent part of speech, since they do not have many grammatical features characteristic of a verb.
Imperfect participles
Imperfective participles indicate unfinished additional action, which occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the verb - predicate.
Imperfect participles are formed from the stem present tense of the verb using a suffix -and I).
After sibilants the suffix is used -A, and in other cases - -I.
From the verb to be, the imperfective participle is formed using the suffix -teach.
Notes
- From imperfective verbs with a suffix -va- in an indefinite form (to give, to recognize, to get up, etc.), the gerund is formed from the base of an indefinite form: to give out (give out) - giving out.
- Some verbs do not form imperfective participles:
- from verbs whose roots consist of only consonants:
beat - beat, tear - tear, sew - sew, burn - tourniquet, etc.
Exception:
rush - rush - rushing; - from verbs with a present tense stem to g, k, x: to protect - take care, to be able - they can, etc.;
- from most verbs with the stem of the present tense to hissing: write - write, whip - whip, etc.;
- from verbs with suffix -Well-: fade - fade, get wet - get wet, pull - pull, go out - go out, etc.
- from verbs whose roots consist of only consonants:
Perfect participles
Perfect participles indicate completed incremental action, which, as a rule, occurs before the action begins. expressed by the verb - predicate.
Perfect participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form or past tense (which, as a rule, coincide) with the help of suffixes -v, -lice, -shi. From reflexive verbs, perfect participles are formed with the suffix - lice (s), -shi (s). Participles with a base on a consonant are formed with a suffix -shi.
Notes
- From some verbs it is possible to form double forms: from the stem of the indefinite form and from the stem of the past tense (when they do not coincide).
- To suffix -to reflexive suffix -xia doesn't join.
Some verbs form perfect participles using a suffix -and I) from the basis of the future tense.
Notes
- Some verbs have preserved forms with suffixes -v, -lice, -shi(returning, getting ready, coming, bringing, bringing, saying goodbye, acquiring, seeing, seeing, hearing, hearing). if double forms exist, gerunds with the suffix are used more often -and I) as less bulky.
- Sometimes gerunds with suffixes -v, -lice are formed on imperfective verbs, but they are rarely used (having been, having eaten, not having).
Morphological analysis of gerunds
I. Part of speech (special form of a verb). General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1.
Initial form (indefinite verb form)
2.
View.
3.
Immutability.
III. Syntactic role.
Adverb
Adverb- a part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, a sign of an object and another sign.
An adverb can refer to a verb, to its special forms - participle and gerund, as well as to a noun, adjective and other adverb.
Adverb means sign of action, if attached to a verb and a gerund.
Adverb means attribute of an object, if attached to a noun.
Adverb means sign of another sign, if attached to an adjective, participle or other adverb.
The adverb does not change, i.e. does not bow or conjugate.
In a sentence, adverbs are most often adverbs.
Note.
Some adverbs can be predicates.
Adverbs are divided into the following groups according to their meaning:
- Adverbs of manner- How? how? - fast, good, to pieces
- Adverbs of time- When? since when? How long? how long? - today, now, in winter
- Adverbs of place- Where? Where? where? - away, above, home
- Adverbs of reason- why - rashly, blindly, involuntarily
- Adverbs of purpose- For what? - on purpose, out of spite
- Adverbs of measure and degree- How many? at what time? how much? in what degree? to what extent? - very, quite, extremely
- Demonstrative adverbs(here, there, here, there, from there, then)
- Indefinite adverbs(somewhere, somewhere, somewhere)
- Interrogative adverbs(how, why, where)
- Negative adverbs(nowhere, never, nowhere, nowhere)
Degrees of comparison of adverbs
Adverbs on -o(s), formed from qualitative adjectives, have two degrees of comparison: comparative and superior.
The comparative degree of adverbs has two forms - simple and compound. The simple form of the comparative degree is formed using suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she from the original form of adverbs, from which the final ones are discarded -o(-e), -ko. The compound form of comparative adverbs is formed by combining adverbs and words more and less.
The superlative degree of adverbs usually has a compound form, which is a combination of two words - a comparative degree of an adverb and a pronoun everyone (total).
Morphological analysis of the adverb
I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1.
An unchangeable word.
2.
Degree of comparison (if any).
III. Syntactic role.
Functional parts of speech.
Pretext
Pretext- an auxiliary part of speech that expresses the dependence of a noun, numeral and pronoun on other words in a phrase, and therefore in a sentence.
Prepositions do not change and are not parts of the sentence.
Prepositions express various relationships:
- spatial;
- temporary;
- causal.
Prepositions are divided into non-derivatives and derivatives.
Non-derivative prepositions: without, in, to, for, for, from, to, on, over, about, about, from, on, under, before, with, about, with, at, through.
Derivative prepositions formed from independent parts of speech by losing their meaning and morphological characteristics.
It is necessary to distinguish derived prepositions from homonymous independent parts of speech.
- Prepositions:
- against Houses, ahead squad, near rivers, inside tents, all around garden, along roads, close shores, according to instructions;
- around axles, in view of bad weather, about work, due to rain, during days, in continuation nights, say Finally, by virtue of circumstances;
- thanks to rain, despite disease.
- Independent parts of speech:
- Adverb:
I live against, go ahead, stand near, wash inside, examined all around, stick along, did not have close, live according to, looked back around, have in mind - Noun:
put to the account jar, because of in this case, during rivers, in continuation novel, in custody on the book, believe by virtue of. - Participle:
thanks to hostess despite on both sides.
- Adverb:
Derivative prepositions are usually used with one case. Many non-derivative prepositions can be used with different cases.
Note.
Prepositions consisting of one word are called simple (in, on, to, from, before, from, despite, after and etc.). Prepositions consisting of two or more words are called composite (despite, in conclusion and etc.).
I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological feature:
Immutability
III. Syntactic role.
Union
Union- an auxiliary part of speech that connects homogeneous members in a simple sentence and simple sentences in a complex sentence.
Unions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.
Essays conjunctions connect homogeneous members and equal simple sentences as part of a complex sentence.
Subordinates conjunctions connect simple sentences in a complex (complex) sentence, one of which is subordinate in meaning to the other, i.e. from one sentence to another you can pose a question.
Conjunctions consisting of one word are called simple: a, and, but, or, either, how, what, when, barely, as if etc., and conjunctions consisting of several words compound: due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, while, due to the fact that, despite the fact that and etc.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three groups:
- Connecting: And; yes (meaning and); not only but; both... and;
- Nasty: A; But; yes (meaning but); though; but;
- Dividing: or; or or; or; then... then; not that... not that.
Parts of some unions ( both... so and, not only... but also, not that... not that etc.) are found with different homogeneous members or in different parts of a complex sentence.
Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions are divided into the following groups:
- Causal: because; because of; because; due to the fact that; thanks to; due to the fact that; due to the fact that, etc.;
- Target: to (to); in order to; so that etc.;
- Temporary: When; only; just; Bye; barely, etc.;
- Conditional: If; if; once; whether; how soon, etc.;
- Comparative: How; as if; as if; as if; exactly, etc.;
- Explanatory: What; to; like others;
- Concessive: although; Although; no matter what, etc.
Morphological analysis of the union
I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1)
Coordinating or subordinating;
2)
An unchangeable word.
III. Syntactic role.
Particle
Particle- an auxiliary part of speech that introduces various shades of meaning into a sentence or serves to form word forms.Particles do not change and are not members of a sentence.
According to their meaning and role in a sentence, particles are divided into three categories: formative, negative and modal.
Shaping particles
Formative particles include particles that serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb.
Particle would (b) may appear before the verb it refers to, after the verb, or may be separated from the verb by other words.
Negative particles
Negative particles include Not And neither.
Particle Not can give sentences or individual words not only a negative, but also a positive meaning in case of double negative.
The particle value is not
- Negative meaning.
- total offer: Not hurry up with your answer. Not this may happen.
- separate word: Before us was Not small, but large clearing.
- Positive value.
- Comrade Not could Not help me.
Negative particle neither may have other meanings besides negative.
The meaning of the particle is neither
- Negative meaning in a sentence without a subject.
Neither from place! Around neither souls. - Strengthening negation in sentences with particles neither and with the word No.
Not around neither souls. Can not see neither bush. - Generalizing meaning in sentences with negative pronouns and adverbs.
What neither (=everything) would do it, everything would work out for him. Where neither (=everywhere) look, there are fields and fields everywhere.
Modal particles
Modal particles include particles that introduce various shades of meaning into a sentence, and also express the feelings and attitude of the speaker.
Particles that introduce semantic nuances into a sentence are divided into groups according to meaning:
- Question: whether, really, really
- Note: here (and here), there (and there)
- Clarification: exactly, just
- Selection, limitation: only, only, exclusively, almost
- Exclamation: what the, how
- Doubt: hardly, hardly
- Gain: even, even and, nor, and, after all, really, everything, after all
- Mitigation, requirement:-ka
Morphological analysis of a particle
I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1)
Discharge;
2)
An unchangeable word.
III. Syntactic role.
Interjection
Interjection- a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings and motives.
Interjections are not included in either independent or auxiliary parts of speech.
Interjections do not change and are not parts of the sentence. But sometimes interjections are used to mean other parts of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence.
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