Galtsev Dmitry Alexandrovich
Why is geodetic work necessary? Is it possible to do without them? When are surveys carried out? The land owner must answer these and many other questions long before laying the foundation.
What is geodesy
In a broad sense, geodesy is the science of measuring the earth's surface. She studies the earth's crust-tectonics.
Geodetic construction support is a slightly different area of application of knowledge about the earth. It is necessary in order to choose the only correct place for the construction of the building, on which it will stand for a long time and not interfere with the surrounding buildings, as well as engineering networks. Surveys give a real assessment of the man-made and natural conditions of the construction site.
To be a little more precise, geodetic work is a complex set of actions for marking a site, indicating coordinates, analyzing the relief, linking buildings and other objects on the ground to certain points on the coordinate axis. The work is accompanied by the preparation of detailed drawings with explanations.
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Organizations engaged in geodetic work give customers the result of surveys in 2 types:
- digital;
- paper.
Most often, architectural bureaus, where drawings will be transferred later, request them in both versions.
Geodetic work is closely related to such sciences as physics and mathematics. Therefore, when choosing a company to fulfill the terms of reference for surveys at your site, you must pay special attention to the professionalism of the employees and the equipment used. Geodetic work is regulated by:
- GOSTs - 22651-77, 22268-76;
- legislative acts of the Russian Federation - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 25, 1996 No. 351, FZ "On Geodesy and Cartography".
The list contains only the main documents, but in their work, surveyors refer to more than 2 dozen regulations.
Main goals
Geodesy refers to applied sciences and is used both in private housing construction and in the process of erecting large objects - residential complexes, factories, shopping centers.
In construction, geodetic work solves several important tasks.
Object location selection
The owner of a land plot (LL) cannot, at his own discretion, choose a place for construction. He only suggests where he would like to lay the foundation, but the final decision is made after the verdict issued by the specialists of the surveying company.
In the process of geodetic work, they take into account the relief of the site.
As a result, a plan is drawn up, according to which a specific place for the object is determined. The decision on the depth of laying is made by the designer on the basis of calculations carried out according to the data of geological surveys. In some cases, based on geodetic surveys, a decision is made to cancel construction at this site. Its parameters may not fully meet the required minimum to start construction work.
Correlation of the future building with existing objects
Buildings cannot be erected randomly. Everyone who is professionally engaged in construction knows this. Therefore, before starting work, it is necessary to carry out surveys on the ground.
Thanks to carefully carried out geodetic work, it becomes possible to bring a model of the future object to the area and correlate it with already built houses and other buildings.
Creating a topographic map
Topographic surveys are one of the types of geodetic works and are often used as independent surveys. Their result is a plan on which:
- all objects are displayed;
- engineering networks are indicated, including underground communications;
- the connection of all objects on the ground is reflected;
- the boundaries of the land are accurately marked.
Such geodetic work is built in 2 stages:
- field - conducting surveys on the memory;
- cameral - analysis of the received data and drawing up drawings with an explanatory note;
The finished topographical plan is handed over to the architect and construction superintendent.
Job classification
Surveys in construction are of several types:
- topographic - geodetic work of this type must be carried out not only before the construction of the site, but also before the start of the reconstruction of already finished objects;
- engineering - the study of the terrain is carried out at the site of the proposed construction;
- marking - placement and preservation of special signs on the ground, tied to the geodetic network, are necessary at all stages of construction to control the quality of the facility being built;
- executive - geodetic work is carried out to compare the drawings of the building with the structure being erected in order to avoid deviations from GOSTs, SNIPs and sets of rules;
- deformation control - such a survey must also be carried out after the facility is put into operation in order to track possible changes in the load-bearing structures and analyze the impact of the new building on nearby buildings;
- analysis of the state of underground utilities - specialists cannot say with 100% accuracy how much the building will settle and how this process will affect engineering networks, therefore, they periodically draw up a situational plan based on geodetic surveys.
Despite the fact that all of the listed types of geodesy represent a large-scale complex of works, it is impossible to do without them. Only with this approach to construction, the developer can be sure of the reliability and quality of the structure, and after the completion of work, without problems and delays, put it into operation.
Stages of geodetic works
Any project at the initial stage of construction relies primarily on:
- relief of the site;
- surrounding infrastructure;
The design bureaus receive the necessary information after carrying out geodetic works. The specialists in this field are the first to start surveying the land and the last to leave it. Surveys are carried out in 6 stages.
Company search
From this moment, any construction begins. When choosing a company, you need to pay attention to the following points:
- experience in geodesy - the longer the organization has been operating, the more experience it has;
Geodetic works in construction, or, as they are also called, geodetic support of construction, represent a certain set of calculations, measurements and constructions in kind and drawings, which ensures accurate and correct placement of objects under construction. The erection of planning and structural elements must comply with regulatory documents and the geometric parameters of the project.
Geodetic work at a construction site is one of the components of the production process and building design. The technological sequence and content are determined by the technology of the main production and production stages. In this article, we briefly describe the stages of work during construction and touch on some of the nuances of geodetic work on different types of objects.
Geodetic work at the construction site includes the following steps:
1. Geodetic work on a construction site should begin with the selection of the site itself. It also includes the collection, compilation and analysis of materials. In fact, this is the first preparatory stage.
2. Construction design is the creation of a geo-base for construction, topographic and geodetic work, providing construction design using additional source data, geodetic support for other types of engineering surveys.
3. In the manufacture of building structures - control of the geometric parameters of all elements.
4. The main preparatory period of construction. It includes engineering preparation of the territory, which includes the laying of underground communications, access work, the creation of a geodetic center base,.
5. The main period of construction. This includes the preparation of as-built documentation, completed construction elements during the construction of above-ground and underground parts of the building, geometric support for construction and installation works.
6. Completion of construction. During the performed geodetic works, during the construction process, drawing up and submitting a technical report, drawing up profiles, sections, executive engineering plans and a master plan.
Geodetic works during road construction
First, of course, they carry out, on the basis of which they are already preparing a project for the route. When the basis of the project has already been approved, you can begin to fix the location of the route.
Geodetic works during the construction of buildings
To perform construction geodetic work when laying out buildings in kind, directly construction and installation work, a special geodetic is created. Reference geodetic networks serve as the basis for its construction. It must meet the requirements for layout work, observations of the deformation of buildings, executive surveys of large scales.
Geodetic works during the construction of bridges
During the construction of the bridge, at all its stages, high accuracy of project execution is necessary. It is provided by geodetic works. It includes the control of the installation of the superstructure, the installation of the superstructure on the supporting parts, the breakdown of under-mold platforms on the supports of the axles and.
Geodetic works that ensure the construction of complex bridges (bridges with supports over 15 m or over 300 m long, cable-stayed bridges) are carried out strictly in accordance with the project for the production of geodetic works.
Geodetic works during the construction of tunnels
The marking geodetic base for the tunnel can also be created on the earth's surface. With the advent of satellite equipment (), which allows you to obtain the coordinates of points with high accuracy, there is no need to create a tunnel triangulation on the earth's surface, a linear-angular polygonometry network. In this case, the points are created next to the tunnel portals and in the area of the mines, if there are such in the project. To orient polygonometry moves leading inside the tunnel and coordinate referencing, these points are needed.
The course that was laid along the fixed points is repeated in order to be able to determine the deformation of the tunnel section. The heights of points of underground polygonometry and on the surface are determined by geometric leveling. Benchmarks of the state leveled network are used as starting points.
Geodetic marking works in construction
The geodetic grid network is the basis for construction work created on the territory. are the last preparatory stage in the construction. The shape and size of the structure, the nature of the terrain affect the type of network, which requires the accuracy of placing the project on the ground. This determines the geodetic support of construction work.
A grid network, for example, in a tunnel is created as a polygonometry. For the construction of the bridge, a special network is created in the form of a linear-angular network, and during the construction of the railway, a theodolite traverse is made along its route. During large-scale construction, a grid network is designed on the general plan, and then, in the form of a grid, it is transferred to the area, the sides of the system of squares and rectangles of which are multiples of 100 or 250 m and should be parallel to the axes of the main buildings.
Working benchmarks lay temporary and permanent ones to create a planned high-altitude geodetic base.
Prices for geodetic work in construction vary greatly in the market for the services provided. But it is not worth working with surveying companies with deliberately low prices, since you can get into unscrupulous performers who are ready to work as badly as they are paid.
Engineering and geodetic works on the land plot is one of the main activities of our organization. The research is aimed at studying the relief of the site, the elevation difference, natural and artificial objects located on it. The main goal is to obtain topographic maps and plans of the territory for the most complete assessment of the conditions of the construction site. These surveys are carried out at the pre-project stage, the results obtained are subsequently used in the justification and evaluation of the object.
The cost of engineering and geodetic (geodesic) works
Estimated price of services provided by our company:
The final cost of a geodetic survey depends on their complexity and is agreed on an individual basis.
Detailed information about geodesy in Moscow and the Moscow region, our services and features of the work can be obtained from the specialists of the GeoCompany center by calling +7-495-777-65-35 or ordering a call back -.
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Features of geodetic work on a site in the Moscow region
The geodetic service of the organization "GeoCompany" is engaged in surveying land plots and carries out measurements using modern and reliable equipment. We carry out a full range of survey works:
- Analysis and processing of available data;
- Reconnaissance;
- Creation of geodetic networks;
- Shooting relief and situation;
- Survey of engineering communications;
- Determination of the actual boundaries of the site;
- Updating existing maps and plans;
- Processing of the received results;
- Drawing up a report on the performed surveys.
Our company is engaged not only in the production of special engineering and geodetic surveys in construction, our services are also in demand in land surveying, if necessary, reconciliation of site boundaries with the cadastre, in organizing geotechnical monitoring and accompanying construction work, etc.
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The specifics of geodesy in Moscow
Geodetic surveys in the capital are characterized by increased complexity. In addition, in terms of duration and cost, they significantly exceed similar studies in small towns and settlements of the Moscow region. This situation is due to the following reasons:
- high building density;
- the complex location of underground utilities, the presence of fiber-optic lines that are not subject to "dialing", abandoned communications;
- lengthy process of coordination of topographic survey with operating organizations;
- location of inspection hatches on the roadway.
You should also collect a package of documents. Survey permits are provided by the Committee for Architecture and Urban Planning of Moscow, the District Council, a drilling order is issued by the technical inspection of the capital. It is necessary to issue permits for work on sites that are located near the metro or ground transport line, government highways.
Stages of geodetic works during land management in Moscow
Engineering surveys are carried out in three stages:
- Preparatory - obtaining TOR, concluding a contract for work, collecting and analyzing available materials from past surveys, determining the scope of work in accordance with the TOR, issuing permits for surveys.
- Field - reconnaissance, surveying geodetic networks, carrying out the necessary measurements and calculations, preliminary processing of the results;
- Cameral - compiling or updating a topographic survey, coordinating communications, compiling a technical report and transferring it to the customer.
The cost of performing topographic and geodetic works is calculated individually and depends on the volume and complexity of the work. To order geodetic works, you can leave a request on the website, call us at +7-495-777-65-35 or order a call back -.
Terms of reference for engineering and geodetic works
Required documents
Each stage of engineering geodesy must be accompanied by certain permits. Work can be carried out if:
- Terms of reference, including full information about the features and location of the survey area, the adopted coordinate system and the timing of the study.
- Contracts for engineering geodesy. Where the area of the territory to be filmed, the scope of work, the timing and cost of surveys are determined.
- Materials of previously completed studies, if available (topographic maps, plans, results of previous geodetic surveys, etc.)
- A survey program, including a description of the methods of surveying, a scheme for constructing a geodetic network, as well as a list of SNiP standards.
LLC "GeoCompany" - geodetic works from a team with extensive experience
- "GeoCompany" provides a solution to a wide range of tasks with the highest quality and in the shortest possible time;
- Our reports are fully compliant with all applicable requirements, standards and regulations;
- Flexible pricing policy, our prices are among the lowest in Russia;
- Individual approach to each client, professional advice.
An example of a report on geodetic surveys
Geodetic production is such a wide field of activity that it is immediately difficult to single out the main works from it. If we carry out reasoning and determine the root in the word “basic”, then we get “foundations”. It is the basis (foundation) that is considered the beginning of any integral structure. This is probably why everything connected with the creation of a geodesic base is accepted in geodesy as the main work. But it would be so easy. Although there is logic in this. Or maybe, including this, the responsible persons developing industry standards were guided, one of which contains a whole list of basic works (OST 68-14-99).
In accordance with this regulatory document, the main works include:
- creation of a planned and high-altitude substantiation of the state geodetic network;
- development, and if necessary, restoration and repair of points of these networks;
- performing various gravimetric surveys and determinations.
Organizationally, all geodetic works are divided into the following two types:
- field work carried out on the ground and related to measurements between geodetic points;
- office work that is related to calculations, calculations, graphic images, adjustment and analysis of the accuracy of the measurements performed. And they can all be done indoors. Where, in fact, the name comes from.
List and types of basic geodetic works
Typical types of main work are:
- reconnaissance of preliminary project data on the ground;
- survey of existing points, the degree of their safety;
- placement of a geodetic center of a certain depth into the ground or other surfaces when constructing points;
- the construction of characteristic high-altitude signs indicating the location of points, and the ability, focusing on them, to make observations;
- the actual work on taking measurements to determine coordinates at the centers (methods of triangulation, polygonometry, serifs and others)
- satellite methods for determining coordinates;
- astronomical definitions of geodetic coordinates;
- basic measurements of the original sides;
- leveling between points to determine absolute marks;
- gravimetric observations at points and surveys;
- processing of all results (by types of surveys) of geodetic measurements;
- performance of adjustments of planned leveling geodetic networks;
- compiling information (catalog) about all the data at the points after their adjustment.
As can be seen from this list, all types of basic work include the entire chain of obtaining the main components of state networks from the beginning (reconnaissance and building points) to the final results (leveling and compiling a catalog of their coordinates).
Brief information about the main geodetic works
Reconnaissance has its purpose setting out points geodetic points as they say in kind in accordance with the scheme of the preliminary technical project. During these works, the final places for laying future geodetic points, the depth of laying and types of centers, character heights are calculated. Based on the results of the reconnaissance, a corresponding report is attached with conclusions on the technical, economic and organizational aspects of improving the preliminary project for the creation of a geodetic network.
Surveys of existing points are carried out as necessary to carry out measurements on them and depending on the safety of the state of the entire geodetic point, including centers, signs, signals.
The position of each of the sign centers is fixed by special optimal designs developed and approved by the instruction. Depending on the physical and geographical location, the climatic component, up to eleven planned types and up to five leveling benchmarks are distinguished, including in rocks and building walls.
The construction of external sighting and landmark marks above the points should help ensure the necessary accuracy of the measurement work. Special calculations help determine the correct signal height. And the reliability of the design is achieved by the use of durable materials, form stability and reliability of building connections in it.
Upon completion of the construction of the point on it, measurements are made in directions to adjacent points. At different times, using different instruments and techniques, observations are made on them.
The oldest method is considered to be the astronomical method with the determination of the azimuth of the sides and coordinates in the form of latitude and longitude.
Traditional, one might even say classical, methods are used to develop all justification networks. These include:
- triangulation method;
- trilateration method;
- polygonometric moves;
- geodetic lines.
For linear measurements of distances between points in Soviet times, basic instruments were used. With the use of more modern and accurate devices such as radio and light rangefinders, the name of the base side was preserved behind the measured sides of geodetic points.
Other measurements, instruments and methods determine the heights of separately constructed leveling networks. The main methods of leveling include;
- trigonometric;
- barometric;
- geometric.
With the development of satellite geodesy, new possibilities of autonomous methods for determining coordinates have appeared. The combination of different methods, both terrestrial and satellite, makes it possible to improve the quality of the construction of geodetic networks. And, in the end, with its help, unified coordinate systems for our planet were created.
Gravimetry can be called a separate section in geodesy. The solution of its practical tasks is considered to be observations at the points of reference gravimetric and geodetic networks, determination of the force of gravity, compilation of various maps, gravimetric surveys. The last of these tasks are divided into the following types:
- ground;
- aerial photography;
- bottom survey;
- ice.
All the above methods of measurements and surveys are pre-processed. Its essence lies in the generalization and primary control of geodetic works. If we consider in more detail, we highlight the following in the primary processing of calculations:
- verification of field books and journals;
- detection of gross errors;
- preliminary calculations in "two hands";
- checking the compliance of the measurements and preliminary calculations with the required accuracy of the work performed;
- preparation of all data for the start of network adjustment according to the design scheme.
Network adjustment is performed in order to obtain the most reliable values of the required quantities. At the same time, this process requires, as they say, not only necessary, but also sufficient, that is, an excessive number of measurements. There are two methods of least squares adjustment:
- parametric;
- correlated.
After the network adjustment is completed, a report is generated in the form of a catalog. It contains information on the following quantities:
- types of jobs;
- execution methods;
- the resulting accuracy of work;
- the system of coordinates and heights in which the work was carried out;
- absolute values of planned coordinates and elevations;
- lengths of the sides of the network and directional angles;
- names, designations, locations and outlines of points;
- network diagram.
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