RELIGIOUS DOGMA (Greek dogmatos) - main. provisions of the doctrine, recognized as indisputably true, eternal and unchangeable deities, institutions, mandatory for all believers. Each modern developed has its own. dogma-tich. a system developed in the process of lengthy disputes within the church. struggle. In Christianity, dogma was approved by the first 2 ecumenical councils and received the name of the Nicene-Constantinopolitan “Creed”, which included 12 basic. dogmas: about the trinity of God, incarnation, redemption, ascension, baptism, immortality of the soul, etc. The subsequent ones replenished the D. r. about deities. and human. the nature of Christ, about the presence of 2 wills and 2 actions in Christ, about the obligatory veneration of icons. After the division of Christ. Each church included in its doctrine religious traditions that were not recognized by other Christians. churches. Catholicism approved D. r. about the procession of the holy spirit not only from the father, but also from the son, the immaculate conception of the Mother of God and her bodily ascension to heaven, the infallibility of the Pope. in matters of faith and morals. Protestantism was rejected by the common Christ. D. r. about the priesthood, consecration of oil, etc. and recognized the new D. r. about justification by faith. In the fight against heresies, free-thinking, atheism, Christ. developed complex system justification of dogma. Without abandoning traditions altogether. understanding the content of religious traditions, all confessions, to one degree or another, strive to interpret them in relation to the spirit of the time, the changed views of believers. The process of renewal of religion could not help but affect ideas about D. r. as an absolutely unchangeable truth. Currently vr. The majority of Christians, Muslims, and Jewish theologians reject the previous dogmatic. literalism, new formulations of D. r. are being developed.
Atheistic Dictionary. - M.: Politizdat. Under general ed. M. P. Novikova. 1986 .
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Books
- The clue to the origin of Christianity. Secular Version, Joel Carmichael. Modern American historian Joel Carmichael presents to the readers his view - the view of a secular researcher - on the problem of the origin of Christianity and the formation of institutions...
Christian dogma was formulated and generalized in IV- VIIIcenturies on Ecumenical Councils - congresses of representatives of Christian churches around the world, in the process of intense struggle between different directions in Christianity, theological schools, with the active participation of the imperial authorities, interested in church, and therefore state, unity.
The First Council of Nicaea made the divine origin of Jesus Christ (the first part of the Creed) a dogma. The First Council of Constantinople formulated the second part of the Creed, recognizing the divinity of the Holy Spirit. The Council of Ephesus made a dogma of the definition of Jesus Christ as the incarnate Logos - the Word of God, and also legalized the veneration of the Virgin Mary as the Mother of God. At the Council of Chalcedon, the church made a dogma of the understanding of Jesus Christ as true God and true man in one person. The dogma of the Trinity and Jesus Christ as the “consubstantial” Son of the Father was finally formalized at the Second Council of Constantinople.
The Third Council of Constantinople, in order to combat heresies, recognized the human will of Christ, and the Second Council of Nicea, condemning the iconoclasts who denied the veneration of icons as heresy, made the cult of icons mandatory.
Result of activity Ecumenical Councils - Creed, in a concentrated form containing all Christian dogma:
1. I believe in One God the Father, Almighty, Creator of heaven and earth.
2. I believe in the One Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the Only Begotten, from the Father before all ages, Light from Light, True God, begotten of True God, not created, Consubstantial with the Father.
I believe in the mystery of the incarnation and atonement of Jesus Christ.
I believe in the suffering of Jesus Christ, crucified for us under Pontius Pilate.
5. I believe in the resurrection of Jesus Christ on the third day according to Scripture.
I believe in the ascension of Jesus Christ to heaven.
I believe in the Second Coming and the Last Judgment.
I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the Life-Giving One, who proceeds from the Father.
9. I believe in the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church.
10. I confess baptism and remission of sins.
11. I look forward to the coming resurrection of the dead.
12. I look forward to eternal life.
2.3. Holy Scripture of Christianity
The Holy Scriptures of Christians - the Bible (Greek books), consisting of Old Testament and the New Testament. According to Christian teaching, Holy Scripture is “inspired by God,” i.e. received as a result of divine revelation, and its texts are canonical (Greek law), binding on believers.
The Old Testament of Christians is a translation of the Jewish Tanakh. For Christians, it is inseparable from the later New Testament, which is categorically rejected by Judaism. Unlike Judaists, who read the Tanakh in the original, in Hebrew, Orthodox and Catholics revere the Old Testament, which goes back to the text of the Septuagint (Greek translation of 70 interpreters) - the translation of the Tanakh from Hebrew into Ancient Greek, carried out in the 3rd-2nd centuries. BC This translation contains not only the canonical Jewish Tanakh (39 books), but also 11 non-canonical books created by Diaspora Jews in a later era, as well as Greek additions to the canonical texts. Among Orthodox and Catholics, the number of revered books and additions to them differs slightly. Protestants consider an accurate translation of the Old Testament from Hebrew to be canonical.
The New Testament, consisting of 27 books, is dedicated to the activities of Christ and his closest associates - the apostles (Greek messenger), and therefore bears the name New - in contrast to the Old, concluded by God only with the Jews. The apostles and their disciples are credited with the authorship of all the books of the New Testament. The structure of the New Testament can be divided into three parts:
|
Gospels |
From Matthew, from Mark, from Luke, from John |
A description of the birth, based on oral traditions, preaching activities, death and resurrection of Christ |
Middle I end of the 2nd century |
|
Epistles of the Apostles |
2 Epistles of James, 2 Epistles of Peter, 3 Epistles of John, Epistle of Jude, 14 Epistles of Paul |
Messages exchanged by leaders of Christian communities in various cities for the purpose of preaching and developing common dogma |
End I – beginning of the 2nd century |
|
Other books |
Acts of the Apostles |
A late attempt to create a history of the preaching activities of the apostles | |
|
Revelation of John (Apocalypse) |
Part of the New Testament containing eschatological prophecies |
There are some contradictions between the canonical texts of the Bible due to the fact that they were created at different times by representatives of different movements in early Christianity. It is generally accepted that the oldest of the books of the New Testament is the Apocalypse; The oldest of the Gospels is the Gospel of Mark.
In addition to canonical texts, Christian texts have also been preserved. apocrypha (Greek hidden) - works that, for one reason or another, were rejected by the official church and were not included in the canon. As a result of archaeological searches, the Gospels of Peter, Philip, Thomas, the Gospel of Truth, the Apocalypse of Peter and other apocrypha were discovered.
New Testament
Ten Commandments of Moses
Old Testament
COMPOSITION OF THE BIBLE
The Bible is the main sacred book of Christianity. Consists of two parts:
1. Old Testament
2. New Testament.
Created within the framework of Judaism before our era. For the first time in human history, a great religious idea appears in the Old Testament. monotheism.
The idea of the Fall of man - Adam and Eve violated the only commandment of God.
Covenant- a contract between man and God; in the Old Testament there is a contract between God and one chosen people - the Jews.
The prototype of the covenant is in Noah (after the flood a rainbow appeared - a sign that there would be no more flood).
Abraham– with him, as with the ancestor of the Jewish people, God for the first time enters into a Covenant.
"The Test of Abraham"- a key episode of the Old Testament. Abraham must sacrifice his only son to God to prove that he loves God more than anything else.
Prophet Moses- leads the Jewish people out of Egyptian captivity. Receives commandments - "Ten Commandments of Moses"- obligatory for all three Abrahamic religions - Judaism, Christianity, Islam.
1. “I am the Lord thy God: thou shalt have no gods other than me” - the most important commandment (monotheism). Worship of the God of the Bible - in the Old Testament God is called differently: Adonai (Lord), Hosts (God of armies), Yahweh (distorted Jehovah) - “I am who am”, Elohim.
2. Do not make for yourself an idol or any likeness
3. Do not take the Lord’s name in vain (in vanity).
4. Honoring the seventh day (Saturday).
5. Honor your father and mother
6. Thou shalt not kill
7. Do not commit adultery.
8. Don't steal
9. Don't bear false witness
10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife or his property.
The idea appears in the later books of the Old Testament messiah- the future savior of the world. Sometimes the term messiah was replaced by a Hellenized term that was similar in content Christ- “God’s anointed.” The Prophet Daniel also indicates the birthplace of the Messiah - the “star of Bethlehem” will shine.
Jesus declared that he was the Christ. Only a small part of the Jews believed in this - they became the first Christians. Most Jews considered Jesus Christ a deceiver, they insisted on executing him with a shameful execution - by crucifixion (this is how robbers and cheaters were crucified). The Jews are still waiting for the coming of the Messiah.
Created already in the Christian era (1st century AD)
Composition: Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, Epistles of the Apostles, Apocalypse of John.
"Gospel"- good news, the story of the birth and earthly life of Jesus Christ. Many Gospels are known, but only four are recognized as canonical and included in the Bible: Matthew, Luke, Mark, John.
1. Monotheism (belief in one God, not just some, but the God of the Bible!)
2. Dogma of the Holy Trinity (God the Father, God the Son and the Holy Spirit). It is impossible to understand with reason how three hypostases are united in one God - it surpasses our understanding.
3. Jesus Christ as the God-man is also a mystery - how the divine and human natures were united in Christ.
4. The dogma of the infallibility of the Ecumenical Councils - thus in Christianity there is a two-pronged foundation of doctrine: scripture(Bible) and Sacred Tradition(works of the Church Fathers, decisions of the Ecumenical Councils).
5. The dogma of atonement - Christ, with his death and resurrection, atoned for original sin and opened the way to salvation for all who believe in him. Faith in Christ is the only option for salvation.
6. Dogma of icon veneration and veneration of saints (not worship!)
7. Dogma about the seven main sacraments - their beneficial power.
"and the decrees of Christian ecumenical councils).
Christian dogma was formed in continuous disputes and the struggle of opinions of theologians over four centuries and was adopted as a “Creed”, consisting of 12 points, at the first two Christian ecumenical councils - Nicaea (325) and Constantinople (381).
1. The first paragraph talks about the divine trinity - faith in one God, appearing in three persons (hypostases): God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit. God the Father is not begotten of anyone, exists from eternity, but he himself begets the Son and produces the Holy Spirit; The Son is eternally born from the Father; The Holy Spirit comes from God the Father according to Orthodoxy, and in Catholicism from both God the Father and God the Son.
2. The dogma of the Incarnation, according to which Jesus Christ, while remaining God, at the same time became a man, born of the Virgin Mary.
3. Tenet of the Atonement - belief in atoning sacrifice Jesus Christ, who with his death atoned for the sins of mankind.
4. Dogma of Resurrection - belief in the resurrection of Jesus Christ on the third day after his execution and burial.
5. The dogma of the ascension is the belief in the bodily ascension of Jesus Christ into heaven.
6. Belief in the second coming of I. Christ to earth.
7. Faith in one, holy, catholic and apostolic church.
8. Belief in the sacrament of baptism.
9. Belief in the resurrection of the dead.
10. Faith in afterlife, into heavenly reward.
11. Belief in the immortality of the soul, angels and the devil.
12. Belief in the end of the world.
Cult in Christianity is expressed mainly in rituals-sacraments, during the administration of which, according to the teachings of the church, special divine grace descends on believers. They are called sacraments because, according to the teachings of the church, their essence and meaning are inaccessible to human consciousness; the real action takes place in heaven with God (for example, they say: “Marriages take place in heaven”). In total, there are 7 sacraments in Christianity.
Baptism - one of the most important rituals, without which a person cannot be counted among the Christian faith. The baptism procedure consists of immersing the baby three times in a font of water (Orthodox), dousing with water (Catholics), sprinkling with water (Protestants) with the invocation of God the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, which means spiritual birth. At baptism orthodox priest also reads three prohibition spells, addressing them to the devil, blows into the mouth, forehead and chest of the newborn, calling on God to drive out the evil spirit. Then a ritual of “cleansing from the devil” is performed, during which the priest and the newborn’s godsons spit on the floor three times - as if on Satan. After baptism, the child is named after, most often the saint whose memory is celebrated on the day of baptism.
According to Christian doctrine, baptism cleanses a newborn from the sin of his forefathers and drives away the devil, as a result of which a person is born again and receives the right to eternal life in the heavenly kingdom.
The theory of the “second birth” of man is attributed to Jesus Christ himself (Gospel of John). The letters of Paul explain in detail the meaning of the Christian teaching about the second “birth” of a person through baptism: it is associated with faith in the resurrection, and baptism itself is considered as death in Christ, which guarantees the believer at the same time a joint resurrection with Christ into a new life.
Communion - (holy Eucharist - from Greek eucharistia - thanksgiving sacrifice). In the sacrament of communion, the believer, under the guise of bread and wine, eats the Body and Blood of Christ for Eternal Life.
The sacrament of communion, according to Christian doctrine, was established by Christ himself at the Last Supper, and thereby he “gave praise to God and the Father, blessed and consecrated the bread and wine, and, having communed with his disciples, finished last supper prayer for all believers." In memory of this event, the church performs the sacrament of communion. The priest takes the prosphora and cuts out a cube on the sacrificial table, which is called “lamb.” At the same time, he says: “Like a sheep being led to the slaughter.” Then he cuts the “lamb” into four parts, pronouncing out loud the words: “The lamb of God is being sacrificed,” pierces it with a spear and says: “Take, eat, this is my body, and drink from it, all of you, this is my blood.”
In Catholicism, the clergy receive communion with bread and wine, and the laity only with (unleavened) bread. In Orthodoxy, both clergy and laity receive communion in the same way: wine and leavened bread. In Protestantism, they receive communion only with bread (breaking of bread).
Confirmation - anointing with chrism (specially prepared and blessed olive-based oil) individual parts body and thereby transmitting the “grace of the holy spirit.” Anointing the “brow” means sanctifying the mind, anointing the chest means sanctifying the heart or desires, anointing the eyes, ears and lips means sanctifying the feelings, anointing hands and feet means sanctifying the deeds and all behavior of a Christian.
In Orthodoxy, anointing is performed on an infant, in Catholicism (confirmation) on children aged 8 or more years, and in Protestantism it is completely absent.
Repentance (confession) - this is an admission of one’s sins before the priest, who absolves them in the name of Jesus Christ.
Priesthood (ordination) is a sacred act consisting in the fact that the bishop, who has the monopoly right of ordination, lays hands on the person being ordained to the clergy.
Marriage - takes place in the temple at the wedding, the marital union of the bride and groom is blessed.
Blessing of oil (unction) - anointing the body with oil, while calling upon the sick the grace of God, healing mental and physical infirmities. This sacrament is intended for seriously ill believers and those near death.
In the Christian cult, a large place is given to holidays and fasting. As a rule, fasting is preceded by great church holidays. The essence of fasting, according to Christian doctrine, is “purification” and “renewal” human soul" In Christianity there are 4 multi-day fasts: before Easter ( Lent), before the day of Peter and Paul (Peter's Fast), before the Dormition of the Virgin Mary (Assumption Fast) and before the Nativity of Christ (Rozhdestvensky). The most revered general Christian holidays include Easter, and the so-called “twelfth” holidays: the Nativity of Christ, the Presentation, the Baptism of the Lord, the Transfiguration, the Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem, the Exaltation of the Cross of the Lord, the Annunciation, the Nativity of the Virgin, the Entry into the Temple of the Virgin, the Dormition of the Virgin.
Tenets- the indisputable truths of Christianity, given through, stored and interpreted, universally binding for all Christians (some dogmas were formulated and revealed on).
The properties of dogmas are:
- creed,
- divine revelation,
– ,
- universally binding.
Dogmas defined by the Ecumenical Councils:
– Dogmas briefly set out in the document adopted by the 318 holy fathers of the First Ecumenical Council (Nicaea) and the 150 holy fathers of the Second Ecumenical Council (Constantinople).
– Dogma of the 630 Holy Fathers of the IV Ecumenical Council (Chalcedon). About two natures in single Person Our Lord Jesus Christ.
– Dogma of the 170 Holy Fathers of the VI Ecumenical Council (Constantinople). About two wills and actions in our Lord Jesus Christ.
– Dogma 367 of the Holy Fathers of the VII Ecumenical Council (Nicaea). About icon veneration.
Among the dogmas that were not discussed at the Ecumenical Councils, one can name: the dogma of, the dogma of the resurrection, the dogma of atonement, the dogma of the Church, the dogma of the ever-virginity of the Mother of God, etc.
Dogmas - doctrinal definition Orthodox Church, introducing the human mind to the knowledge of God. “All dogmas either speak about God, or about visible and invisible creations, or about the providence and judgment revealed in them,” points out St. . Dogma is God-revealed truth that surpasses reason, which, according to the word of St. , unexplored depth. Being the result of Divine Revelation, dogmas are indisputable and unchangeable definitions of the saving Christian faith.
Dogmatic conciliar definitions of Orthodoxy are designated Greek word"oros" (oros). Literally it means “limit”, “border”. Using dogmas, it determines the human mind in true knowledge of God and limits it from possible errors. The formulation of dogmatic definitions in the history of the Church, as a rule, is associated with a response to heretical distortions of the meaning of Christianity. Acceptance of dogmas does not mean the introduction of new truths. Dogmas always reveal the original, unified and integral teaching of the Church in relation to new issues and circumstances.
The presence of a strict and distinct religious consciousness - characteristic feature Orthodoxy. This feature of church teaching dates back to the times of the apostolic preaching. It was the apostles who first used the word “dogma” in the meaning of a doctrinal definition. “As they passed through the cities, they conveyed to the faithful to observe the definitions (Greek - ta dogmata) established by the apostles and elders in Jerusalem,” testifies St. Evangelist Luke (). In the letters to the Colossians () and Ephesians () the Apostle Paul uses the word “dogma” to mean Christian teaching in its entirety. In the same sense, the word “dogma” was used in the 2nd, 3rd and early 4th centuries, used by saints. The most ancient, predating the period of the Ecumenical Councils, dogmatic monument of Orthodoxy is the symbol of faith of St. (The Wonderworker), written by him around 260-265.
Since the 4th century, the word “dogma” takes on a more specific meaning. The continuous systematization of Christian doctrine leads to the separation of doctrinal and moral truths. Dogma is identified with doctrinal truths among saints, and at the border of the 4th-5th centuries. and y. In the era of the Ecumenical Councils, the meaning of dogma is finally determined. Dogmas began to be understood as doctrinal truths that were discussed and approved at the Ecumenical Councils.
“Only the malice of heretics forces us to do things that are prohibited, to climb to unattainable heights, to talk about unspeakable subjects, to undertake forbidden research. We should be content to do with sincere faith what is prescribed for us, namely: to worship God the Father, to honor God the Son with Him, and to be filled with the Holy Spirit. But now we are forced to use our weak word to reveal unspeakable secrets. The delusions of others force us to take the dangerous path of explaining in human language those Mysteries that should be preserved with reverent faith in the depths of our souls.”
St. (O. 2:2).
Dogmas are unshakable axioms, and arguing with them is to your own detriment. These axioms are everywhere: in mathematics, in medicine, in technology, in physics. “If you try to challenge the law of gravity by jumping from a plane without a parachute, you will end up breaking your own neck, not the law of gravity”...
Deacon Andrey